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Water erosion caused by inappropriate land use compromises the ecosystems and causes economic and social losses. To remedy
this, the present study proposes (i) the evaluation of the erosion risk in an Environmental Protection Area (EPA) with the
combination of Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), soil loss tolerance (T) estimates adapted to Brazili...
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... the equation was applied we defined the ER classes: very low (<0.2); low (0.2- 0.5); moderate (0.5-1.0); high (1.0-2.0); very high (2.0-4.0); and extreme (>4.0), as proposed by Basic et al. (2004). The procedural sequence for action proposals within the environmental plan is shown in Fig. 2. The ER values indicate the level of environmental degradation, while the CP p value guides the planning of corrective measures for areas in which we identified some degradation ...
Citations
... The prediction of rates of soil erosion typically involves the use of empirical models (Leh et al., 2013), thus the empirical models are still widely used for soil erosion assessment both on the watershed and regional scale. Of all the empirical models, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE; Wischmeier & Smith, 1978) and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) are used probably the most widely used empirical models for water erosion assessment and water conservation plans worldwide (Kinnel, 2010;Renard et al., 1997;Oliveira et al., 2011). The RUSLE model reveals that soil erosion is greatest on cultivated land than other land-use types (Gimenez-Morera et al., 2010;Hurni, 1993;Pal & Chakrabortty, 2019). ...
Soil erosion is a serious problem arising from agricultural intensification and other anthropogenic activities which can cause deterioration of soil fertility and productivity. This study aims to estimate total amounts of soil loss using the RUSLE and NDVI models and identify major areas of concern for management interventions through site specific in the Coka watershed, southern Ethiopia. The RUSLE model required the integration of thematic factors such as rainfall, length and steepness of the slope, land-use and land-cover, soil erodibility, and control practices. These factors were calculated using remote sensing data and GIS. The results indicated that total area coverage from study of watershed under the degree of severity of erosion and priority was <5(very low), 5−10 (low), 10−18 (moderate), 18−50 (high), 50−100 (very high) and >100 t ha–1yr–1 (severe). Soil loss rates ranged between 2.33 in bare land and 237.16 t ha–1yr–1 in forest. Based on the findings, erosion risk having estimated soil loss (≥ 18 t ha–1yr–1) which is above tolerable range for the country containing 73% (2723 ha) from the total area coverage of watershed. Thus, appropriate soil and water conservation practices should be adopted to restore degraded lands and environment by giving attention for erosion hotspot areas.
... In RUSLE, the cover-management factor (C-factor) is evaluated using Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing (GIS-RS) techniques to monitor land cover/land use changes. This factor reflects surface conditions that can be well managed for controlling erosion (Wischmeier & Smith, 1978;Dissmeyer & Foster, 1981;Toy et al., 1999;Biesemans et al., 2000;Bayramin et al., 2006;Vrieling, 2006Vrieling, , 2006Lee & Lee, 2006;Karaburun, 2010;Oliveira et al., 2011;Zhang et al., 2011;Durigon et al., 2014;Panagos et al., 2015;Tanyas et al., 2015;Ganasri & Ramesh, 2016;Schmidt et al., 2018;Pınar, 2021;Pınar & Erpul, 2018Aytop & Şenol, 2022;Efthimiou et al., 2022) by measuring the effect of canopy cover regard on soil loss. ...
Several models have been used to assess temporal cover change trends by using remote and proximal sensing tools. Particularly, from the point of hydrologic and erosional processes and sustainable land and soil management, it is crucial to determine and understand the variation of protective canopy cover change within a development period. Concordantly, leaf angle distribution (LAD) is a crucial parameter when using the vegetation indices (VIs) to define the radiation reflected by the canopy when estimating the cover-management factor (C-factor). This research aims to assess the C-factor of cultivated lands with sunflower and wheat that have different leaf orientations (planophile and erectophile, respectively) with the help of reduced models of NDVI and LAI for estimating crop-stage SLR values with the help of a stepwise linear regression. Those equations with R-squared values of 0.85 and 0.93 were obtained for sunflower and wheat-planted areas, respectively. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), one of the two plant indices used in this study, was measured by remote and proximal sensing tools. At the same time, the Leaf Area Index (LAI) was obtained by a proximal hand-held crop sensor alone. Soil loss ratio (SLR) was upscaled for the establishment period (1P) of sunflower and the maturing period (3P) of wheat to present different growth stages simultaneously with plant-specific equations that can be easily adapted to those aforementioned crops instead of doing field measurements with conventional techniques in semi-arid cropping systems.
... Os modelos digitais de elevação permitem obter valores de topografia substituindo o comprimento da rampa pela área de contribuição a montante para cada pixel, o que permite a estimativa dos fluxos de direção e acumulação do escoamento superficial na bacia (Oliveira, 2011). ...
