Location of the hot springs on the eastern and western sides of the gulf dropped on topographic map of the Gulf of Suez region (from GTOPO30 data set (Gesch et al. 1999)) 

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Context 1

... The tectonic position of Egypt in the northeastern corner of the African continent suggests that it may possess significant geothermal resources, especially along its east- There is a clear correlation between the principal areas of ern margin. The most of the thermal springs in Egypt are current geothermal development and the seismically active located along the shores of Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. boundaries of the moving segments of lithosphere defined These springs are probably tectonic or nonvolcanic origin by the plate tectonic models of the earth. It would therefore associated with the opening of the Red Sea — Gulf of Suez seem logical to concentrate the search for new geothermal rifts, where the eastern shore of the Gulf of Suez is resources along the plate boundaries. The location of Egypt characterized by superficial thermal manifestations includ- in the northeastern corner of African plate which bounded ing a cluster of hot springs with varied temperatures. to the east by what has been interpreted as a median spread- Hammam Faraun area consists of the hottest spring in ing center in the Red Sea (Mckenzie et al. 1970) reflects that Egypt where the water temperature is 70°C. Conceptual as this area is an important candidate for geothermal develop- well as numerical models were made on the Hammam ment. Recently, geophysical techniques have been applied Faraun hot spring based on geological, geochemical, and intensively in geothermal studies especially in area around geophysical data. The models show that the heat source of Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. These studies show that the the hot spring is probably derived from high heat flow and most important geothermal resources in Egypt are located deep water circulation controlled by faults associated with on the eastern and western sides of Gulf of Suez, and the the opening of the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez rifts. hottest one is Hammam Faraun hot spring ( Fig. 1). The aim of this study is to construct conceptual model of the hydro- Keywords Hot springs . Hammam Faraun . thermal system in Hammam Faraun area depending on Conceptual model . Numerical model . Red Sea . Gulf of Suez geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. The features of the conceptual model were reproduced by numerical modeling in order to match the subsurface temperatures and heat flow data in this area. Abstract The tectonic position of Egypt in the northeastern corner of the African continent suggests that it may possess significant geothermal resources, especially along its east- There is a clear correlation between the principal areas of ern margin. The most of the thermal springs in Egypt are current geothermal development and the seismically active located along the shores of Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. boundaries of the moving segments of lithosphere defined These springs are probably tectonic or nonvolcanic origin by the plate tectonic models of the earth. It would therefore associated with the opening of the Red Sea — Gulf of Suez seem logical to concentrate the search for new geothermal rifts, where the eastern shore of the Gulf of Suez is resources along the plate boundaries. The location of Egypt characterized by superficial thermal manifestations includ- in the northeastern corner of African plate which bounded ing a cluster of hot springs with varied temperatures. to the east by what has been interpreted as a median spread- Hammam Faraun area consists of the hottest spring in ing center in the Red Sea (Mckenzie et al. 1970) reflects that Egypt where the water temperature is 70°C. Conceptual as this area is an important candidate for geothermal develop- well as numerical models were made on the Hammam ment. Recently, geophysical techniques have been applied Faraun hot spring based on geological, geochemical, and intensively in geothermal studies especially in area around geophysical data. The models show that the heat source of Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. These studies show that the the hot spring is probably derived from high heat flow and most important geothermal resources in Egypt are located deep water circulation controlled by faults associated with on the eastern and western sides of Gulf of Suez, and the the opening of the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez rifts. hottest one is Hammam Faraun hot spring (Fig. 1). The aim of this study is to construct conceptual model of the hydro- Keywords Hot springs . Hammam Faraun . thermal system in Hammam Faraun area depending on Conceptual model . Numerical model . Red Sea . Gulf of Suez geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. The features of the conceptual model were reproduced by numerical modeling in order to match the subsurface temperatures and heat flow data in this area. There is a clear correlation between the principal areas of current geothermal development and the seismically active boundaries of the moving segments of lithosphere defined by the plate tectonic models of the earth. It would therefore seem logical to concentrate the search for new geothermal resources along the plate boundaries. The location of Egypt in the northeastern corner of African plate which bounded to the east by what has been interpreted as a median spread- ing center in the Red Sea (Mckenzie et al. 1970) reflects that this area is an important candidate for geothermal development. Recently, geophysical techniques have been applied intensively in geothermal studies especially in area around Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. These studies show that the most important geothermal resources in Egypt are located on the eastern and western sides of Gulf of Suez, and the hottest one is Hammam Faraun hot spring (Fig. 1). The aim of this study is to construct conceptual model of the hydrothermal system in Hammam Faraun area depending on geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. The features of the conceptual model were reproduced by numerical modeling in order to match the subsurface temperatures and heat flow data in this area. The Red Sea and Gulf of Suez occupy part of a large rift valley in the continental crust which was initiated during the late Oligocene to early Miocene by the NE – SW separation of the African and Arabian plates (Patton et al. 1994). This break in the crust is part of a complex rift system that includes the East African Rift System (Said 1962). During this rifting, many faulted tilted blocks were formed, and Hammam Faraun area is one of the main fault the sources and origin of the thermal water. Furthermore, blocks in the central west of Sinai Peninsula. The 2D geoelectrical cross section passing through the hot geological map of Hammam Faraun fault block (Fig. 2) spring made by El-Qady et al. (2000) gave information shows that this fault block has a half-graben geometry about the subsurface geological setting below the hot dipping moderately to the east, and it is up to 25 km wide spring. The purpose of mathematical modeling is to and 40 km long which bounded to the east and west by develop a computer model that reflects essential features Thal and Hammam Faraun normal fault zones, respectively. of the phenomenon considered or represents a real system. So, the major geological structure feature of this area is a A computer model HYDROTHERM version 2.2, 3D finite well-defined fault block oriented NW – SE, which is tilted difference model, is used to simulate groundwater flow and strongly eastward on its western side. The shallow heat transport in porous medium below Hammam Faraun geological succession of Hammam Faraun consists of sand, hot spring. The governing equations are expression of mass conglomerate, sandy limestone, lagoonal gypsum lime- and energy conservation that are posed in terms of pressure stone, and chalk with flinty limestone. and enthalpy. The mass conservation equation is defined as: the sources and origin of the thermal water. Furthermore, 2D geoelectrical cross section passing through the hot spring made by El-Qady et al. (2000) gave information about the subsurface geological setting below the hot spring. The purpose of mathematical modeling is to develop a computer model that reflects essential features of the phenomenon considered or represents a real system. A computer model HYDROTHERM version 2.2, 3D finite difference model, is used to simulate groundwater flow and heat transport in porous medium below Hammam Faraun hot spring. The governing equations are expression of mass and energy conservation that are posed in terms of pressure and enthalpy. The mass conservation equation is defined as: Heat in earth's crust represents the greatest potential contribution to the world's energy base. Hence, the target of this study is to draw up the whole picture about the subsurface temperature distribution and heat flow below Hammam Faraun hot spring in order to approach the optimum usage of this hot spring. This was performed based on the obtained geochemical and geophysical data to demonstrate the origin of the thermal water as well as the geological structure setting in the study area. Reprocessing of the geochemical data collected and analyzed by Sturchio et al. (1996) was made to extract more information ...

