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Waste material disposal is considered as a difficult issue to adopt in current world. Waste metal, which has been recognised as a major problem in the environment and resource deficiency, could have important implications in the concrete construction industries. Waste metal utilisation in construction of reinforced cement concrete (RCC) works is im...
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... 150mm diameter X 300mm height and short beams of size150mm X 150mm X 600mm were prepared using the standard moulds. In the flexural strength experiment, six different set of short beam were prepared. Three sets of beam with three different commercial graded reinforcement bar (40, Short beams with three different waste metal grades were also casted and equivalent weight of reinforcement bars as designed for beam was replaced with different waste metal chips. This requires around 8% (of total concrete volume) metal waste to be added in concrete with CM and CA, and around 8.5% with CT containing beams. Although the total amount of reinforcement bars (40, 60 and 72 grade) were 6.265% volume of concrete, due to the different shape and void spaces different chips required little higher amount of volume in consideration with the equivalent weight reinforcement. This equivalent weight replacement in the concrete allows a direct comparison between 60, and 72) and the rest three sets of beams with three different categories of waste metal chips (CM, CA, and CT). The design of short beam is illustrated in Fig. 4 and three different graded (40, 60 and 72) reinforcement bar were arranged similarly. impacts of traditional reinforcement bars with equivalent weight of waste metal. Beam sample preparation and experimental setup is illustrated in Fig. 5. Finally in the mixing stage, concrete mixes were vibrated using a vibrator to attain maximum possible density. Each sets of mix had triplicate sample. The samples were demoulded after 24 hours from casting and kept in a water tank for 28 days curing. BSEN 12390-3:2009 [8] Standard was used in conducting compressive tests, EN 1239 [9] Standard was used for the split tensile strength tests, and Young’s Modulus tests on cylinders were conducted in accordance with the requirements of BS ...
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The properties of a concrete are the most critical and important physical property while planning a reinforced concrete structure. Test specimen properties highly affect the compressive strength of concrete, such as moisture content, size etc. This paper represents the comparison result of compressive tests between standard and non-standard sized c...
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... The long-term durability of the coating on the steel is another practical and mechanistic consideration which is affected by it's surrounding environment. Steel rebar in concrete, for example, undergoes extensive mechanical loading [122], friction, shrinkage [123], fatigue [124], extreme weather [125], and potentially harsh chemical exposure (chloride, carbonation, sulphate attack) [126,127] exposure for several decades. Long term corrosion, scratch and abrasion resistance of high precision monolithic coating could be compromised in case of extremely thin and sensitive coating and therefore warrants investigation. ...
Steel corrosion has been a major perpetual issue of concern for durability and structural integrity of steel and reinforced concrete infrastructure. Polymeric, zinc-galvanic and chromate conversion coatings are commonly applied to protect typical steel materials such as structural steel, reinforcing steel bar (rebar), mild steel and light gauge steel used in infrastructure. Yet, due to physical integrity, long-term performance and environmental concerns, their applications have been limited. In recent years, graphene has garnered considerable attention in the field of anti-corrosive coatings and substantial progress has been achieved in the development of particular graphene-based monolithic (single/few-layer graphene and graphene oxides) as well as laminate and nanocomposite coatings. Despite considerable efforts dedicated towards fundamental research, the laboratory to industry transition of graphene-based anti-corrosive coatings remains challenging. To this end, this report reviews the state-of-the-art on graphene-based coating technology with application to steel surfaces and discusses, both, experimental studies and theoretical aspects. Specifically, this review presents (i) production of different forms of graphene-based materials and the coating process; (ii) corrosion resistance and anti-corrosive coating performance of graphene-coated steel materials, (iii) key potential areas and challenges pertaining to the application of graphene-based coating to structural steel and rebar; and (iv) potential future directions towards corrosion protection and smart coatings.
... Abbas [17], using steel chips (both straight and spiral, 50 mm in length, 1 mm in thick, 2 mm in wide), reported a 2% increase in density for concrete with an addition of chips at 15% of cement weight and 3.6% for concrete with an addition at 31% of cement weight. The same increase in density (1.9%) was obtained by Qureshi and Ahmed [52] for concrete with steel chips (up to 80 mm in size) at 52% of cement weight. The less liquid consistency obtained in this study is due to the composition of the mixture. ...
... Ismail and Al.-Hashmi [28] used chips, the majority (53%) of which were between 0.6 and 1.18 mm in length, and reported an 8% increase in density for concrete with an addition of steel waste at 94% of cement weight compared to a reference sample. Slight increases in density were determined by Abbas [17] and Qureshi and Ahmed [52], who used steel chips as fibers. Abbas [17], using steel chips (both straight and spiral, 50 mm in length, 1 mm in thick, 2 mm in wide), reported a 2% increase in density for concrete with an addition of chips at 15% of cement weight and 3.6% for concrete with an addition at 31% of cement weight. ...
