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Location of the nephron in the kidney and its main constitutes. The proximal tubule connects the Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle (this figure is original for this article).
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Acute kidney injury, formerly known as acute renal failure, is a pathological condition in which ischemia or toxic damage contributes to the loss of renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Pathophysiological events such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and direct renal tubular epithelial cells toxicity are responsible for the progres...
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... nephron inside the kidney is composed of different types of structures in which each one of them performs an essential function. Proximal tubules ( fig. 1) play a vital role in reabsorbing 65% of filtered substances such as glucose, amino acids, proteins and solutes, as well as reabsorbing 80% of filtered bicarbonates thus regulating acid-base balance thanks to important protein channels. Since ARF is mainly characterized by ischemic damage of renal proximal tubules, the epithelial ...
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Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a complex pathophysiological process that may develop after liver transplantation and resection surgery, as well as in uncontrolled clinical conditions. Bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‑MSCs) are potential targets for liver diseases. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effects...
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... In order to correct the path of the presence of stem cells in the specific place and as desired by the researchers, several strategies have been used to improve the homing ability of MSCs, for example, targeted drug delivery, magnetic guidance, gene modification, laboratory priming, surface modification cells, and radiotherapy techniques [126,127]. In addition to all these cases, it may take several days or weeks to prepare MSCs in appropriate laboratory conditions until reaching the desired therapeutic dose, and when there are urgent conditions, managing time, cost, GMP-grade reagents, and proper quality testing is another important challenge that must be taken into account [128,129]. ...
The severe respiratory effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have necessitated the immediate development of novel treatments. The majority of COVID-19-related fatalities are due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Consequently, this virus causes massive and aberrant inflammatory conditions, which must be promptly managed. Severe respiratory disorders, notably ARDS and acute lung injury (ALI), may be treated safely and effectively using cell-based treatments, mostly employing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Since the high potential of these cells was identified, a great deal of research has been conducted on their use in regenerative medicine and complementary medicine. Multiple investigations have demonstrated that MSCs and their products, especially exosomes, inhibit inflammation. Exosomes serve a critical function in intercellular communication by transporting molecular cargo from donor cells to receiver cells. MSCs and their derived exosomes (MSCs/MSC-exosomes) may improve lung permeability, microbial and alveolar fluid clearance, and epithelial and endothelial repair, according to recent studies. This review focuses on COVID-19-related ARDS clinical studies involving MSCs/MSC-exosomes. We also investigated the utilization of Nano-delivery strategies for MSCs/MSC-exosomes and anti-inflammatory agents to enhance COVID-19 treatment.
... However, even MSCs derived from the same adipose tissue source can have differences in population doubling time and growth rate when obtained from different locations such as the skin, abdomen, and subcutaneous fat [105]. Studies have shown that MSCs sourced from UC-MSCs and human amniotic fluid (hAF-MSCs) possess broader differentiation potentials [106], while placenta-derived MSCs have a lower potential for adipogenesis. Nguyen et al. compared BM-MSCs with MSCs derived from the acetabulum and femur and found that bone marrow and femur-derived MSCs formed more calcium deposits during osteogenic differentiation, while BM-MSCs exhibited a stronger role in chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation processes [107]. ...
With the continuous improvement of human technology, the medical field has gradually moved from molecular therapy to cellular therapy. As a safe and effective therapeutic tool, cell therapy has successfully created a research boom in the modern medical field. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are derived from early mesoderm and have high self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation ability, and have become one of the important cores of cell therapy research by virtue of their immunomodulatory and tissue repair capabilities. In recent years, the application of MSCs in various diseases has received widespread attention, but there are still various problems in the treatment of MSCs, among which the heterogeneity of MSCs may be one of the causes of the problem. In this paper, we review the correlation of MSCs heterogeneity to provide a basis for further reduction of MSCs heterogeneity and standardization of MSCs and hope to provide a reference for cell therapy.
... The term renal failure means incapability of the kidneys to accomplish the excretory activity, driving retention of nitrogenous waste yields from the blood. Once a patient necessities renal replacement therapy, the ailment is named end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [124]. Although kidney transplantation is now the gold standard for treating ESRD, significant difficulties exist in this field, particularly in preventing transplant rejection and ensuring long-term organ acceptance. ...
