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Türkmen, N. & Düzenli, A. 2005: Changes in floristic composition of Quercus coccifera macchia after fire in the Çukurova region (Turkey). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 42: 453–460. We studied the floristic changes in Quercus coccifera macchia after a fire that occurred in 1986. Floristic changes in the study area were observed during the first five years and...
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... study area is located on a hillside near the city of Adana (37°21´N, 35°10´E), Turkey, 170 m above sea level and 70 km from the Medi- terranean Sea (Fig. 1). ...
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Citations
... In both, fire and non-fire ecosystems, fires can lead to the loss of habitats and local or global species extinction (Longán et al., 1999;Dennis et al., 2001;Nasi et al., 2002Nasi et al., , 2009) and can change species composition and forest structure (e.g. Cameeraat and Imeson, 1999;DeBano, 2000;Fulé et al., 2002;Türkmen and Düzenli, 2005) and their microclimate (Ma et al., 2010). For that reason, increasing knowledge on the responses of plant communities to disturbances such as fire is a key step and a necessary tool for adopting land management strategies that aim at effective biodiversity conservation (Seastedt et al., 2008). ...
In non-fire prone ecosystems, like some subtropical humid forests, fire produces habitat destruction and intensifies land degradation by inducing changes in native species composition, soil properties and erosive processes. Bryophytes are key components of the Macaronesian laurel forests playing an important role in regulating water cycling and microclimate. Ecological and taxonomical bryophytes groups have distinct ecological and physiological requirements and may respond in a different way to the same fire events. Therefore, analysing post fire recovery of bryophyte communities represents a key step towards a better understanding of forest fire drivers and post fire management. We investigated how species richness and composition of different ecological and taxonomical bryophyte groups varied in 1158 samples within a fire chronosequence from 5 to 57 years in the best-preserved laurel forest from Canary Islands (Garajonay National Park) analysing communities in terms of differences with comparable surrounding old growth unburnt stands. Epiphyte, terricolous and saxicolous bryophytes were sampled at each plot and the influence of the time since fire was analyzed together with environmental variables (temperature, precipitation, mist precipitation and elevation) and forest structure variables. Our results indicate that there is no general pattern of post fire recolonization, as recolonization varies depending on the ecological and phylogenetic groups considered. Climate and forest structure play an important role in post-fire recolonization, such that time since fire is not the most important variable influencing richness and composition. The results increase the understanding of the processes that shape compositional patterns in groups with high dispersal capacities and high microclimate dependence, such as mosses and liverworts.
... En muchos ecosistemas, el fuego es uno de los disturbios que más influyen sobre la estructura de la vegetación (Veblen et al. 1999;Oliveira and Pillar 2004;Bond et al. 2005). En aquellos bosques cuyas plantas leñosas suelen rebrotar después de los incendios, el fuego no produce cambios sustanciales en la composición de especies, pero sí en la fisonomía, debido a la drástica reducción de la biomasa arbórea que favorece la proliferación de hierbas y de arbustos (Türkmen and Düzenli 2005;Giorgis et al. 2017). Sin embargo, un mismo incendio puede afectar de distinta manera a ejemplares de una misma especie leñosa, dependiendo, entre otras cosas, del tamaño de los individuos y de las condiciones del microambiente (Marañón et al. 2004;Alinari et al. 2015;Landesmann et al. 2015). ...
