Figure - uploaded by K. Saha
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
An uninterrupted cold chain is a continual series of storage and distribution activities that maintain a specific temperature or temperature range. Cold chain solutions typically involve excessive packaging to ensure that the desired product temperature is maintained through the distribution process, thereby increasing the logistics-related costs....
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... various model selection measures, including the coefficient of determination, indicate that the log-linear model is superior to its linear counterpart. In the second column of Table 5, we present the regression results of model 1. a2 Parameter estimates are at the top half of Table 5, with the p-values in parentheses; an asterisk (*) represents significance at the 5% level. The lower part of the table contains goodness-of-fit measures, S e is the standard error of the estimate and R 2 and adjusted R 2 represent the usual and adjusted coefficient of determination. ...Context 2
... various model selection measures, including the coefficient of determination, indicate that the log-linear model is superior to its linear counterpart. In the second column of Table 5, we present the regression results of model 1. a2 Parameter estimates are at the top half of Table 5, with the p-values in parentheses; an asterisk (*) represents significance at the 5% level. The lower part of the table contains goodness-of-fit measures, S e is the standard error of the estimate and R 2 and adjusted R 2 represent the usual and adjusted coefficient of determination. ...Context 3
... Table 5, we note that both the R-value and the wall thickness variables are significant at the 5% level; however, R-value exerts a positive influence whereas wall thickness is negatively related to duration. This is consistent with the summary measures in Table 4. ...Similar publications
![Figure 1. Schematics of the experimental apparatus [8]](publication/287506204/figure/fig1/AS:467541110857730@1488481895763/Schematics-of-the-experimental-apparatus-8_Q320.jpg)
Non-flammable mixed refrigerant (NF-MR) Joule Thomson (J-T) refrigerators have desirable characteristics and wide cooling temperature range compared to those of pure J-T refrigerators. However, the operating challenge due to freezing is a critical issue to construct this refrigerator. In this paper, the solid-liquid phase equilibria (i.e. freezing...
The freeze-sealing pipe roof (FSPR) method, which combines the pipe roof method (PRM) with the artificial ground freezing (AGF) method, has been successfully utilized for the first time in the Gongbei Tunnel Project in China. During the construction process, there have been practical problems such as difficulty in welding of the profiled freezing-t...
Citations
... As aforementioned, phase-change technology holds potential in this scenario due to its advantages in energy storage characteristics, easy operation, simple structure, and low cost 4,[18][19][20][21][28][29][30] . By employing PCM to absorb or release substantial latent heat during phase transition, this technology can effectively control the temperature of specific areas at the phase transition temperature (Fig. 1b) 2,4,21,[24][25][26][27] . ...
... This suggests that when the temperature differences among the storage spaces are significant, more energy may be employed to negate the negative effects of temperature interactions. Moreover, a specific type of PCM can only strictly control the temperature of a single zone [19][20][21][28][29][30] . Placing various types of PCMs with differing phase transition temperatures in multiple zones to actualize multi-temperature control for goods with different temperature requirements occupies much space, thus diminishing space utilization. ...
The transportation of essential items, such as food and vaccines, often requires adaptive multi-temperature control to maintain high safety and efficiency. While existing methods utilizing phase change materials have shown promise, challenges related to heat transfer and materials’ physicochemical properties remain. In this study, we present an adaptive multi-temperature control system using liquid-solid phase transitions to achieve highly effective thermal management using a pair of heat and cold sources. By leveraging the properties of stearic acid and distilled water, we fabricated a multi-temperature maintenance container and demonstrated temperature variations of only 0.14-2.05% over a two-hour period, underscoring the efficacy of our approach. Our findings offer a practical solution to address critical challenges in reliable transportation of goods, with potential implications for various fields in physical, engineering, and life sciences.
... G. Burgess and J. Singh indicated that the interaction between the R-value and the wall thickness significantly influenced the thermal performance. 3,4 S. Choi et al. has derived a mathematical model to calculate the heat penetration rate (HPR) across the package, and then, the model has been validated using an ice melt test. The effect of aluminium foil and variable outside temperature has also been discussed. ...