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs)‐based therapy brings the reassuring capability to regenerative medicine through their self‐renewal and multilineage potency. Also, they secret a diversity of mediators, which are complicated in moderation of deregulated immune responses, and yielding angiogenesis in vivo. Nonetheless, MSCs may lose biological performance after procurement and prolonged expansion in vitro. Also, following transplantation and migration to target tissue, they encounter a harsh milieu accompanied by death signals because of the lack of proper tensegrity structure between the cells and matrix. Accordingly, pre-conditioning of MSCs is strongly suggested to upgrade their performances in vivo, leading to more favored transplantation efficacy in regenerative medicine. Indeed, MSCs ex vivo pre-conditioning by hypoxia, inflammatory stimulus, or other factors/conditions may stimulate their survival, proliferation, migration, exosome secretion, and pro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory characteristics in vivo. In this review, we deliver an overview of the pre-conditioning methods that are considered a strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs in organ failures, in particular, renal, heart, lung, and liver.
... expresses increasing interest in SCs as measured by the quantity of published research in PubMed in the field of ophthalmology over time. Nowadays, cell therapy is a prominent intervention that is being developed or used in a variety of medical conditions, including lung [4][5][6][7][8], cardiovascular [9][10][11], liver [12,13], and kidney conditions [14,15]. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can treat COVID-19 patients' pulmonary fibrosis, improve lung function, and reduce inflammation [16,17]. ...
... Along with searching for novel SC applications, researchers also look for new sources and types of SCs. The most used SCs are shown in Figure 2. Nowadays, cell therapy is a prominent intervention that is being developed or used in a variety of medical conditions, including lung [4][5][6][7][8], cardiovascular [9][10][11], liver [12,13], and kidney conditions [14,15]. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can treat COVID-19 patients' pulmonary fibrosis, improve lung function, and reduce inflammation [16,17]. ...
The use of stem cells (SCs) has emerged as a promising avenue in ophthalmology, offering potential therapeutic solutions for various vision impairments and degenerative eye diseases. SCs possess the unique ability to self-renew and differentiate into specialised cell types, making them valuable tools for repairing damaged tissues and restoring visual function. Stem cell-based therapies hold significant potential for addressing conditions such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), corneal disorders, and optic nerve damage. Therefore, researchers have explored different sources of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESC), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and adult stem cells, for ocular tissue regeneration. Preclinical studies and early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated promising outcomes, with some patients experiencing improved vision following stem cell-based interventions. However, several challenges remain, including optimising the differentiation protocols, ensuring transplanted cells’ safety and long-term viability, and developing effective delivery methods. The field of stem cell research in ophthalmology witnesses a constant influx of new reports and discoveries. To effectively navigate these tons of information, it becomes crucial to summarise and systematise these findings periodically. In light of recent discoveries, this paper demonstrates the potential applications of stem cells in ophthalmology, focusing on their use in various eye tissues, including the cornea, retina, conjunctiva, iris, trabecular meshwork, lens, ciliary body, sclera, and orbital fat.
... Один з потенційних підходів до застосування стовбурових клітин у лікуванні ЦД полягає у використанні їх для генетичного інженерингу. Цей підхід полягає у введенні генів у стовбурові клітини, щоб вони перетворилися на певний тип клітин, який потім може бути використаний для лікування конкретного захворювання [8]. ...
Background. The article is devoted to an analytical review of the methods of using stem cells in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM).
Aim: to analyze, based on the data of the literature, the prospects of using stem cells for the treatment of DM.
Materials and methods. Review of scientific literature in the international electronic scientometric databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science by keywords for the period 20017-2023. The search was carried out by three independent authors. 98 sources were selected for analysis, of which 33 were used that met the search criteria.
Results. DM is a serious problem for the health care system worldwide, which requires the development of new innovative and effective therapeutic approaches. The use of stem cells is one such promising strategy for solving this problem. The ability of stem cells to differentiate into various body cells, including beta cells of the pancreas, was analyzed. Animal studies have demonstrated the ability to improve insulin synthesis and lower blood glucose levels. The use of stem cells in the treatment of DM is not a widespread approach and requires additional clinical studies. General information on the use of stem cells in the treatment of diabetes is presented and the prospects of this method of therapy are outlined.