Los incendios afectan de distinta manera a ejemplares de una misma especie leñosa según el tamaño del individuo y las condiciones del microambiente, entre otros factores. Esto tiene implicancias en la estructuración de los paisajes forestales, ya que la velocidad a la que se recupera el bosque depende, en parte, de la severidad con la cual el fuego afecta a los individuos leñosos. Nos propusimos analizar cómo el tamaño y el microambiente afectan el nivel de daño por fuego y la supervivencia en dos especies leñosas características del bosque chaqueño serrano, en un gradiente altitudinal en las Sierras de Córdoba (Argentina). Estudiamos dos incendios que ocurrieron entre julio y agosto de 2007. Seleccionamos 163 espinillos (Vachellia caven) y 48 molles (Lithraea molleoides) localizados entre 800 y 1700 m s. n. m. Para cada individuo estimamos la altura y el volumen pre-fuego en base al leño remanente, y características del microambiente como cobertura vegetal, proporción de roca bajo la copa, pendiente, orientación de la ladera e insolación por intercepción. Tres meses después estimamos el daño por fuego y tres años más tarde evaluamos la supervivencia. Los espinillos con más vegetación en su ambiente circundante sufrieron más daño por el fuego, y este efecto fue más pronunciado a menores altitudes. Además, los ejemplares de las laderas sur con mucha pendiente sufrieron más daño que los de las laderas norte, y los individuos más pequeños resultaron más dañados que los grandes. Los molles más altos sufrieron menos daño por fuego que los más bajos. El 94% de los espinillos y el 92% de los molles sobrevivieron al incendio, y, en el caso del espinillo, la probabilidad de morir fue mayor para los ejemplares más pequeños. Concluimos que el sistema se vuelve menos susceptible al fuego a medida que avanza la sucesión, al aumentar el tamaño de los individuos y disminuir la cobertura herbácea.
... Fires are one of the most common drivers of disturbance in forest eco- systems, irrespective of whether they have a natural or human- induced origin. Fires can lead to the loss of habitats and species (Longán, Gaya, & Gómez-Bolez, 1999;Moretti, Duelli, & Obrist, 2006;Nasi, Dennis, Meijaard, Applegate, & Moore, 2002) and can instantly change the floristic composition, structure (e.g., Chen, 2006; Fulé, Covington, Moore, & Heinlein, 2002;Türkmen & Düzenli, 2005), and microclimate (Ma, Concilio, Oakley, North, & Chen, 2010) of a forest. ...
The recurrence of fires has increased considerably due to human activity, affecting even forests where traditionally fire is uncommon. In this study, we verify the effects of degradation caused by fire in the Canarian laurel forests, which is a subtropical forest formation restricted to the humid montane areas of these Macaronesian islands. We evaluated the effect of fire by comparing a series of burned plots corresponding to fires from 1960, 1984, 1995 and 2012 with geographically proximate and comparable unburned plots in the Garajonay National Park (La Gomera Island, Spain). We focused on three aspects that are immediately altered by fire: forest structure, floristic composition and microclimate. These aspects have been quantified using: (1) tree density, the Pielou index using tree height classes, and DBH for the vertical structure of the forest; (2) DCA, the Bray Curtis dissimilarity index and a species indicator analysis for the floristic composition, and; (3) temperature and relative humidity for microclimate under three different canopy cover conditions. Our results reveal that overall, structural complexity and its composition in the burned areas has barely reached 40% and 35% respectively when compared to unburned areas, and recovery mainly depends on time since fire. Additionally, burned plots presented more pioneer species, a higher density of trees, and climatic variables tend to have a wider range throughout the day. These data reveal the long time span that this ecosystem needs for recovery to a pre‐fire state, and how it may be more prone to subsequent fire events.
... Maquis and phrygana shrublands are among Turkey's most threatened terrestrial communities (Olson and Dinerstein, 1998). Although such communities are fairly resilient to fires, with some species resprouting quickly and others having fire-dependent germination (Türkmen and Düzenli, 2005;Paula et al., 2009;Tavs ßanoglu and Gürkan, 2009), increasingly frequent and intense fires due to climate change may promote invasions in Mediterranean basin ecosystems (Gritti et al., 2006). Other threats to endemic-rich communities include luxury development projects like summer homes (Hepcan et al., 2010) and golf courses (Kuvan, 2005), especially in coastal areas (below). ...