Research aimed at developing methods for simulating hydrological and sedimentological dynamics in watershed dominated by karst features are still scarce in Brazil. The complexity of the simultaneous processes of fast and slow infiltration make the modeling of these systems difficult, mainly in the calibration and sensitivity of the model parameters, as well as the difficulties and high costs in terms of monitoring. This study brings together research on the simulation of hydrological and sedimentological processes in karst environments in the last two decades, considering different aspects of analysis. The works were compiled based on the degree of scientific relevance, based on the theory of the consolidated meta-analytical approach, an exploratory approach method that consists of selecting search terms and database, refining and grouping the most relevant articles in the last years. The results pointed to a significant increase in works that used adapted or modified conventional models to simulate hydrological processes in the karst, mainly in the integration of surface and underground models. However, the challenges posed are related to the availability of data and monitoring difficulties, which limits the evaluation of hydro-sedimentological processes in the underground karst. In the surface karst some simplified models are used to analyze the contribution of the sediments produced and transported to the convergence areas of the caves and inside them.
... The prediction of rates of soil erosion typically involves the use of empirical models (Leh et al., 2013), thus the empirical models are still widely used for soil erosion assessment both on the watershed and regional scale. Of all the empirical models, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE; Wischmeier & Smith, 1978) and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) are used probably the most widely used empirical models for water erosion assessment and water conservation plans worldwide (Kinnel, 2010;Renard et al., 1997;Oliveira et al., 2011). The RUSLE model reveals that soil erosion is greatest on cultivated land than other land-use types (Gimenez-Morera et al., 2010;Hurni, 1993;Pal & Chakrabortty, 2019). ...
... The prediction of rates of soil erosion typically involves the use of empirical models (Leh et al., 2013), thus the empirical models are still widely used for soil erosion assessment both on the watershed and regional scale. Of all the empirical models, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE; Wischmeier & Smith, 1978) and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) are used probably the most widely used empirical models for water erosion assessment and water conservation plans worldwide (Kinnel, 2010;Renard et al., 1997;Oliveira et al., 2011). The RUSLE model reveals that soil erosion is greatest on cultivated land than other land-use types (Gimenez-Morera et al., 2010;Hurni, 1993;Pal & Chakrabortty, 2019). ...
... Biodiversity loss through land use/land cover (LULC) change, often driven by public policies structured by political-economic concerns, can result in water resource degradation scenarios (Rochedo et al. 2018). Several fields of science have investigated this association (Xiang et al. 2020), highlighting the direct and indirect effects of rainforest reduction on water availability and quality, water cycle changes and increased soil erosion in watersheds (Guo et al. 2019;Oliveira et al. 2011). ...
Public policies affecting land use/land cover also have an impact on water resource availability, and hilltop protected areas are a relevant factor in ensuring continued availability of water resources. The legislation ruling the delimitation of protected areas on hilltops has changed at the Brazilian national level in 2012 and in Rio de Janeiro state in 2014. However, these environmental legislation changes did not take into account the feedback effects of restricting protected areas to hilltops on the regularity of hydrological responses in watersheds. As such, this manuscript sought to analyze the contribution of hilltop-only protected areas to continued water availability. We analyzed hydrological responses in the São João river watershed, which provides water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses in the Região dos Lagos municipalities of Rio de Janeiro state. Our results show that designating only hilltops as protected areas, as prescribed under the new pieces of legislation, does not prevent abrupt changes in hydrological responses that can lead to changes in streamflow volume and regularity as well as increases in sediment flows, which may compromise drainage systems and continued water supply due to reservoir silting. Therefore, we conclude that protecting hilltops only, as established under current Brazilian legislation, is not sufficient to safeguard the environmental function of maintaining water resource availability.
... The riparian zone also had clear regional differences in the ecological resource and environmental carrying capacities (Alber and Piégay, 2017;Martínez-Fernández et al., 2019). Previous studies had indicated that ecological zoning was essential to support sustainable resource management and develop targeted protection strategies (Oliveira et al., 2011;Liu et al., 2017;Jia et al., 2018). The fragile riparian areas refer to the sensitive interface zones with weak anti-interference ability, significant spatio-temporal fluctuation, poor riparian stability and recovery ability (Peng et al., 2011;Wang et al., 2018;Lu et al., 2019). ...
Quantitative evaluation of ecological restoration effects (EREs) is essential to provide operational feedback and implement adaptive management for future riparian restoration. This manuscript aims to develop a multi-scale evaluation method of EREs based on remote sensing observations, which uses the composite index of physical structural integrity (PSI) to indicate riparian condition. The riparian EREs were quantitatively assessed by comparing the post-restoration PSI values with the ecological reference status derived from pre-restoration surveys. In addition, ecological partitioning was adopted to identify the vulnerable riparian areas and explore the influence indicators of ecological restoration. In this paper, we used the case study of the Liaohe River, the first protected area aimed to recover the riparian ecosystem in China, to evaluate the riparian EREs at three spatial scales using Landsat time series images from 1980 to 2019. Results indicated that: (1) the pre-restoration riparian ecosystem exhibited an clear degradation trend and ecological conservation was urgent; (2) riparian restoration is a continuous and heterogeneous ecological process, the project had not yet met its objectives in 2016 with a low ERE value of 49.1 (Poor), while achieved a significant success in 2019 with the ERE value of 68.8 (Very good); (3) the limited restoration partitions with a ERE value below 60 accounted for 42.8% of riparian zones, which were the fragile riparian ecosystems and mainly distributed in reach D and F; and (4) the dominant factors for riparian restoration were canopy coverage, human disturbance and natural vegetation percent. This study is expected to provide a practical and feasible approach for evaluating the riparian EREs and supporting the future river management, in particular for rivers lack of long-term monitoring data.