Conclusions. The use of stem cells in the treatment of diabetes is a promising technology that may open new opportunities for the treatment of this disease. However, more research needs to be done, a number of technical, ethical, and legal issues need to be addressed, as well as regulatory standards for the production and use of stem cells.
... To complement the role of vaccines, there is an urgent need to develop and explore novel alternate strategies for the treatment of Covid-19. Of late, cell therapies have received extensive attention as a new treatment method in a variety of diseases, including lung, 1,2 cardiovascular, 3,4 liver, 5 kidney, 6 etc. Currently, stem cell therapy has become a promising therapeutic field, in which many Gupta, et al.: Global Publications on Application of Stem Cell Therapy to scholars see opportunities to cure incurable diseases. ...
Objectives: The study makes a bibliometric evaluation of global publications on “Application of Stem Cell Therapy to Covid-19” during 2020-22. Methods: The published publications on this theme were searched, retrieved, and downloaded from the Elsevier’s Scopus international database and analyzed using bibliometric techniques based on select bibliometric indicators. The VOSviewer software and Biblioshiny application were used to construct and visualize bibliometric networks. Results: In all 1413 publications were indexed on “Application of Stem Cell Therapy to Covid-19” in the Scopus database till 30 December 2021. These publications registered an average of 18.03 citations per paper. Of these, the funded publications were 452(31.99%). In all, 91 countries, 690 organizations, and 1068 authors participated in global research and published in 317 journals. Among participating countries, China, the U.K., Italy, and India lead in publications output (with 185, 148, 127, and 110 papers) and China (58.38 and 3.24), France (47.0 and 2.61), Netherlands (46.63 and 2.59) and the U.K. (41.84 and 2.32) leads in citation impact. Among participating organizations, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (37 papers), Harvard Medical School, USA (36 papers), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA (29 papers) and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran (26 papers) leads in publications productivity (with 37, 36, 29 and 26 papers) and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, USA (110.78 and 6.14), Massachusetts General Hospital, USA (81.35 and 4.51), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA (78.95 and 4.38) and Harvard Medical School, USA (75.42 and 4.18) leads in citation impact. Among participating authors, K.K.Sahu (9 papers), J. Cerny (7 papers), M.A. Perales and M.Z. Ratajzak (7 papers each) leads in publication productivity and M. Mohty (37.0 and 2.05), P.R.M. Rocco (35.8 and 1.99), D.J. Weiss (33.5 and 1.86) and M.A. Perales (32.86 and 1.82) leads in citation impact. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports (35 papers), Frontiers in Immunology (32 papers), Bone Marrow Transplantation (30 papers) leads in publication productivity and Journal of Medical Virology (132.10), American Journal of Hematology (75.20), Aging and Disease (55.46) and Cell Stem Cell (33.14) leads in citation impact. Conclusion: The research is mainly dominated by North America and Western Europe, but with some contribution from China, India, Iran, and Brazil playing also an important role. The developing countries need to prioritize their research in this area and increase their collaboration with North America and Western Europe countries. The analysis will help scholars and policy-makers to take stock of the present situation and decide the future course of action on the “Application of Stem Cells in Covid-19”
... More recently, another meta-analysis aggregating over 2,500 subjects confirmed a similar safety profile [8]. MSCs have been proposed as an adjuvant therapy for kidney failure in preclinical, in vitro, and clinical studies [9][10][11][12][13][14]. More interestingly, umbilical cord MSCs have been observed to offer restorative and protective effects in a mouse model of IgAN [15], MSCs derived from human umbilical cord (hUC-MSC) have a greater capacity for proliferative expansion and enhanced therapeutic activity compared to MSCs derived from other sources, as well as a superior production of growth factors that stimulate secretions responsible for therapeutic potential [16][17][18][19]. ...
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy is an inflammatory, autoimmune condition that may lead to renal impairment in its most aggressive forms. In this case report, a 50-year-old male with acute renal failure was diagnosed with IgA nephropathy, having elevated creatinine levels (3.0 mg/dL) and hypertension. He received intravenous infusions of a total of 120 million umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) and was followed-up for 6 months. No adverse events were reported during or after administration or any of the follow-up visits. Creatinine levels decreased to and remained normal (1.0 mg/dL) in the 6 months following treatment. Anti-hypertensive medications were no longer needed. UC-MSC administration was safe, well-tolerated, and beneficial for this patient with IgA nephropathy.