This investigation evaluates thermal insulation performance of a typical shipping container with different insulation materials. A mathematical model developed from our previous work was used to analyse the effect of packaging characteristics on insulative performance. A number of materials were employed as a liner to insulate a typical cardboard box, and the effect of these materials on package insulative performance was evaluated through experimental tests and the transistent thermal model. The results showed that application of aluminium foil to the internal liner surface of polyethylene gave 46% increase in the package insulative performance compared with the original polyethylene‐insulated packages. An improvement of 79% and 106% in insulative performance per unit liner thickness was obtained from packages insulated with a polyisocyanurate board and aerogel blanket compared with the polystyrene‐insulated package. The results also indicated that temperature surrounding the package played a significant role in the maximum insulation time. Furthermore, an excellent agreement was obtained between the mathematical model and the experimental results across all packaging aspects studied in this work.
... In addition, thermally insulated packaging can maintain product temperatures within acceptable ranges thus slow down the deterioration of the product in the distribution environment until it reaches the consumer. 19 Although DI is the common cooling material for maintaining bones in frozen state throughout irradiation process or during long-distance and overseas dispatch, 4,20,21 it is a conundrum and an uphill task especially when the cost of DI keeps increasing and there were times when supply of DI was limited or not available in some parts of Malaysia. Therefore, cheaper and easily available cooling materials were sought as an alternative to DI. ...
Purpose:
Bone allografts supplied by University Malaya Medical Centre Bone Bank are sterilized by gamma radiation at 25 kGy in dry ice (DI) to minimize radiation effects. Use of cheaper and easily available cooling materials, gel ice (GI) and ice pack (IP), was explored. Composites of DI and GI were also studied for the use in routine transportations and radiation process.
Methods:
(a) Five dummy bones were packed with DI, GI, or IP in a polystyrene box. The bone temperatures were monitored while the boxes were placed at room temperature over 96 h. Durations for each cooling material maintaining freezing temperatures below -40°C, -20°C, and 0°C were obtained from the bone temperature over time profiles. (b) Composites of DI (20, 15, 10, 5, and 0 kg) and GI were used to pack five dummy bones in a polystyrene box. The durations maintaining varying levels of freezing temperature were compared.
Results:
DI (20 kg) maintained temperature below -40°C for 76.4 h as compared to 6.3 h in GI (20 bags) and 4.0 h in IP (15 packs). Composites of 15DI (15 kg DI and 9 GI bags) and 10DI (10 kg DI and 17 GI bags) maintained the temperature below -40°C for 61 and 35.5 h, respectively.
Conclusion:
Composites of DI and GI can be used to maintain bones in deep frozen state during irradiation, thus avoiding radiation effects on biomechanical properties. Sterile frozen bone allograft with preserved functional properties is required in clinical applications.
... Detecting the possible failure and damages, standard temperature conditions and testing frameworks have been created [2] to test whether the thermal insulated boxes are able to maintain the appropriate product temperatures under ''extreme'' conditions and during transportation. The known methods to meet the requirements for insulated boxes include physically testing and modelling the heat transfer of these boxes [3] - [7]. However, boxes that meet the required product temperature range are classified as ''qualified'' boxes, as opposed to ''validated'' boxes. ...
... The ability of the packaging-system to ensure the required temperature limits during a shipment depends on factors such as the duration of transport, the size and the mass of the shipment and products, the outside temperatures and the numbers or mass of the refrigerants. Previous studies mainly focused on the evaluating "static" values such as the R-values (resistance to heat flow) of package systems and the melting points and heat absorption rates of refrigerants [4], [6], or evaluating the ability under a "dynamic" distribution environment subjected to the wall thickness of single-use packaging [3], while measuring and analysing the static characteristics of thermally insulated packaging solutions and evaluating the effect of outside or seasonal temperatures of distribution [9]. This paper studied the effect of openings and vibration on the temperature profiles on daily pharmaceutical drug deliveries with varied positions in the boxes and compared the results to static tests. ...
To control the climate when temperature sensitive drugs are delivered is an essential consideration of shippers and freight forwarders. It is common practice to utilize insulated boxes. A survey was conducted to determine the properties of these daily deliveries and factors were observed that influence the climate environment of drugs during travel. These factors included opening intervals, number of openings, trip times and distances. Then the results of the survey were used to perform the recorded circumstances
of distribution in laboratory tests as close to reality as possible and analyse the effect of the above- mentioned factors. During real distribution the temperature range from 2°C – 8°C was targeted.
For the comparison of profiles, the static temperature profiles were also measured in the laboratory.
One objective of this paper was to do a comparative performance analysis for the velocity changes
of temperature between opened and not-opened procedures. A second objective was to show how to effect the vibration of temperature affects different parts of the box. The final objective was to provide packaging engineers with new information to design cost-efficient and practical reusable transportation solutions for these drugs on daily deliveries with more stopovers and openings.