... Para a avaliação e predição das perdas de solo por erosão, a EUPS, apresentada por Wischmeier e Smith (1978), tem sido o modelo utilizado com maior frequência (KINNELL et al., 2010). Este modelo caracteriza-se por estabelecer uma estimativa da perda de solo média anual causada por erosão (KINNELL et al., 2010;OLIVEIRA et al., 2011), contribuindo para que se tenha uma previsão mais precisa das perdas de solo, servindo como guia para o planejamento do uso e determinação das práticas de conservação mais apropriadas a uma dada área (BERTONI & LOMBARDI NETO, 2010). ...
A erosão dos solos pela ação da água constitui-se um grave problema, que em última instância culmina com a redução da produtividade dos cultivos e degradação dos solos. As preocupações com a erosão dos solos culminaram com o desenvolvimento da Equação Universal de Perda de Solos (EUPS). A erodibilidade dos solos (K) um fator da EUPS consiste na suscetibilidade natural do solo à erosão hídrica. Considerando serem os métodos diretos de elevado custo econômico e muito morosos, este trabalho objetivou estimar o fator K dos solos do Centro Avançado de Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio de Frutas (CAPTA – Frutas) em Jundiaí – SP por meio de quatro diferentes equações. Os resultados evidenciaram que dos diferentes métodos testados para se estimar o fator k, a maioria não teve boa correlação e havendo métodos inconsistentes entre si. Por todos os métodos foi possível efetuar a interpolação por krigagem, tendo todos os dados dependência espacial significativa pelo ajuste dos semivariogramas. O método proposto por Wischmeier Smith (1978), foi o mais adequado para se estimar o fator K na área de estudo.
... -1 . Nessas áreas, é fundamental o manejo adequado do solo, pois a ação da chuva pode provocar processos erosivos intensos (Oliveira et al., 2011). ...
O conhecimento da fragilidade ambiental de uma área constitui-se como um excelente instrumento no planejamento das ações sobre o meio ambiente, identificando os pontos vulneráveis que merecem atenção, e as áreas com potencial de ocupação, podendo subsidiar o ordenamento de forma adequada em uma área. O estudo avaliou a fragilidade ambiental da bacia hidrográfica do rio Candeias - RO, a partir da associação entre atributos naturais (declividade, pedológica e erosividade) e ação antrópica (uso e ocupação do solo), para isso, foram utilizados dados de sensoriamento remoto e técnicas de SIG para construção das classes de fragilidade. Os resultados indicam que mais de 60% da área da bacia possui fragilidade ambiental considerada média, tanto potencial quanto emergente. A comparação entre a fragilidade potencial e emergente possibilitou observar a importância do uso do solo de forma adequada, uma vez que a adoção de práticas agrícolas adequadas contribuiu para a redução da fragilidade potencial na área.
... Among the various soil erosion models, the USLE, due to its usefulness in the planning of soil and water conservation programmes, has been accorded greater recognition and applicability worldwide. The application of USLE in the estimation of soil loss is well documented (Kinnell 2010;Oliveira et al. 2011a). The USLE model is composed of six inputting parameters, namely R, K, L, S, C and P factors. ...
Rainfall erosivity (R factor) has been determined for Sierra Leone using monthly precipitation data covering 1960–2013 using
Fournier (FI) and modified Fournier (MFI) indices. Mann–Kendall, Pearson’s correlation and Sen’s slope tests were used to
establish the trend in time series rainfall data and their correlation. The study showed that there is a decreasing trend in annual
rainfall in all the districts and the average annual rainfall varies between 1400.7 and 3027 mm, with high variability in the
southeast and western regions compared to northern region. Rainfall erosivity was in the low to extremely severe category
ranging from 21.7 to 166.8 for Fournier index and 95.4 to 264.6 for modified Fournier index. The year 1998 recorded the highest
erosivity with values ranging from severe to extremely severe. The rainfall aggressiveness varied from low to extremely severe.
Trend analysis was significant for values of − 1.82 ≥ Z ≤ − 1.57 at the 99% and 95% confidence levels, respectively, with twotailed
tests. No significant change in the precipitation trend was observed for some districts at the 95% confidence level.
However, a significant change was noted for Bo, Pujehun and Tonkolili districts at the 99% confidence level. Sen’s slope (Q)
test revealed a non-significant decreasing slope magnitude for all 14 districts. Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed significant
correlation between annual rainfall and erosivity but with stronger correlation for modified Fournier index than Fournier
index. The decreasing rainfall trend and high erosivity may have challenging implications for natural resource management
including vegetation, soil and water resources under current climate conditions.
