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Citations
... Thus, LPC can be used to independently ensure the role of a reactive-energy compensator over feeders to eliminate voltage variance. In [8], a loop distribution network is used to address the problems of over voltages and increase the integration capacity of solar PV. ...
This study uses advanced metaheuristic algorithms to solve energy-saving problems in the loop distribution network. An initiative energy management system (EMS) is suggested to deliver optimal commands to the loop power controller (LPC) whose operation is optimized by combining a metaheuristic algorithm with a ladder iterative technique. Here, the performance of state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms applied in the proposed EMS–LPC solution is compared and evaluated by simulation in a real-world case study. Simulation results show that all metaheuristic algorithms meet the optimization objective of reducing distribution loss in which the artificial ecosystem-based optimization (AEO) algorithm outperforms with both the lowest optimum value and the fastest convergence time. Consequently, the proposed EMS–LPC method results in a daily energy savings of 18% in comparison with the base case. Then, the proposed solution has potential for real-time applications to save grid power and reduce operating expenses due to the perfect performance of the suggested EMS–LPC approach.
... Function for zero-sequence direction detection ( ) Function for positive-sequence direction detection Figure 4 shows the fault current characteristics of NDS, and the nomenclature is shown in Table 3. Equation (6) shows the inverse relationship between the magnitude of the forward fault current and the facility impedance when a fault occurs in DL . On the other hand, Equation (7) represents the inverse relationship between the fault current and facility impedance in the reverse direction from DLℎ to the fault point of DL . ...
... By utilizing Equation (7), the inverse relationship between the fault current and impedance in the reverse direction from DL and DL to the fault point of DL can be obtained. Equation (8) Figure 4 shows the fault current characteristics of NDS, and the nomenclature is shown in Table 3. Equation (6) shows the inverse relationship between the magnitude of the forward fault current and the facility impedance when a fault occurs in DLi. On the other hand, Equation (7) represents the inverse relationship between the fault current and facility impedance in the reverse direction from DLh to the fault point of DLi. ...
The rising demand for stable power supply in distribution systems has increased the importance of reliable supply. Thus, a networked distribution system (NDS) linked with individual lines is being adopted, gradually replacing the radial distribution system (RDS) currently applied to most distribution systems. Implementing the NDS can lead to various improvements in factors such as line utilization rate, acceptance rates of distributed power, and terminal voltages, while mitigating line losses. However, compared with the RDS, the NDS can experience bidirectional fault currents owing to its interconnected lines, thereby hindering protection coordination, which must be addressed before the NDS can be implemented in real-world power systems. Due to the characteristics of NDS, the reverse fault current is relatively small. However, this phenomenon becomes more severe when the high impedance fault (HIF) occurs. In this paper, the malfunction of protective devices during the HIF is directly verified and analyzed in the NDS. As a result, when the HIF occurs, the issue of the reverse protective device malfunctioning worsens because of a reduction in fault current and a failure in direction detection. To solve this issue, this work proposes a communication-based protection algorithm. Through the comparative verification of the proposed algorithm and the conventional protection method, protection coordination can be secured in the case of an HIF without new devices. It must be highlighted that the proposed method does not affect the settings of the protective device and provides a cost-effective and efficient solution since this algorithm is added independently to the existing relay.
