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Our perception of plants is determined by their visible organs: stem, branches and leaves. The underground parts of a plant are rarely seen; indeed the root system is usually hidden from sight. This is also reflected in science where the interaction between leaves and the atmosphere is much more studied than interactions between roots and soil. One...
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Context 1
... anatomical characteristics are fundamental to understanding how roots grow ( Fig. 1) (Eissenstat and Volder, 2005), interact with the soil ( Hitz et al., 2008) and uptake nutrients. The primary root of a plant grows as a branched cylindrical organ into the soil (Evert, 2006;Giehl et al., 2013). Secondary roots develop from the primary root in order to find water and nutrients in the soil. The most external part of ...
Context 2
... conclusion, mycorrhizal fungi are a fundamental plant symbiont, able to alter their species composition not just according to the stages of soil development ( Lambers et al., 2008) but also according to tree age ( Dighton and Mason, 1985;Dighton et al., 1986;Gardes and Bruns, 1996) and health ( Montecchio et al., 2004). Ecological research on mycorrhizae up till now has favoured laboratory and greenhouse stu- dies ( Klironomos and Kendrick, 1993), as opposed to in the field (Bast et al., 2014, 2016). ...
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Roots naturally exert axial and radial pressures during growth which alter the structural arrangement of soil at the root‐soil interface. However empirical models suggest soil densificatsion, which can have negative impacts on water and nutrient uptake, occurs at the immediate root surface with decreasing distance from the root. Here we spatially m...
Citations
... Further, studies shows that the root systems of vegetation play a critical role in stabilizing slope failure by enhancing soil shear strength. The magnitude of cohesion depends on root characteristics of tree species such as distribution, tensile strength, interface friction with the soil, and orientation with respect to the principal direction of strain (Vannoppen et al. 2017;Naghdi et al. 2013;Centenaro et al. 2018). Root reinforcement is important on slope stability (Gonzalez-Ollauri and Mickovski 2017; Chirico, et al. 2013). ...
... When Psidium guajava is present, the factor of safety increased to 1.208, which shows that when the bare slope is vegetated the stability is increased by 20.32 percent. The findings are in agreement with (Abdi 2014;Preti and Giadrossich 2009;Ali and Osman 2008;Chirico et al. 2013;Centenaro et al. 2018) reported that when the vegetation grew at entire slope FOS was higher than the vegetation growth on the rest positions. ...
The instability of slopes along road corridors is often controlled by planting tree species on the surface of the slopes. However, the effectiveness of tree-based slope stabilization has not been investigated in the sub-humid tropics, Ethiopia. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of Rhamnus prinoides and Psidium guajava on road cut slope rehabilitation. The roots of Rhamnus prinoides and Psidium guajava are studied by excavating the whole root system along the crown diameter. Root area ratio (RAR) values are determined by counting roots per 0.2 m soil depth. Single root specimens are sampled and tested for tensile strength (Tr) at different root topographic feature, with different diameter classes. Root cohesion (Cr) is determined from RAR and Tr values by using a mathematical model. The maximum values of RAR are located within the range of 0.2–0.6 m soil depth. With the maximum depth of 2.2 m, Rhamnus prinoides provided the maximum cohesion value (9.9 kpa) than Psidium guajava, which indicates its effective soil reinforcement capacity. Results from root tensile testing revealed that root traits and diameter had significant influence on tensile strength of tree roots. Root diameter had strong negative correlation with tensile strength. In conclusion, the planting of Rhamnus prinoides and Psidium guajava tree species has multiple positive effects on hill slope rehabilitation, including soil erosion control, water retention, biodiversity promotion, carbon sequestration. Their inclusion in hill slope rehabilitation programs can contribute to the overall ecological restoration and sustainability of such areas.
... When facing issues such as soil erosion and slope instability, utilizing plant root systems to reinforce soil has become a sustainable and eco-friendly engineering solution [3][4][5]. In soil mechanics, plant root systems are recognized as enhancers that can increase soil strength while reducing soil settlement and deformation [6]. Plants enhance the mechanical stability of soil through shallow root reinforcement, deep root anchoring, However, in natural environments, root systems are not only subjected to tensile and shear forces but also experience cyclic loads such as floods, wind, and snow pressure [34]. ...