Turkey (Turkiye) lies at the nexus of Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. Turkey's location, mountains, and its encirclement by three seas have resulted in high terrestrial, fresh water, and marine biodiversity. Most of Turkey's land area is covered by one of three biodiversity hotspots (Caucasus, Irano-Anatolian, and Mediterranean). Of over 9000 known native vascular plant species, one third are endemic. Turkey faces a significant challenge with regard to biodiversity and associated conservation challenges due to limited research and lack of translation into other languages of existing material. Addressing this gap is increasingly relevant as Turkey's biodiversity faces severe and growing threats, especially from government and business interests. Turkey ranks 140th out of 163 countries in biodiversity and habitat conservation. Millennia of human activities have dramatically changed the original land and sea ecosystems of Anatolia, one of the earliest loci of human civilization. Nevertheless, the greatest threats to biodiversity have occurred since 1950, particularly in the past decade. Although Turkey's total forest area increased by 5.9% since 1973, endemic-rich Mediterranean maquis, grasslands, coastal areas, wetlands, and rivers are disappearing, while overgrazing and rampant erosion degrade steppes and rangelands. The current "developmentalist obsession", particularly regarding water use, threatens to eliminate much of what remains, while forcing large-scale migration from rural areas to the cities. According to current plans, Turkey's rivers and streams will be dammed with almost 4000 dams, diversions, and hydroelectric power plants for power, irrigation, and drinking water by 2023. Unchecked urbanization, dam construction, draining of wetlands, poaching, and excessive irrigation are the most widespread threats to biodiversity. This paper aims to survey what is known about Turkey's biodiversity, to identify the areas where research is needed, and to identify and address the conservation challenges that Turkey faces today. Preserving Turkey's remaining biodiversity will necessitate immediate action, international attention, greater support for Turkey's developing conservation capacity, and the expansion of a nascent Turkish conservation ethic. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
... C. creticus is one of the pioneer plants of secondary succession and it succeeds pine after fire. Therefore, sites where ladanum communities are distributed are evidence of the existence of pine forest communities before a fire in the environs (TURKMEN and DUZENLI 2005). Concentrations of nutrients in mature leaves can indicate the nutritional status of a plant. ...
Foliar nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics, leaf resorption efficiency, proficiency, changing of chlorophyll a/b proportions in leaves of Cistus creticus L. (Cistaceae) along an elevational gradient (sea level-30 m, middle-670 m, high-880 m) were investigated. Statistically significant differences were found in foliar nitrogen and phosphosrus content in terms of growth periods, while no significant differences were found according to elevations. Nitrogen and phosphorus resorption efficiency and proficiency values were high as compared to the other evergreen species. Cistus creticus effectively used nitrogen and phosphorus. No statistically significant differences were found among elevations in terms of specific leaf area. However, statistically significant differences were found in terms of growth periods. There were significant differences in chlorophyll a/b proportion according to both growth periods and elevations. Besides, the chlorophyll a/b proportion increased along senescence period.
... Mediterranean shrublands and forests are able to recover quickly after fires (Trabaud, 1994), thanks to their fire adaptive traits (Paula et al., 2009). In Mediterranean Turkey, plant communities mostly recovered within 10 post-fire years (Türkmen and Düzenli, 2005;Tav ano lu and Gürkan, 2009). However, the recovery process of faunal communities is longer and follows the changes in vegetation structure (small mammals: Kayna et al., 2002;Kayna , 2008, insects: Kayna andGürkan, 2008). ...
strong>Riassunto
Presenza di grandi e medi mammiferi in pinete incendiate della Turchia sud-occidentale
Nel periodo Novembre 2005-Agosto 2006, è stata verificata, tramite trappole fotografiche, la presenza di mammiferi di grandi e medie dimensioni in foreste di Pinus brutia integre e incendiate della Turchia sud-occidentale. Sono state ottenute fotografie di tre specie, cinghiale ( Sus scrofa ), volpe ( Vulpes vulpes ) e faina ( Martes foina ). Le prime due sono state rinvenute in entrambe le aree, mentre la faina è stata accertata solo in boschi incendiati. I risultati del presente studio suggeriscono che gli stadi successionali intermedi successivi ai roghi possono essere ricolonizzati dalle comunità di mammiferi.