... This logistics system that provides a series of facilities for maintaining ideal storage conditions for perishables from the point of origin to the point of consumption utilizes several different technologies including: According to Dr. Jay Sighn, Director of the Cal Poly Packaging Department, "Cold chain solutions typically involve excessive packaging to ensure that the desired product temperature is maintained through distribution, thereby increasing the logistics-related costs. Those costs are estimated to be six times that of the package itself" (Singh, 2013). ...
Clinical Supplies Management, Inc. (CSM) provides clinical trial services to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies by shipping pharmaceuticals to clinics and other patients. In winter 2014, CSM presented a temperature control packaging project to the Cal Poly Senior Project class. As a result, three Cal Poly Mechanical Engineering Students were tasked to design, manufacture, and qualify a shipping container that would maintain ten 10 mL vials between 2-8°C for 96 hours. The final product would have to cost less to ship than the Credo Cube, CSM’s current temperature control packaging product. After considerable research and analysis on possible temperature control technologies, it was determined that the most reliable and economical solution was similar technology to the Credo Cube.
The main features of the product are as follows: Vacuum Insulated Paneling (VIP) is used as a thermal resistor to reduce the heat transfer from the surroundings to the payload Phase change material (PCM) maintains the desired payload temperature
An optimization for the specified payload was performed by creating designs to reduce the tare weight, and dimensional weight using the above technologies.
During the manufacturing phase, the selected vendor for phase change material was unwilling to accommodate a lead time within the senior project’s scope. This was believed to be partially due to the low volume and direct competition of the potential product. CSM was in contact with the vendor, and it was decided that the legal steps needed to move forward with the selected PCM would be too far outside of the project’s scope. Consequently, it was decided between the project team and CSM that using water as a prototype PCM was acceptable. Instead of a final product, a proof of concept prototype and a calculator that would help CSM redesign the product if other VIP or PCM were to be pursued in the future acted as the final deliverables.
Although the prototype was not able to maintain temperature within range for 96 hours, the design can easily be scaled to do so with further testing and the use of the provided calculator.
The following report details the design, manufacture, and qualification of the shipping container prototype.
... The published papers just studied the long-distance transport single trip systems, and none have focused on the second version. These studies [4][5][6] have investigated especially the wall thicknesses, packaging materials, the gel packs and the phase change materials. ...
... In addition, thermally insulated packaging can maintain product temperatures within acceptable ranges thus slow down the deterioration of the product in the distribution environment until it reaches the consumer. 19 Although DI is the common cooling material for maintaining bones in frozen state throughout irradiation process or during long-distance and overseas dispatch, 4,20,21 it is a conundrum and an uphill task especially when the cost of DI keeps increasing and there were times when supply of DI was limited or not available in some parts of Malaysia. Therefore, cheaper and easily available cooling materials were sought as an alternative to DI. ...
A mathematical model has been developed in the present work to describe the temperature change in a typical insulated shipping container as a function of time. The model was created by combining steady state and transient models in a 2D geometry of a typical shipping container and was subsequently validated by an ice melt test and comparison of temperature change obtained from the model and experimental measurement. An excellent agreement was obtained between the computational model developed in this work and experimental results. In addition, a parametric study was also carried out to investigate various factors in controlling the insulation performance of the packaging. It was found that the model has capability of evaluating the effect of a wide range of packaging design parameters such as thermal conductivity, surface emissivity, packaging geometry, and sounding temperature. A mathematical model has been developed in this work to describe the temperature change in a typical insulated shipping container as a function of time. The model was created by combining steady‐state and transient models in a 2D geometry of a typical shipping container and was subsequently validated by an ice melt test and comparison of temperature change obtained from the model and experimental measurement. An excellent agreement was obtained between the computational model developed in this work and experimental results.
This article reviews and highlights the comparison between different insulation materials and their thermal properties used for food science, transporting, and packaging. Heat and mass transfer values are necessary for engineers and fabricators to design appropriate environments for food storage and refrigerated transport. To preserve the value of fresh foods (e.g., fish, meat etc.), understanding the thermal behavior of materials used in the construction of packaging is important. In this article, the main thermal property (thermal conductivity) of the materials from the insulation point of view is explored, along with other material attributions (density, heat capacity, diffusivity, time lag, resistance, heat and moisture absorption, and thermal inertia). The thermal behavior of five groups of insulation systems and phase change materials are presented and compared.
