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The present work is evaluating the seasonal variation in metal pollution and the ecological risk indices of surface water of the Ganges River (Northwestern Bangladesh). Concentrations of Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, As, Cu and Zn in surface water samples were determined by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The level of heavy metals did not exceed the p...
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... Studies have examined the influence of natural factors, such as seasonal variations, on heavy metal pollution in surface water, yielding mixed results. In the Ganges River of northwestern Bangladesh, the heavy metal pollution index (HPI) was higher during the summer than during the monsoon season (Haque et al., 2019). The presence of certain metals was greater during summer, while others exhibited higher levels during the rainy season, likely due to varying pollution sources (Banerjee et al., 2016). ...
The global issue of heavy metal pollution in surface water poses a significant concern, with the potential to harm public health through various pathways. Given that pollution levels are dependent on water bodies and seasons and their potential impacts on human health vary with children and adults, it is crucial to identify and quantify pollution sources for the development of sustainable management strategies. The current study aimed to evaluate pollution levels and associated health risks of heavy metals and to quantify their pollution sources in various surface water bodies in Khanh Hoa, Vietnam. Water samples were taken from three water bodies (reservoirs, rivers, and narrow waterways) during two seasons (dry and rainy) from 2016 to 2020 and analyzed for seven heavy metals. The results showed that iron had the highest concentration of 392.4 (μg L−1), followed by zinc (25.7 μg L−1), arsenic (3.93 μg L−1), copper (3.77 μg L−1), lead (2.77 μg L−1), chromium (2.71 μg L−1), and cadmium (0.57 μg L−1). Narrow waterways were more polluted with heavy metals (heavy metal pollution index, HPI = 29.5) than other water bodies, such as rivers (23.3) and reservoirs (21.7), and the dry season had a higher HPI (26.5) than the rainy season (24.0). The hazard index for children varied from 1.2 to 1.48, while that for adults was less than 1, suggesting that surface water may have adverse impacts on children's health. The factor analysis identified three primary sources of contamination, namely combustion emissions/street dust, agricultural run-off, and other sources. Cadmium is the most critical metal in determining HPI, while arsenic and chromium are the two key elements potentially influencing children's health. Managing pollution sources, reducing the metal concentration, and controlling the pathways through which metals enter the human body should be implemented for a healthier environment and long-term development.
... These rivers are transboundary rivers, such as the Brahmaputra and Ganges basins, which connect Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal. South Asian rivers including these transboundary rivers are highly polluted with various metals via the input of domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastes [10,[39][40][41]. For example, the Pb concentration detected in the Karnaphuli River in Bangladesh ranges from 5.29-27.45 ...
Transition metal pollution in rivers in South Asia is more serious than in other regions because of the lack of adequate freshwater management measures. Water quality criteria (WQC) for South Asia is urgently needed to protect regional aquatic environments because of the occurrence of transboundary rivers. The present study established non-parametric kernel density estimation species sensitivity distribution (NPKDE-SSD) models and then derived the acceptable hazardous concentration for protection of 95% of all aquatic species (HC5) and WQC of six typical transition metals in South Asia. The results showed that the order of acute and chronic WQC was Mn > Fe > Cd > Zn > Cu > Hg and Cu > Fe > Cd, respectively. A risk assessment of these metals in the Indus River, the Ganges River, the Brahmaputra River, the Meghna River, and the Bagmati River was also carried out. Based on the results, these major rivers in South Asia were highly polluted with transition metals, with significant ecological risks for a large number of aquatic species. This study can contribute to a better understanding of ecological risks in South Asia and provide a scientific basis for the updating of water quality standards and the increase in overall water quality.
... Water quality parameters like DO, pH, water transparency and TDS did not vary significantly over years in the Ganges at Rajshahi; they were within the suitable levels for fishes (DoE 2014). Similar conclusions have been drawn regarding levels of heavy metals in sediments and surface water of the Ganges (Haque et al. 2019). Although water pollution is not yet a major threat to the river's biodiversity, it may become a problem soon and should be monitored carefully. ...
