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![Longitudinal and cross section [8].](publication/311619447/figure/fig2/AS:669989363261456@1536749320839/Longitudinal-and-cross-section-8.png)
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![Fig.1: Layout of the 1st floor [8].](publication/311619447/figure/fig1/AS:669989363265542@1536749320737/Layout-of-the-1st-floor-8_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 2: Longitudinal and cross section [8].](publication/311619447/figure/fig2/AS:669989363261456@1536749320839/Longitudinal-and-cross-section-8_Q320.jpg)
The paper introduces optimization of the functional use of renovated spaces in historic buildings in terms of fire risk. It brings assessment of fire protection in the folk house Habánsky Dvor, situated in the village of Veľké Leváre, whose function was changed into the museum. It goes into static analysis of existing load-bearing structures and as...
Citations
... • Analysis of the roof structure over the nave Following re-restoration, a comprehensive re-examination of the entire structure was undertaken, including the structural modelling, considering the possibility of discarding the interventions from 1897 and 1926, as well as the fire verification of the roof structure [29]. ...
... The computational model was created using Axis VM X6 software as a spatial model ( Figure 12). Following re-restoration, a comprehensive re-examination of the entire structure was undertaken, including the structural modelling, considering the possibility of discarding the interventions from 1897 and 1926, as well as the fire verification of the roof structure [29]. ...
The reconstruction of structural subassemblies in historic buildings is a widely debated topic that often arises throughout a building’s lifespan. The most vulnerable structures and, consequently, the most frequently modified are roofs, due to the materials used, which render them susceptible to biological decay or fire. This paper aims to analyse roof reconstructions across various historical periods and under different circumstances depending on the necessity for construction or reconstruction. Several exceptional reconstructions from Europe are examined, where the final solution was determined based on sustainability criteria from the construction period. Wood in roof trusses is often replaced with alternative materials such as metal or reinforced concrete. In the case of the Evangelical Church in Bistrița, destroyed by fire for the second time in 2008, the solution of replication using wood was adopted, and the wooden elements were calculated for fire resistance, according to the Eurocodes. Another important aspect to consider when constructing new roofs is the need for protective or temporary roof structures, where sustainability and reusability are fundamental requirements. The principles used to choose the covering method were different depending on the reconstruction period. Three analysis criteria were defined to compare historical solutions with current sustainability principles in the reconstruction and construction of new roofs for existing buildings.
... The assessment of the load-bearing capacity of historic buildings is a completely different matter, in which modern load standards cannot be used, as most of these structures would not meet current re-quirements. The works [45][46][47] show the method of calculating the load-bearing capacity for historic buildings and explain the accepted deviations. ...
... A completely different matter is to assess the load-bearing capacity of historic buildings for which modern load standards cannot be used because most of these structures would not fulfill contemporary requirements. The works [45][46][47][48] showed the method of calculating the load-bearing capacity for historic objects and explained the accepted deviations. ...
Wood is one of the basic building materials. It is a completely biodegradable raw industrial commodity, the resources of which, with proper forest management, are virtually inexhaustible. Additionally, its acquisition and processing does not require large inputs of fossil fuels. At the same time, forest areas which we obtain wood from neutralize the negative effects of producing and acquiring other raw materials, as one hectare of pine forest (the most popular in Poland) can absorb approx. 20–30 tons of CO2. Wood is characterised by low thermal and electrical conductivity, having simultaneously high sound insulation, which perfectly meets the requirements of the present market and its regulations. This study aimed at verifying the technical parameters of wood, i.e., its bending strength, with the use of an innovative method of the correlation between the bending strength measured along and across wood fibres. The procedure was envisaged as effective for testing the strength of beams in historic buildings, in which—due to their valuable structure—only a limited number of sample holes can be made. The aim of this experiment was to create tables and diagrams, from which, based on the correlation between the side and the head of the beam, using in situ tests and the sclerometric method, it will be possible to derive the bending strength of existing wooden beams. In the study of spruce and pine wood, a correlation between the recess from the side and the recess from the head was found, ranging from 0.64 to 0.76, with an average of 0.72 for spruce elements, and 0.66–0.84, with an average of 0.70 for pine elements. This means that when testing an element fixed in a building, measuring the parameters from the head of the beam with a Schmidt hammer (often such elements are more easily accessible, i.e., on the building facade), the obtained values should be multiplied by 0.72 for spruce elements and by 0.70 for pine elements to obtain the strength of the beam. The authors of this article indicate that the confirmation of this observation requires conducting further research on various types of wood. It should also be noted that the material collected from one batch of sawn timber had a different structure, which was proved by analysing it using SEM imaging. Modeling wood numerically is, to some extent, a simplified issue that assumes wood to be an orthotropic, homogeneous (homogeneous) material. In fact, wood is an anisotropic, very heterogeneous material. The analysis of wood (on the technical scale, construction wood) as an anisotropic material is practically impossible. Adopting wood as an isotropic material is too simplistic. Therefore, the most appropriate methods of strength testing are destructive methods, as all non-destructive methods should not be used without verifying the results with other methods. The results obtained by non-destructive testing pose great difficulties in their interpretation. Obtaining reliable results of experiments entails collecting a large number of research samples. The method described in this paper will allow for obtaining the necessary data for effective expertise assessment regarding the safety level of structural elements in historic wooden load-bearing structures, which is crucial for making conservation decisions.