In dealing with issues such as soil erosion and slope instability, plant roots enhance the shear strength of the soil mass through their anchoring effect. However, in nature, cyclic loads such as flash floods and blizzards indirectly impose fatigue effects on plant root systems. To explore the impact of cyclic loads on the anchoring capacity of plant roots, this paper selects the roots of Betula platyphylla as the research object and uses a monotonic load and cyclic load as two loading modes. Under different loading amplitudes (25%, 50%, and 75%), root diameters and burial depths (50 mm, 100 mm, and 150 mm), and soil moisture contents (11.85%, 13.85%, and 15.85%), the effects of each factor on the anchoring capacity of the roots under cyclic loading are analyzed. The results showed that the root–soil interface exhibited two failure modes under different cyclic load amplitudes, and the cyclic load significantly reduced the maximum friction of the root–soil interface. As the cyclic load amplitude increased (from 25% to 75%), the hysteretic curve envelope area increased, and the growth rate of cumulative residual slip changed from decreasing to decreasing and then increasing. A good correlation was found between cumulative residual slip and the number of loading cycles, and the three characteristic slips were correlated with loading amplitude but not significantly with diameter. The increase in soil moisture content, root embedment depth, and diameter led to an increase in the ratio of the two maximum friction forces. It was shown that a certain degree of plasticity exists at the root–soil interface to resist environmental stresses in nature. At high fatigue stress levels, the root–soil interface is more nonlinear, and as the load amplitude increases, more energy is dissipated, and bond damage between the root–soil interface becomes more pronounced. The root–soil interface gradually degraded under long-term cyclic loading, whereas the increase in root depth and soil water content could resist the negative effect of cyclic loading on anchorage capacity, and the resistance effect became more and more obvious with the increase in diameter.
... Roots are the principal actor in the plant's relationship with the soil (Centenaro et al. 2018). The share of fine roots in the total plant biomass is fairly low (1-12%) but their primary production may be up to 70% of the tree stand's total primary productivity (Yuan and Chen 2010;Usoltsev 2018). ...
... A paper by Budyko (1971) demonstrates that the key climate parameters shaping the geographic zoning of vegetation are the radiation balance and the radiative index of dryness (or aridity index, ratio of the annual radiation balance to the energy costs of evaporating all annual precipitation). The radiative index of dryness for predominantly wooded regions varies from 0.3 to 1 (Budyko 1971). ...
... A paper by Budyko (1971) demonstrates that the key climate parameters shaping the geographic zoning of vegetation are the radiation balance and the radiative index of dryness (or aridity index, ratio of the annual radiation balance to the energy costs of evaporating all annual precipitation). The radiative index of dryness for predominantly wooded regions varies from 0.3 to 1 (Budyko 1971). The index of dryness and the radiation balance grow southwards. ...
In the context of global climate change, better understanding of the effects of various factors on forest productivity is of vital importance. The patterns in the formation of tree stand biomass under changing environmental conditions still remain unclear. In this article, this issue is considered through a case study of the vast territory of European Russia. The key method is statistical analysis of the effect of various factors (sum of air temperatures above +10 °С, latitude, site conditions) on the tree stand biomass. Equations were constructed to describe changes in stemwood volume of pine and spruce stands depending on the sum of air temperatures above +10 °С, and radiation balance costs of stemwood formation and functioning per unit volume depending on latitude. The specific radiation balance costs of stemwood formation and functioning per unit standing stock in spruce and pine stands of European Russia are the lowest between 53° and 63° N. The trends revealed for boreal forests an increase in specific foliage biomass and in fine-root:foliage biomass ratio under poorer site conditions. The variability of tree stand productivity in the forest zone depends on the forest type and on the energy factor. The patterns revealed that the relationship between stemwood volume and the sum of air temperatures above +10 °С can be used to predict changes in tree stand productivity. The territory between 53° and 63° N can be regarded as optimal for the growth of pine and spruce forests.