doi:10.4404/hystrix-21.1-4488</tt
... Ülkemizdeki kızılçam ormanlarında çıkan yangınlar sonrasında da Fabaceae'nin en yüksek oranda temsil edilen familya olduğu tespit edilmiştir (Carni vd., 2009; Kavgacı vd., 2010a b). Maki vejetasyonunda çalışan Türkmen ve Düzenli (2005) de, yangın sonrası ilk üç yıl Fabaceae'nin en yoğun olan familya olduğunu belirtmektedirler. Familyanın yangın sonrası bu şekilde yoğun bir populasyonla ortaya çıkışı, topraktaki tohum bankasında bulunan kalın kabuklu tohumların sıcaklığın etkisiyle birlikte yoğun bir şekilde çimlenmelerinden kaynaklanmaktadır (Doussi ve Thanos, 1994). ...
... Dolayısıyla, uzun dönem yangının yokluğu, bu türlerin yerel olarak ortamdan kaybolmaları ile sonuçlanabilir (Trabaud ve Renard, 1999). Türkiye'de maki vejetasyonunda yapılmış olan bir çalışmanın sonuçları da, ladenin yukarıda anlatılanlar çerçevesinde bir davranışa sahip olduğunu göstermektedir (Türkmen ve Düzenli, 2005). Tavşanoğlu ve Gürkan (2005)'ın yapmış oldukları çalışmaya göre ise yangın sonrası laden fidanı sıklığının ilk yıldan itibaren zamanla azaldığı, kapalılığının ise ilk iki yıl yükseldikten sonra azaldığı belirlenmiştir. ...
Günümüzde gerçekleşen orman yangınlarının büyük bir bölümünün insan kaynaklı nedenlere dayanıyor olmasına karşın, Akdeniz tipi ekosistemler için yangınlar, tarihsel gelişim ve ekolojik bakış açısı ile ele alındığında, ekosistem döngüsünün doğal bir bileşenidir. Yüzbinlerce yıllık gelişim süreci içinde bu ekosistemler, yangınlara karşı uyum yetenekleri geliştirmişler ve varlıklarına devam etmişlerdir. Yangın sonrası vejetasyon dinamiğiyle ilgili olarak çok sayıda model ve hipotez üretilmiştir. Genel olarak kabul edilen modele göre; Akdeniz tipi ekosistemler, yangın sonrası otosüksesyon (doğrudan yapılanma) süreciyle hızlı bir şekilde yeniden yapılanmakta ve bu doğrultuda zaman içinde yeniden şekillenebilmektedir. Bu bağlamda gerçekleştirilmiş olan bu derleme çalışmada, dünyada beş farklı bölgede yayılış gösteren Akdeniz tipi ekosistemlerde yangın sonrası vejetasyonun gelişim süreci, Akdeniz havzası özelinde ele alınmış ve sahip olduğu özellikler itibariyle değerlendirilmiştir. ABSTRACT From ecological point of view and in the context of historical development process, fires are natural components of Mediterranean type ecosystems, although most of the fires are related to the anthropogenic reasons today. These ecosystems have developed adaptive traits to the fires and have persisted during the development process lasting for hundreds of thousands of years. Several models and hypotheses were developed about the post-fire vegetation dynamics. According to the widely accepted model, Mediterranean type ecosystems is recovered rapidly after fire with the autosuccesion process and are able to be re-formed at the temporal scale. In this sense, post-fire vegetation dynamics of ecosystems in the Mediterranean Basin, one of the regions covered by Mediterranean type ecosystems is the main subject of this review work and their specific characteristics related to fires were assessed.