... Physical characteristics of the fire separating construction materials used in the simulations of the model solution, seen in Table1. The model solution considers a fire in the apartment indicated in Fig. 2. The method of fire design or assessment of the fire barrier comprises the choice of the model fire scenario, determination of model fire, calculation of the temperature development in structural members and calculation of the mechanical behaviour of a structure exposed to fire [24]. ...
In modern buildings are also currently used the wooden-based construction systems. A wide range of uses the timber constructions in apartment buildings is a vision of the countries of the EU. The use of timber and the other recyclable materials in apartment buildings creates the precondition for the implementation, operation and disposal of environmental impacts of the EU 2020 Strategy. In the long term is important to transform the construction of buildings to a sustainable standard, which the application of wood in construction supports. Currently, the fire height of timber-based residential construction in most EU countries is limited to 5 storeys, provided that the timber structures are fire-protected. This paper deals with the influence of the ventilation parameter in the time and the intensity of the gas temperature during a fire in a model of an apartment building with a timber load-bearing structure. The load-bearing structure is made of CLT panels, with a mixed structural unit, i.e. with fire-resistant cladding of all load-bearing and fire-dividing structures. FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator - PyroSim software) is used for dynamic simulations of fire in the model apartment.
... As such an assessment requires a visual inspection of the target buildings, it is intended that the survey and, mainly, the treatment of the data are done by technicians with knowledge in the scope of structural fires and/or in the civil protection (Firefighters, Protection Technicians Civil, Civil Engineers or Architects) with the support of a fire risk assessment model. Some authors such as Santana et al. [9], Iringová and Idunk [10], Zahmatkesh and Memari [11] and Lo [12], among others [13,14], have already carried out works and publications on this subject, showing the importance of carrying out a careful observation in this field, including analysis in specific software in this area [15]. ...
Due to the increase of rehabilitation works and the knowledge that the majority of the existing buildings was not objected of a fire safety project because there was no regulation at the time of construction, it is necessary to create technical assessment tools suitable to buildings or built sets, especially in more sensitive areas. This work proposes the model and operating procedures for an assessment method called EBRAFire. It assigns a rating to the buildings analyzed, based on fundamental parameters, observed in technical and regulatory standards, and also in empirical events resulting from experience in preventing and fighting fires. The model provides a detailed analysis of the parameters connected to the building's fire safety, with results that are easy to understand, can be useful for creating records for the Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and can also be a fundamental collaborative work tool for all civil protection agents. Considering that one can act in particular on a factor that has a significant risk contribution, it is possible to carry out localized rehabilitation projects for existing buildings, providing more accurate budget estimates and with lower costs, with the ultimate goal of always be ensuring the best response capacity in case of fire.
... Acquired knowledge on geometric and proportional concept may be a guideline to the methodology for restoration and conservation of historic buildings. [8,9] The result obtained by the similar analysis of the truss proportional relations in the rural house in Vápenná [4,5] as well as in the Trinity Church in Klimkovice (also situated in Silesia) is the use of the similar principle to determine a truss height -the principle of "n plus one". The main difference is in the number of x units within the side of the basic square defining the truss structure. ...
Church of All Saints in Vlčovice was built likely in the second half of the XIV century and was consecrated in 1597 by catholic bishop Stanislav Pavlovsky from Olomouc. The vault and nave of the church was built in Baroque. The truss of the church was dendrochronological dating to 1767/68. Some elements of structure were dendrochronological dating to 1586 when it was constructed primary truss structure. Today's appearance of the church is given by historicist modifications from the last quarter of the 19th century. Analysed truss has a rafter-collar tie structure with collar beams, pedestal struts. The roof structure has archaic form and we can include the structure into the earlier period by typology. These trusses were commonly used in this region and the wider cultural sphere at that time.
Bu kısa derlemede Safranbolu UNESCO Dünya Miras kentinin geçmişte yaşadığı 4 farklı afet ve sonrasını Cumhurbaşkanlığı Osmanlı Devlet Arşivleri belgeleri, yerel basında yer almış haber ve yorumlar üzerinden anlatmak ve bu deneyinler üzerinden tarihi kentlerin afetlere ne denli dayanıklı (resilient) olduklarını kanıtlamak istiyorum. Bu afetler deprem, sel, yangın ve aşırı kar nedeniyle ortaya çıkmıştı. Konuşmamda özellikle depreme dayanıklı ahşap çatkı sistemini kullanan Safranbolu evinin öne çıkarılması ve sistemin yeni yapılarda da kullanımı için tanıtımlar yapılması ve bilinirliğinin yaygınlaştırılmasını önerdim. Bunun yanında çevresiyle barışık kent dokusunun da çok önemli olduğu görüşümü paylaştım. Bu iki nedenle ayrıca, Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığının Safranbolu doğal sit Alanlarını imara açmasının ve Safranbolu kültürel miras alanlarında betonarme yeni yapılaşmanın ne denli oksimoron düştüklerini dikkatinize sunmak istiyorum.
The late-Romanesque St. Martin’s Church in Dolní Újezd was probably built in the mid-13th century. The nave has a wooden joist ceiling whose beams serve as tie beams too. The Gothic vaults above the presbytery date from ’30s of the 15th century. The truss of the church is dendro-dated to 1420 – 1421. Some members of a truss structure are dendro-dated to 1823 – 1824, when the repair was undertaken. The examined truss is a rafter-collar tie structure with collar beams and pedestal struts. It has a characteristic shape and may be typologically classified as a structure of the earlier period. This type of a truss structure was typically built in this region and represents one of the features occurring in the particular social and culture circles at the time.