Analysis of long-term data provides a valuable approach to determining the extent of biodiversity decline and likely causes, but such approaches are rare in large tropical rivers. We investigated the response of the fish fauna to hydrological, climate and anthropogenic factors over the period 1982–2017 in the lower Ganges (Padma) River, Bangladesh. Systematic effort-based sampling of fish between 2007 and 2017 from a 70-km reach showed a decreasing trend in abundance and diversity. Compared to 1982 data for the same sites and fishing methods, 28 fish species, including 16 nationally threatened ones, were absent in recent catches, suggesting local extinction of these. Fish community diversity was negatively affected by fishing pressure (71 fishermen in 1980, 2616 in 2019, 37.8-fold increase) and non-native species abundance (6.8-fold increase in abundance between 2007 and 2017). Permanent water area has reduced by ~50% since 1984. Annual mean rainfall, Ganges water depth and river discharge at the study location decreased significantly since 1980 (by 19.2%, 17.8% and 27.6% respectively, while annual air temperature increased (25.1 °C in 1981 to 26.2 °C in 2019). Water diversion at the Farakka Barrage, ~70 km upstream, is partially responsible for reductions in permanent water area in the study reach. Potential sources of biological invasion and water pollution have been identified. Widespread ecological consequences on fish diversity and productivity, resulting from multiple factors, are occurring in the lower Ganges. Reduction of fisheries impacts and improved prevention of accidental aquaculture releases of non-native fishes are identified as conservation priorities for arresting the decline of native fishes in the lower Ganges.
... A natural occurring metal having an atomic number larger than 20 is referred to as a heavy metal (HM) (Ali and Khan, 2017). The HMs, which are extremely persistent and biodegradable by nature, can easily accumulate in the riverine ecosystem's water and sediments and pose health risks to both humans and aquatic life (Jewel et al., 2020;Haque et al., 2019). Because HMs are biodegradable and persistent, they can build up in many sh organs and have a harmful impact on human health when consumed. ...
Heavy metal contamination of fish is a global safety concern for the consumers. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to measure the concentration of three HMs (As, Pb, and Cr) in two commercially farmed fish species that are widely consumed: Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia) and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (pangasius). This investigation was done to determine whether there was any potential health risk. The concentration of the studied heavy metals was within standard acceptable limits. As, Cr, and Pb had respective mean concentrations of 0.037 ± 0.023 mg/kg, 0.005 ± 0.002 mg/kg and 0.029 ± 0.015 mg/kg in the case of tilapia; and 0.049 ± 0.017 mg/kg, 0.007 ± 0.005 mg/kg and 0.024 ± 0.009 mg/kg, respectively, in the case of pangasius. Hierarchical clustering revealed that As may come through seepage and groundwater, while Cr and Pb are the products of contaminated feeds. ALP and ATPase activity varied significantly amongst the fishes' various organs. However, multiple regression analysis revealed that the current concentration of HMs in tilapia and pangasius was insufficient to predict enzymatic activity except for ALP in pangasius gill. The results of calculations for estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR) indices made it abundantly evident that eating the fish under study posed no significant harm to the consumers' health. In conclusion, the contamination level of farmed tilapia and pangasius sold in the study area was within the permissible limit, however regular monitoring is needed to assure safe production.
... Grützmacher et al. (2013) and CGWB (2014) defined geogenic sources as levels that exceeded permissible limits without any direct or indirect link to anthropogenic activities and could have negative health effects. Little or no precipitation, low flow rate, higher air temperatures, and higher evaporation during the dry months contribute to the concentration and higher values of the metals (Etesin et al., 2013;Houssou et al., 2017;Haque et al., 2019). The dry periods or seasons are also associated with increased human visitations and activities because rivers and streams are major sources of water for drinking and most domestic activities in the region (Onyele and Anyanwu, 2018;Anyanwu and Umeham, 2020a, b). ...