... To date many have contributed to already existing methods in bio-slope engineering. For example, Lobmann et al. [6], Dorairaj et al. [7] and Centenaro et al. [8] have presented a comprehensive review describing the various type of field and laboratory methods to study the morphology, distribution and strength characteristics of plant roots. These reviews present an overview of the solutions that have been developed to deal with some of the difficulties in testing rooted-soil samples. ...
Landslide is a major geological hazard and poses high risk to most countries in the tropical regions. This problem is more severe in places like Malaysia where residual soil is abundant. High temperature and humidity will easily disintegrate soil particles and therefore loosen the bonding between the soil and the root system. The main goal is to elucidate the interaction mechanism of bio-inspired soil anchorage system to enhance bonding between residual soil matrix in tropical region. Hence, this research aims to establish correlation between the pattern of root and its tensile strength to reinforce tropical residual slope. Basic soil property tests and classification protocols were carried out in the laboratory. Root tensile test results from the laboratory was correlated with field pull-out test data. Slope stability in the area where the plant roots were introduced have been disturbed. The factor of safety of slope with bio-anchorage system was one third of the slope with grass. The findings provide the best solution from the bioinspired soil anchorage system for tropical slope. Hence, the plant species that works well in residual soil for the purpose of reinforcing tropical slope was identified and recommended. As a result, many serious landslides and slope failures in residual soil could be avoided in the tropical region. Therefore, slope stabilization technique such as the bio-inspired soil anchorage system once established can reduce the dependency on conventional concrete wall.
... In both terrestrial and aquatic systems, the physical properties of a bioengineer can be significantly changed by microscale biotic interactions which, in turn, can have pronounced consequences for its engineering ability. For example, in terrestrial systems, modifications of several plant root traits such as root biomass, structure and elongation, and root nodulation often respond to soil microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa and mycorrhiza (Centenaro et al., 2018). Such alterations can have considerable knock-on effects in terms of soil stabilization and erosion control, phytoremediation, carbon sequestration and agricultural productivity (Li et al., 2006). ...
Microbial symbionts have strong potential to mediate responses to climate change. Such modulation may be particularly important in the case of hosts that modify the physical habitat structure. By transforming the habitats, ecosystem engineers alter resource availability and modulate environmental conditions which, in turn, indirectly shape the community associated with that habitat. Endolithic cyanobacteria are known to reduce the body temperatures of infested mussels and here, we assessed whether the thermal benefits of endoliths on the intertidal reef-building mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis extends to the invertebrate community utilising mussel beds as habitat. Artificial reefs of biomimetic mussels either colonised or not colonised by microbial endoliths were used to test whether infauna species (the limpet Patella vulgata, the snail Littorina littorea and mussel recruits) in a mussel bed with symbionts experience lower body temperatures than those within a bed composed of mussels without symbionts. We found that infaunal individuals benefitted from being surrounded by mussels with symbionts, an effect that may be particularly critical during intense heat stress. Indirect effects of biotic interactions, complicate our understanding of community and ecosystem responses to climate change, especially in cases involving ecosystem engineers, and accounting for them will improve our predictions.
... Heat conduction, measured in terms of latent heat flux emanating from the ground, depends on the extent of paved surfaces, amount of soil moisture, and the penetration depth of solar radiation through a canopy [44]. The interaction between roots and microorganisms living in the root zone can enhance the growth and development of plants, and is also influenced by soil temperature [45]. The optimum temperatures for tropical plant species varies between 15-35 • C [46], with the root function hampered for temperatures outside this range. ...
We present the results of classifying plants at species level that can tolerate air pollution, provide cooling, and simultaneously survive and thrive in urban environments. For this purpose, we estimated the air pollution tolerance index (APTI) and anticipated performance index (API) of several species growing in a park located in central Bangkok, Thailand. The cooling effect was quantified by calculating the reduction in soil and air temperatures. Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake, Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr., Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. had the highest API score and were able to substantially reduce the temperature and were in a group of highly recommended species which also included other species like A. saman, C. tabularis, Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) Bertero ex A. DC., Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre etc. Species from both evergreen and deciduous habitat were able to provide ambient cooling but were vulnerable to air pollution and included Elaeocarpus grandifloras Sm. and Bauhinia purpurea L. However, there were other species which had a high air pollution tolerance but failed to provide adequate cooling, such as Hopea odorata Roxb. and Millingtonia hortensis L.f. The results would be of interest to urban greenspace landscapers in such climates while selecting suitable species that can provide multiple ecosystem services ranging from air pollution tolerance to temperature reduction without reducing plant vitality.