... Abbas [17], using steel chips (both straight and spiral, 50 mm in length, 1 mm in thick, 2 mm in wide), reported a 2% increase in density for concrete with an addition of chips at 15% of cement weight and 3.6% for concrete with an addition at 31% of cement weight. The same increase in density (1.9%) was obtained by Qureshi and Ahmed [52] for concrete with steel chips (up to 80 mm in size) at 52% of cement weight. . Density test results. ...
The amount of steel chips generated by lathes and CNC machines is 1200 million tons per year, and they are difficult to recycle. The effect of adding steel chips without pre-cleaning (covered with production lubricants and cooling oils) on the properties of concrete was investigated. Steel waste was added as a replacement for fine aggregate in the amounts of 5%, 10% and 15% of the cement weight, which correspond with 1.1%, 2.2% and 3.3% mass of all ingredients and 0.33%, 0.66% and 0.99% volume of concrete mix, respectively. The slump cone, air content, pH value, density, compressive strength, tensile strength, tensile splitting strength, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio and thermal parameters were tested. It was observed that with the addition of lathe waste, the density
decreased, but mechanical properties increased. With the addition of 5%, 10% and 15% metal chips, compressive strength increased by 13.9%, 20.8% and 36.3% respectively compared to plain concrete; flexural strength by 7.1%, 12.7% and 18.2%; and tensile splitting strength by 4.2%, 33.2% and 38.4%. Moreover, it was determined that with addition of steel chips, thermal diffusivity was reduced and specific heat capacity increased. With the addition of 15% metal chips, thermal diffusivity was 25.2%
lower than in the reference sample, while specific heat was 23.0% higher. No effect was observed on thermal conductivity.
... Modern cement, named Portland cement, was discovered in 1824 by using kiln-dried milled limestone and clay. Joseph Monier made the first concrete flowerpots of the world in 1867 by using wireframe and cement-based mortar [2]. Owing to this discovery, the technique of steel-reinforced concrete construction was developed. ...
In this review, steel slag usage in the cement and concrete industry and its environmental effects were examined. Also, its physical and chemical structure, its effect on the characteristics of concrete, and its applications in different usage areas were specified. Within the scope of the study, literature was examined by reviewing investigations of steel slag usage in the cement and concrete industry. The content and results of these studies were assessed, and the intended effects of these by-products were presented. These factory by-products, whose storage and release into nature are quite inconvenient, are assessed at different sites around the world and regained to the sector. Thus the benefits of both economic and ecological balance were examined. As a result, opinions and recommendations were presented.
... While all the researchers proved that using the pop-cans fibers in concrete increases its tensile and flexural resistances significantly [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], the effect of pop-cans fibers on the compressive strength of concrete had been a point of debate for researchers where some researchers found out that it increases the compressive strength [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] while others showed that it decreases the compressive strength of concrete [9,10]. ...
... While all the researchers proved that using the pop-cans fibers in concrete increases its tensile and flexural resistances significantly [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], the effect of pop-cans fibers on the compressive strength of concrete had been a point of debate for researchers where some researchers found out that it increases the compressive strength [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] while others showed that it decreases the compressive strength of concrete [9,10]. ...
This paper presents an experimental investigation carried out to study the effect of using tin fibers (obtained from the pop-cans wastes) on enhancing the mechanical properties of plain concrete. It is well known that concrete is mainly used to resist compressive loads and it has very low tensile resistance but adding such fiber to the concrete mixtures can relatively increase its tensile strength. These fibers can bridge the cracks resulted from tensile loads applied to concrete and prevent it from widening. By using the wastes of pop-cans can have double benefit; as from the environmental side it reduces the amount of unused wastes and on the economic side improves the properties of concrete without any extra cost for the concrete production. The experimental program was designed to investigate the effect of adding the tin fibers on three main properties of concrete; compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and flexural strength. The fibers were used at ratios of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% by weight of cement. The results showed that the compressive strength is negatively affected by the addition of the fibers to the mix, while both tensile strength and flexural strength improves by adding the fibers. And for the ratios used within this study, the more the fibers were added the more the tensile and flexural resistance of concrete was increased.
... The overall global demand for new infrastructure development is not restricted by these high repair and maintenance costs nor by worldwide environmental concerns about CO2 emissions. The utilization of recyclable and waste materials in the construction industry has recently gained increased attention as an approach to mitigate this overall carbon footprint issues (Qureshi & Ahmed 2015). In this context, GO-based cement composites show strong potential. ...
Graphene oxide (GO) is a recently invented 2D nanoplane fiber. GO is typically produced via the chemical oxidation and exfoliation of graphite. It contains active functional groups on its nanoplane surface, and these groups play a major role during the cement hydration process. Preliminarily, the hydration properties of GO–cement composites have been found to result in a higher hydration rate, which affects both the water demand and workability of the composites. Some authors have also reported that reinforcing the cement matrix with GO results in the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) gel in the micropores, thereby enhancing the resultant composite’s mechanical properties. Markedly few studies have examined the durability of GO–cement-based composites. This paper presents a critical review of the functionalities and effects of GO in cement-based composites, including its effects on hydration, workability, transport properties, the evolution of mechanical properties, and durability. This review also covers literature reports related to the life-cycle cost and the carbon footprint of such cement composites.