... Manganese, chromium, and nickel had values that exceeded limits only during the dry months. This observed trend could also be attributed to season and anthropogenic influences as observed in iron, lead, and cadmium (Etesin et al., 2013;Houssou et al., 2017;Haque et al., 2019). ...
The heavy metal content of a local drinking water source in Southeast Nigeria was studied between January 2021 and June 2021 in 3 stations. Pollution indices (heavy metal pollution index and contamination index) and health risk assessment for non-carcinogenic were used to check the water's suitability for human consumption. Eight heavy metals were assessed with standard methods and compared with The Nigerian Drinking Water Quality Standard. Some metals (Mn, Pb, Fe, Cd, and Cr) exceeded acceptable limits. The heavy metal pollution index exceeded the threshold value (100), ranging between 503.56 and 746.80. The contamination index ranged between 10.74 and 17.12 indicating high contamination potential and all the hazard indices exceeded unity (1). The heavy metal content, pollution indices, and health risk assessment has shown that the water from the Ikwu River was not fit for human consumption. The main metals that influenced the results were Mn, Pb, Fe, Cd, and Cr, because they exceeded limits while Cd and Cr were responsible for the observed adverse health risk. The children were more vulnerable. The geogenic influence was a major factor exacerbated by season and anthropogenic activities in the river. Keywords Limits Heavy metal Water quality Indices Drinking water Özet: Güneydoğu Nijerya'da yerel bir içme suyu kaynağının ağır metal içeriği Ocak 2021 ile Haziran 2021 arasında 3 istasyonda incelenmiştir. Suyun insan tüketimine uygunluğunu kontrol etmek için kirlilik indeksleri (ağır metal kirlilik indeksi ve bulaşma indeksi) ve kanserojen olmayanlar için sağlık risk değerlendirmesi kullanıldı. Sekiz ağır metal, standart yöntemlerle değerlendirildi ve Nijerya İçme Suyu Kalite Standardı ile karşılaştırıldı. Bazı metaller (Mn, Pb, Fe, Cd ve Cr) kabul edilebilir sınırları aştı. Ağır metal kirlilik indeksi eşik değerini (100) aştı; 503,56 ile 746,80 arasında değişmektedir. Kirlilik indeksi 10.74 ile 17.12 arasında değişmekte olup, yüksek kontaminasyon potansiyeline işaret etmekte ve tüm tehlike indeksleri birden (1) aşmaktadır. Çocuklar daha savunmasızdı. Jeojenik etki, nehirdeki mevsim ve antropojenik faaliyetlerle şiddetlenen önemli bir faktördü. Anahtar kelimeler Limitler Ağır metal Su kalitesi İndeksler İçme suyu Anyanwu et al., 2022 Acta Aquat. Turc., 18(3): 345-358 346
... A more extended classification of water pollution levels: ˂0.3 is 'very pure'; 0.3 -1.0 eristics of the method used for measuring the concentration of metals. is 'pure'; 1.0 -2.0 is 'slightly affected'; 2.0 -4.0 is 'moderately affected'; 4.0 -6.0 is 'strongly affected'; and ˃6.0 is 'seriously affected' (Caerio et al., 2005;Haque et al., 2019). The HMPI measures the impact of each individual trace metal on the overall water quality. ...
This article is devoted to the study of the impact of the development of the Lomonosov diamond deposit on the pollution of watercourses with trace metals. The high water cut of the exposed rock strata and the presence of groundwater require the constant pumping of wastewater into the filtration fields, and then to the nearby river. This work shows a significant contribution of discharge processes and drainage waters to the trace metal contents in the surface waters of the Zolotitsa river; an increase in the concentrations of Mg, Sr, Zn, Cu, Cd, As , and Se was noted. The seasonal variations of physicochemical parameters, the trace metal contents, as well as the total uranium and U isotope 234 U, 238 U, and 235 U were analysed. Calculations of water quality indices (HMEI, HMPI, and HMTL) and public health risks (HI and CR) revealed a high level of pollution of certain sections of watercourses. Radiological studies of polluted rivers in the area showed a satisfactory situation. The results of this study can provide a basis for the subsequent monitoring of the impact of anthropogenic activities on nearby watercourses in the development of diamond deposits.