... Studying belowground plant interactions in situ remains difficult, as early methods in this area were developed to study root architecture and rely upon destructive sampling (Weaver 1919;Stoeckeler and Kluender 1938). Less destructive methods have been developed in recent decades to study root system architecture such as using x-ray and radar and those broadly used to study root interactions such as coring and rhizotrons (Huck and Taylor 1982;Centenaro et al. 2018). While these techniques may be able to provide insight into soil microarthropod-root interactions, new methods need to be developed to better understand the underlying mechanisms behind these interactions. ...
Background
Soil microarthropods influence many soil processes that support plant growth and development.
Scope
In this paper we review the current understanding of direct microarthropod-plant interactions, how microarthropod-microbe interactions indirectly impact plant growth, and key areas for future study.
Conclusion
Microarthropod impacts on plants are primarily routed through their interactions with microbial communities, mediating organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling and allocation, and plant-pathogen dynamics in soils. The research investigating how microarthropod-saprotrophic microbe interactions affect plants through decomposition and nutrient cycling indicates a generally positive relationship, though this relationship is influenced by the overall diversity or species richness observed in the microarthropod communities. The effects of microarthropod-plant symbionts interactions on plants are varied and there is no clear benefit or detriment to plants via this mechanism. The effects of microarthropod-plant pathogen interactions on plants suggest that, in most cases, microarthropods will reduce disease incidence and severity. The limited diversity of the study taxa in this area of research is a major limitation to our understanding of how microarthropods impact plant health. Our review revealed that while much is known about microarthropod impacts on the intermediate processes that influence plants, only a subset of studies have quantified plant responses to microarthropod activity. Overall, existing evidence indicates that the overall effects of microarthropods on plants is positive. Future research should aim to incorporate more plant metrics and consider both microarthropod and microbial community dynamics in designed and observational studies.
... Due to the physical enlacing and the biochemical effects of roots, there is a common view that with an increase in relevant research soil-root complexes are generally more stable than bare soil (Li et al., 2017;. Specifically, exudates come from roots and microbes are involved in the decomposition of root material (Liang, Schimel, & Jastrow, 2017) and play an essential role in the stabilisation of microaggregates and aggregated structures (Centenaro, Hudek, Zanella, & Crivellaro, 2018). Hyphae and roots enmesh soil particles, which in turn affect the soil structure (Oliveira, Barr e, Trindade, & Virto, 2019;Wang et al., 2015). ...
It is well known that roots play a significant role in reducing water erosion in soil, yet few studies have reported the influence of crop roots on soil translocation induced by tillage in sloping fields. To examine the relationship between soil-root complexes (i.e., complexes of wheat roots and soil) and soil redistribution caused by tillage, a series of tillage experiments were carried out on bare soil and areas of wheat sown by drilling (DS) and nesting (NS) using nine slopes with gradients varying from 0.19 to 0.32 m m⁻¹. The magnetic tracing technique was used to determine soil translocation rates under hoeing tillage in sloping landscapes in response to soil-root complexes and bare soil. The results indicated that mean displacement distance for DS and NS in the downslope direction was 0.15 m and 0.16 m, respectively. This was much shorter than that of bare soil which was 0.26 m. Mean tillage erosion rates ranged from 14.58 to 19.15 Mg ha⁻¹ per tillage pass for DS and 13.90 –21.10 Mg ha⁻¹ per tillage pass for NS, while reached 31.23–36.31 Mg ha⁻¹ per tillage pass for bare soil. Tillage transport coefficients (k3 and k4) were 6.31 and 106.46 kg m⁻¹ per tillage pass for DS, 6.58 and 118.68 kg m⁻¹ per tillage pass for NS, and 28.12 and 151.07 kg m⁻¹ per tillage pass for bare soil, respectively. A significant difference in cohesive force (C) was found between DS (NS) and bare soil (P < 0.05), thereby resulting in an increase in the soil shear strength of soil-root complexes. Compared with those of bare soil, the soil fractal dimension of soil-root complexes decreased significantly due to an increase in the percentage of coarse clods (>100 and 100–80 mm) and a decrease in the percentage of fine clods (50–20 and < 20 mm). Mean soil displacement distance caused by tillage displayed a negative relationship with C and wheat root traits (the root density, the root length density, and the root area ratio) within the hilly landscape of soil-root complexes (P < 0.05), implying that wheat roots played a crucial part in soil translocation and soil fragmentation during hoeing tillage. Our study revealed that soil-root complexes markedly reduce the soil downslope transfer process during tillage and prevent the break-up of large clods by tillage implements on sloping farmland.