It is hard to underestimate the significance of incorporating waste materials into concrete materials for ecological rehabilitation. This study summarizes the results of investigations on the use of waste steel scraps from the machine shops, primarily from the CNC lathe, as supplementary cementitious materials. The waste steel scraps were used with the cementitious material without any further cleaning. In the different samples, waste steel scrap was substituted for fine aggregative materials in proportions of 4%, 8%, and 12% by mass of cement. Experiments were accompanied on the compression strength, tensile splitting characteristics, and flexural characteristics. With the introduction of waste scrap materials, the mechanical characteristics had been improved, significantly. The maximum mechanical strength was attributed to the 8% inclusion of metal scraps with the conventional concrete and it was noticed that the compression, split tension and flexural strength of the concrete was improved by 11.68%, 20.82% and 24.65%, respectively with addition of 8% steel scraps in concrete. The increase in metal scrap proportion after 8% in mortar resulted in the diminished properties of the concrete mixtures.
This paper presents an experimental investigation carried out to study the effect of using tin fibers (obtained from the pop-cans wastes) on enhancing the mechanical properties of plain concrete. It is well known that concrete is mainly used to resist compressive loads and it has very low tensile resistance but adding such fiber to the concrete mixtures can relatively increase its tensile strength. These fibers can bridge the cracks resulted from tensile loads applied to concrete and prevent it from widening.
By using the wastes of pop-cans can have double benefit; as from the environmental side it reduces the amount of unused wastes and on the economic side improves the properties of concrete without any extra cost for the concrete production. The experimental program was designed to investigate the effect of adding the tin fibers on three main properties of concrete; compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and flexural strength. The fibers were used at ratios of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% by weight of cement. The results showed that the compressive strength is negatively affected by the addition of the fibers to the mix, while both tensile strength and flexural strength improves by adding the fibers. And for the ratios used within this study, the
This work on analysis of the mechanical Properties of Tin fibers on concrete is based on experimental investigationcarried out on various percentages of Tin fiber and Concrete mixture. The use of concrete is influenced by its high resistance to compressive load and low resistance to tensile force, however, the composite of concrete and tin fiber possesses a higher resistance to tensile force when compared to the noncomposite concrete. The tin fibers when combined with concrete, links any crack created by tensile stress within the concrete and thwarts any widening that may tend to occur. These tin fibers derived from waste mineral cans have economic and environmental benefits; they improve the mechanical properties of concrete without increasing the cost of production while reducing the quantity of unused waste mineral cans in the environment. The analysis investigates the effect of introducing tin fibers into concrete on the three main mechanical properties of concrete which are Flexural Strength, Indirect Tensile Strength and Compressive Strength. These tin fibers where used at ratios of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% by weight of Cement. The result obtained indicates a positive effect on Tensile and Flexural Strengths with a negative effect on Compressive Strength. The effects on Tensile and Flexural Resistances indicates a linear increase with addition of tin fibers
We fabricated samples of different percentage of iron cutting waste (ICW) and evaluated mechanical & shielding properties of concrete by Gamma ray attenuation. For shielding, linear γ-ray attenuation coefficient and mean-free path length were measured. Cs-137 (0.668 meV) and spectrum was used to measure attenuation coefficient of concrete. NAI (TI) Detector was used to detect the radiation coming from the source. Calculated linear attenuation coefficient from semi log graph of transmission and thickness of shields. Compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths were increased 32.2%, 10.3% and 36%, respectively, with 10% replacement of sand with ICW. The attenuation coefficient of mix with 20% replacement was increased 10.5% from the control mix. The mix with 20% of ICW as a sand replacement took less distance to attenuate the same amount of radiation than the control mix. The difference in mean free path length of control mix and mix with 20% ICW was about 0.5 cm. Maximum mass attenuation was achieved on 15% replacement of sand which was 7.5% of the control mix. Fine ICW, increased both mechanical and shielding properties of concrete compared to the control specimen. Shielding of radiation is highly dependent on the size, orientation and particle distribution in a concrete matrix.
Recycling of waste materials limit solid wastes and saves natural resources. The investigations of using waste materials in concrete mixtures increase day by day. Use of waste materials in concrete gave economical disposal of wastes. This paper investigates the possibility of using metal wastes strips resulting from civilian factories of domestic storage tanks as fibers and its effect on some concrete properties which include workability of fresh concrete, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength. Five concrete mixtures with different ratios of metal wastes fibers, (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2) % of concrete volume have been added to produce the concrete composites. Three Cubes, cylinders and prismatic samples have been made for compressive, tensile and flexural strength tests respectively for each mixture. The mechanical properties of mixtures were analyzed in comparison to the control mixture. The results showed that the metal waste fibers could be used successfully to enhance the mechanical properties of concrete. An increase in metal wastes fibers content led to increase in strength properties of concrete, and the optimum percentage of metal wastes fibers for strength improvement are ranged between 1.0-2.0%.