... For this index HMEI <1.0 is "fit", HMEI >1.0 is "unfit" for usage (Zakir et al., 2020). An extended classification of pollution: ˂0.3 is "very pure"; 0.3-1.0 is "pure"; 1.0-2.0 is "slightly affected"; 2.0-4.0 is "moderately affected"; 4.0-6.0 is "strongly affected"; and ˃6.0 is "seriously affected" (Haque et al., 2019). ...
The article presents the results of a study of heavy metals in snow and groundwater within the industrially developed Arkhangelsk agglomeration, which is the largest among urban formations in the Arctic zone of Russia. This article describes the results of research on the territories of three suburban community garden plots used by residents of the cities of the Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk and Novodvinsk agglomeration for recreation, growing fruits and vegetables, picking wild berries and mushrooms, and short-term residence. In groundwater samples taken from wells, the average concentrations of heavy metals decrease in the following order: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Cu > Ti > V > Pb > U > As > Co > Mo > Sb > Cd. A comparison of metal concentrations in groundwater with WHO and SanPiN standards showed that only Fe and Mn exceeded the permissible limits, for the rest of the studied metals, the concentrations were significantly below the permissible limits. The study of heavy metals in the snow showed a similar order of decrease in concentrations to groundwater and total concentrations of soluble metal fractions. This fact indicates the migration of heavy metals into groundwater after the spring snowmelt and the fact the main source of groundwater pollution is the atmospheric channel. According to the values of the total areal pollution of the snow cover with heavy metals, the most polluted are suburban garden plots in the area of the Arkhangelsk city-216.91 mg/m2. The results of the principal component analysis showed that the main sources of snow cover pollution with heavy metals in the suburban areas of the Arkhangelsk agglomeration were thermal power plants, machine-building and metallurgical plants, a solid waste landfill, and vehicles. The calculation of the heavy metal pollution index for water did not reveal a significant anthropogenic impact. However, the indices assessing the amount of metals (heavy metal evaluation index), toxicity (heavy metal toxicity load), non-carcinogenic risk (hazard index), and carcinogenic risk indicate a high level of heavy metal pollution of the studied waters, as well as the unsuitability of groundwater and melted snow as drinking water. Metals such as Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Pb make the greatest contribution to the quality indices of the studied waters.
... To assess heavy metal contamination level in water, the threshold value was set at 1.0, which means HMEI value <1.0 is rated as 'fit' and the value> 1.0 is considered as 'unfit' for domestic usage (Zakir et al., 2020). A more extended classification of water pollution levels is also used (Caerio et al., 2005;Haque et al., 2019), presented in Table 1. ...
Severodvinsk city is the largest industrial center for the construction and repair of naval vessels in the NW Russia. The purpose of the presented study was to identify the main sources of pollution of the Severodvinsk industrial region and assess the ecological situation based on analysis of toxic metals in water and snow. Heavy metals content in water, melt snow filtrate and solid residue was measured using ICP-MS. On the urban area, there were high concentrations of Fe (up to 2843 MPC) in soluble form of snow, Al (up to 4680 MPC), Fe (up to 2807 MPC), Ni (up to 66.5 MPC), Pb (up to 44.7 MPC), Cd (up to 43.3 MPC), Cr (up to 43.2 MPC), Mn (up to 13.3 MPC), Co (up to 7.3 MPC), and As (up to 3.4 MPC) in insoluble form of snow, Fe (up to 56213 MPC) in water from wells. There were high values of mineralization (598 mg/L) and low pH values (to 5.21) in sites most susceptible to anthropogenic pollution. Statistical analysis showed that most of the metals in snow cover were linked with each other by strong correlation (r>0.9). Calculation of toxicological indices HMEI, HMPI, HMTL, HI and CR showed extremely high and dangerous for public health level of heavy metal pollution in the Severodvinsk industrial district. Studied radiation parameters of water from wells were within acceptable limits. Results obtained indicate the need to change the type of fuel in thermal power plant and reduce toxic emissions from the shipbuilding enterprises.