... Острое повреждение почек (ОПП) с развитием острой почечной недостаточности (ОПН) является серьезным и часто жизнеугрожающим осложнением хирургических операций, тяжелых инфекционных осложнений или интоксикаций [1][2][3]. Повреждение почек может быть необратимым или функция органа может полностью или частично восстановиться в зависимости от интенсивности повреждающего фактора и возможности регенерации поврежденных клеточных структур. Основными факторами, влияющими на полноту восстановления функции поврежденных почек, считается стойкое ухудшение микроциркуляции с развитием тканевой гипоксии и дисфункцией митохондрий, ведущие как к повреждению клубочков, так и канальцевого аппарата почки, а также остановка клеточного цикла и старение эпителиальных клеток почечных канальцев с изменением фенотипов и функций резидентных клеток почек, что приводит к уменьшению регенераторного потенциала клеток и усилению их апоптоза, приводящих развитию фиброза почек [3][4][5][6]. ...
... Повреждение почек может быть необратимым или функция органа может полностью или частично восстановиться в зависимости от интенсивности повреждающего фактора и возможности регенерации поврежденных клеточных структур. Основными факторами, влияющими на полноту восстановления функции поврежденных почек, считается стойкое ухудшение микроциркуляции с развитием тканевой гипоксии и дисфункцией митохондрий, ведущие как к повреждению клубочков, так и канальцевого аппарата почки, а также остановка клеточного цикла и старение эпителиальных клеток почечных канальцев с изменением фенотипов и функций резидентных клеток почек, что приводит к уменьшению регенераторного потенциала клеток и усилению их апоптоза, приводящих развитию фиброза почек [3][4][5][6]. ...
... В этом плане перспективным направлением является использование клеточных технологий с трансплантацией низкодифференцированных стволовых/прогениторных клеток (СК), выделенных из различных источников (костного мозга, жировой ткани, пульпы зуба, пупочного канатика, амниотической жидкости), или введением продуктов их секреции. (так называемая бесклеточная терапия), основой которой является применение комплекса биоактивных продуктов секреции СК (секретома СК -СЭСК), изготовленных на основе кондиционированной среды культивирования СК или экстракта из эмбриональных или плодных тканей [3,[9][10][11][12][13]. Показано, что содержащиеся в СЭСК белки, пептиды, РНК, в том числе микроРНК и липидные медиаторы возможно выделять, концентрировать, замораживать и лиофилизировать без потери их биологической активности [12,14]. ...
Introduction. Currently, the possibilities of cell therapy using stem cells for the correction of functional disorders of organs, including kidneys, are being widely investigated. The main mechanism of action of stem cells is considered to be the activation of cellular regeneration and the inhibition of apoptosis by the products of their secretion (secretome), which makes it necessary to study the mechanisms of action of the stem cells secretome. Aim of study. To study the relationship of the nephroprotective effect of the drug, which is a protein-peptide secretom of embryonic brain cells (SESC), with its effect on the regeneration of kidney cells damaged by ischemia and the activity of their apoptosis. Material and methods. Experiments were carried out on 40 mongrel male rats weighing 280-320 g. Acute kidney injury of varying severity was caused by removal of the right kidney and ischemia of the remaining left kidney for 60 minutes or 90 minutes (20 rats per group). In each of these groups, 10 rats were injected daily subcutaneously with SESC at a dose of 0.1 ml/kg (10 injections), and the other 10 rats were not treated. After 3, 7 and 14 days, the ischemic kidney was removed and subjected to histological examination and histochemical determination of the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in the kidney structures. Results. In the treatment of SESC, up to 20% of hypertrophied renal glomeruli were detected already on the 3rd day in the absence of glomeruli with glomerulosclerosis, whereas in control experiments at this time hypertrophied glomeruli were not detected, and the proportion of glomeruli with signs of glomerulosclerosis was 5-10%. On the 7th and 14th days in both groups, the proportion of hypertrophied glomeruli increased, being compared in the group with 60-minute ischemia, but maintaining higher values in experiments with 90-minute ischemia and SESC therapy compared with the control. Glomeruli with glomerulosclerosis were significantly less frequently detected in the treatment of SESC, regardless of the severity of ischemic damage. At the same time, the expression of Bcl-2 in renal glomerular cells during SESC therapy decreased significantly to a lesser extent than in control experiments, confirming the relationship of inhibition of apoptosis during SESC therapy with inhibition of the development of