... Removal effect of root exudates on cadmium under different soil conditions Soil structure is composed of micro and macro aggregates containing solid, liquid, gas and soil organisms (Centenaro et al., 2018). Different types of soil have different structures, particle distribution, pore size distribution, water and gas storage capacity, and biological composition (Blume et al., 2016). ...
With the development of industrialization, soils around the world have been polluted by heavy metals and oil to different degrees in recent years, and soil remediation has become a global problem. Phytoremediation has a wide application prospect because of its environmental friendliness and easy availability of materials.
Objective
To explore the effects of soil types and root exudates on the removal of cadmium and petroleum hydrocarbon in soils.
Method
A pot experiments with three soil types (sandy, loamy and clayey) of the Changning-Weiyuan area of Sichuan province and three root exudates (citric acid, glycine, and maltose) were carried out using Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf., Lolium perenne L., and Festuca arundinacea L. as test materials. Plants were grown in soils contaminated by cadmium and petroleum at different concentrations.
Result
The biomass of S. sudanense, the translocation ratio and removal rate of cadmium in S. sudanense decreased gradually with increasing soil cadmium concentration. The promotion effects of the three root exudates on S. sudanense were in the following order: citric acid > glycine > maltose. At the same cadmium pollution conditions, the biomass levels of S. sudanense in sandy, loamy, and clayey soils were in the following order: clayey soil > loamy soil > sandy soil. On the contrary, the concentration, translocation ratio, and removal rate of cadmium in S. sudanense grown in the different soils treated with root exudates were in the following order: sandy soil > loamy soil > clayey soil. Under the three soil conditions, the fresh weight of F. arundinacea (0.36 ~ 0.68 g) and S. sudanense (0.51 ~ 0.99 g) increased significantly (p < 0.05). The total petroleum hydrocarbons degradation efficiencies of F. arundinacea, L. perenne, and S. sudanense were high in sandy soil (34.27% ~ 60.52%). Changing the type of root exudate had a significant impact on the degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in sandy soil (p < 0.05).
Conclusion
This study showed that soil types impacted the accumulation of cadmium and petroleum in plants. Phytoremediation of cadmium and petroleum contaminated soil could be enhanced by the application of root exudates. This study recommend that the method is suitable for field remediation of soils contaminated with mild cadmium and petroleum hydrocarbons.
... The study of biological diversity and activity in soil is a very challenging topic [1] [2]. Knowledge on organisms' activity and its interactions is important, since it is at the core of ecosystem functioning. ...
The investigation of the complicated underground
life via automatic technique is in high demand in recent days.
Using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to detect soil in-
vertebrates is an interesting approach, although most studies
on the topic have focused on other solutions. The creation of
state-of-the-art technique through this work will be a significant
step in soil ecology, bio-science and agriculture in effectively
exploring the different types of invertebrates, their behaviors
and interactions. In this paper, generating and annotating images
containing seven classes of invertebrates is firstly presented. Then
various automatic detections of the invertebrates using YOLOv5
algorithm on these images are performed and evaluated.
Index Terms—Soil fauna, invertebrate detection, small object
detection, invertebrate dataset, YOLOv5, cluttered background