... Trace metals tend to bioaccumulate in the food chain and are classified as conservative contaminants. This class of substances does not decompose in natural waters, but only change the form of their existence, remaining in the water for a long time even after the removal of the source of pollution (Ali et al., 2019;Haque et al., 2019;. Trace metals from anthropogenic sources are more mobile and bioavailable than those in their natural mineral form and therefore pose a greater risk to human health and the environment (Benson et al., 2018;Zhu et al., 2015). ...
... To assess trace metal contamination level in surface water, the threshold value was set at 1.0, which means TMEI value \ 1.0 is rated as 'Fit' and the value [ 1.0 is considered as 'Unfit' for domestic usage (Zakir et al., 2020). A more extended classification of water pollution levels is also used (Caerio et al., 2005;Haque et al., 2019), presented in Table 2. ...
The pollution of waterbodies with trace metals is of concern throughout the world due to their high toxicity. One of the main anthropogenic sources of trace metals entering natural waters is the mining and processing of minerals. Intensive development of the mining industry on the Kola Peninsula (the Murmansk region, Russia), exploration and development of new mineral resources have led to a sharp deterioration in the quality of surface waters of rivers and lakes. As a result of anthropogenic impact, accumulation of a wide range of metals (mainly Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Cd, Mn, Sr, Al and Fe) is observed, as well as significant changes in the physicochemical parameters and radioactive conditions of surface waters. The most polluted waterbodies of the Kola Peninsula are located in the Monchegorsk, Olenegorsk and Apatit regions. Consumption of water from investigated contaminated sources can cause various high risks of human health. The results of this study will provide an informative basis for future risk assessments of the environment and human health, as well as for the development of integrated measures for managing the quality of surface waters of lakes and rivers of the Kola Peninsula.
... Grützmacher et al. (2013) and CGWB (2014) defined geogenic sources as levels that exceeded permissible limits without any direct or indirect link to anthropogenic activities and could have negative health effects. Little or no precipitation, low flow rate, higher air temperatures, and higher evaporation during the dry months contribute to the concentration and higher values of the metals (Etesin et al., 2013;Houssou et al., 2017;Haque et al., 2019). The dry periods or seasons are also associated with increased human visitations and activities because rivers and streams are major sources of water for drinking and most domestic activities in the region (Onyele and Anyanwu, 2018;Anyanwu and Umeham, 2020a, b). ...
... Manganese, chromium, and nickel had values that exceeded limits only during the dry months. This observed trend could also be attributed to season and anthropogenic influences as observed in iron, lead, and cadmium (Etesin et al., 2013;Houssou et al., 2017;Haque et al., 2019). ...
The heavy metal content of a local drinking water source in Southeast Nigeria was studied between January 2021 and June 2021 in 3 stations. Pollution indices (heavy metal pollution index and contamination index) and health risk assessment for non-carcinogenic were used to check the water’s suitability for human consumption. Eight heavy metals were assessed with standard methods and compared with The Nigerian Drinking Water Quality Standard. Some metals (Mn, Pb, Fe, Cd, and Cr) exceeded acceptable limits. The heavy metal pollution index exceeded the threshold value (100), ranging between 503.56 and 746.80. The contamination index ranged between 10.74 and 17.12 indicating high contamination potential and all the hazard indices exceeded unity (1). The heavy metal content, pollution indices, and health risk assessment has shown that the water from the Ikwu River was not fit for human consumption. The main metals that influenced the results were Mn, Pb, Fe, Cd, and Cr, because they exceeded limits while Cd and Cr were responsible for the observed adverse health risk. The children were more vulnerable. The geogenic influence was a major factor exacerbated by season and anthropogenic activities in the river.