... There are several reports of successional studies from the NE part of the Mediterranean basin (see Blondel and Aronson 1999), but there is a lack of such studies from Turkey (but see Gürkan 2005, 2009;Türkmen and Düzenli 2005). ...
... Plant characteristics (life span, life form and regeneration form) were collected from the literature from various authors (Davis 1965(Davis , 1967(Davis , 1970(Davis , 1972(Davis , 1975(Davis , 1978(Davis , 1982(Davis , 1984(Davis , 1985Davis et al. 1988;Kazanis and Arianoutsou 2004;Türkmen and Düzenli 2005; Tavs -anoglu and Gürkan 2009) or from field observation. We identified four groups of plant regeneration forms following Pausas et al. (2004) according to their post-fire regeneration behaviour: obligate seeders, obligate resprouters, facultative species and species without regenerative mechanism. ...
... Our results reveal the domination of Leguminosae in the first years after fire, as is well documented in the literature of post-fire vegetation recovery (Kazanis and Arianoutsou 1996;Arianoutsou 1998). In the East Mediterranean, Leguminosae are most abundant in the first 3 years after fire in shrub communities (macchia; Türkmen and Düzenli 2005) and in forest communities (Aleppo pine stands; Arianoutsou and Ne'eman 2000). In our case, this peak was slightly delayed, as legumes were most abundant from the third year and diminished after 12 years. ...
We studied post-fire long-term regeneration of a south-western Turkey (Antalya region) forest using the synchronical approach. We analysed species richness patterns and vegetation diversity. Species were grouped according to plant functional types and special emphasis was given to seeders and resprouters. We recorded two plant species richness peaks, with the highest richness immediately following the fire and with the second peak 7 years after disturbance. Beta diversity decreased over time but also showed two peaks. The results of our floristic survey show that the majority of species are present from the beginning of the succession and suggest that Pinus brutia forests of the east Mediterranean basin recover through autosuccession. However, changes in species richness and diversity indicate successional changes and thus we cannot completely support the model of direct recovery.
... Akdeniz Havzası'nda yürütülen yangın sonrası doğal gençleşme çalışmalarının çoğu otosüksesyon sürecinin geçerli olduğunu göstermiştir [Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki, 1984;Moravec, 1990;Schiller et al., 1997;Trabaud, 2000;Pérula et al., 2003;Buhk et al., 2005;Türkmen and Düzenli, 2005;Tavşanoğlu and Gürkan, 2008]. Bu nedenle, otosüksesyonun gerçekleşmediğine dair bazı durum tespitleri var olsa da [De Luis et al., 2006], bu modelin Akdeniz Havzası'ndaki yangın sonrası süreçleri açıklamada şimdilik en uygun süksesyon modeli olduğu açıktır. ...
Akdeniz Havzası, sık yangınlara maruz kalan ekosistemleri ve yangına uyum sağlamış bitki türleri ile yangının ekosistemin bütünleyici bir bileşeni olarak değerlendirilebildiği bir bölgedir. Akdeniz Havzası ormanlarında yangın sonrası kendiliğinden gençleşmenin çoğu durumda hızlı bir şekilde gerçekleştiği bilinmektedir. Ancak, özellikle son yıllarda bölgede görülen arazi kullanımı değişiklikleri ve etkisini giderek daha çok hissettiren küresel iklim değişiklikleri, Akdeniz Havzası'nda yangın sıklığının artmasına neden olarak binlerce yıllık yerel yangın rejimlerinin değişmesi riskini de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu durumun belirli bir yangın rejimine uyum sağlamış olan bitki türlerinin gençleşmesini olumsuz olarak etkileyebileceği açıktır. Akdeniz Havzası'na özgü koşullar ve ekolojik etmenler için geliştirilmiş olan vejetasyon dinamiği modelleri kullanılarak, bu değişikliklerin ekosistemler üzerindeki olası etkilerini değerlendirmek ve yangın sonrası gençleşme süreçlerini farklı boyutları ile anlamak mümkün olabilecektir.