sclerotic processes. A significant increase in the number of epithelial cells expressing the proliferation marker Ki-67 on the 3rd day, followed by a gradual decrease in their number, was detected in the renal tubules during SESC therapy, whereas in the control an increase in the number of labeled cells occurred only on the 7th and 14th days. With an increase in the severity of ischemic damage, the proliferation-stimulating effect of SESC was prolonged up to 14 days. The proliferative effect of SESC therapy was accompanied by a decrease in damage to the renal tubules, and the percentage of tubules with necrotic epithelium progressively decreased from 3-5% to 0-1% with an increase in the period after the start of therapy (7 and 14 days), indicating epithelial regeneration, while in the control their proportion remained at a higher level. Conclusion. Stimulation of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis of damaged cells play an essential role in the nephroprotective effect of SESC, as in stem cells.
... Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of differentiation into multiple cell types of mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes, glial cells, neurons, epithelial cells and hepatocytes (e.g. pneumocytes, retinal pigment epithelium and renal tubular epithelial cells) [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . MSCs can be isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, Wharton's jelly, amniotic fluid, gingiva, tooth pulp, periodontal tissue and in general from connective tissue of most organs 13,14 . ...
... pneumocytes, retinal pigment epithelium and renal tubular epithelial cells) [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . MSCs can be isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, Wharton's jelly, amniotic fluid, gingiva, tooth pulp, periodontal tissue and in general from connective tissue of most organs 13,14 . Besides their regenerative properties, MSCs have a strong immunoregulatory potential 19 . ...
Cell-based immunotherapies can provide safe and effective treatments for various disorders including autoimmunity, cancer, and excessive proinflammatory events in sepsis or viral infections. However, to achieve this goal there is a need for deeper understanding of mechanisms of the intercellular interactions. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a lymphocyte subset that maintain peripheral tolerance, whilst mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent nonhematopoietic progenitor cells. Despite coming from different origins, Tregs and MSCs share immunoregulatory properties that have been tested in clinical trials. Here we demonstrate how direct and indirect contact with allogenic MSCs improves Tregs’ potential for accumulation of immunosuppressive adenosine and suppression of conventional T cell proliferation, making them more potent therapeutic tools. Our results also demonstrate that direct communication between Tregs and MSCs is based on transfer of active mitochondria and fragments of plasma membrane from MSCs to Tregs, an event that is HLA-dependent and associates with HLA-C and HLA-DRB1 eplet mismatch load between Treg and MSC donors. Regulatory T (Treg) cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are both cell populations capable of immune tolerance induction. Here the authors show that the transfer of mitochondria from mesenchymal stem cells to allogeneic Treg cells in an HLA-dependent manner results in enhanced immunosuppressive functions of Treg cells.
... Cell therapy is a significant treatment that has been applied in a variety of diseases, including lung [33][34][35][36][37], cardiovascular [38][39][40], liver [41,42], kidney [43,44] and other diseases [45][46][47][48]. Stem cells are primitive cells with self-renewal ability and multidirectional differentiation potential and can differentiate into a variety of functional cells or tissues. ...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 is currently spreading throughout the world with a high rate of infection and mortality and poses a huge threat to global public health. COVID-19 primarily manifests as hypoxic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome, which can lead to multiple organ failure. Despite advances in the supportive care approaches, there is still a lack of clinically effective therapies, and there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies to fight this disease. Currently, stem cell therapy and stem cell-derived organoid models have received extensive attention as a new treatment and research method for COVID-19. Here, we discuss how stem cells play a role in the battle against COVID-19 and present a systematic review and prospective of the study on stem cell treatment and organoid models of COVID-19, which provides a reference for the effective control of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide.