Context 2

... The tectonic position of Egypt in the northeastern corner of the African continent suggests that it may possess significant geothermal resources, especially along its east- There is a clear correlation between the principal areas of ern margin. The most of the thermal springs in Egypt are current geothermal development and the seismically active located along the shores of Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. boundaries of the moving segments of lithosphere defined These springs are probably tectonic or nonvolcanic origin by the plate tectonic models of the earth. It would therefore associated with the opening of the Red Sea — Gulf of Suez seem logical to concentrate the search for new geothermal rifts, where the eastern shore of the Gulf of Suez is resources along the plate boundaries. The location of Egypt characterized by superficial thermal manifestations includ- in the northeastern corner of African plate which bounded ing a cluster of hot springs with varied temperatures. to the east by what has been interpreted as a median spread- Hammam Faraun area consists of the hottest spring in ing center in the Red Sea (Mckenzie et al. 1970) reflects that Egypt where the water temperature is 70°C. Conceptual as this area is an important candidate for geothermal develop- well as numerical models were made on the Hammam ment. Recently, geophysical techniques have been applied Faraun hot spring based on geological, geochemical, and intensively in geothermal studies especially in area around geophysical data. The models show that the heat source of Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. These studies show that the the hot spring is probably derived from high heat flow and most important geothermal resources in Egypt are located deep water circulation controlled by faults associated with on the eastern and western sides of Gulf of Suez, and the the opening of the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez rifts. hottest one is Hammam Faraun hot spring ( Fig. 1). The aim of this study is to construct conceptual model of the hydro- Keywords Hot springs . Hammam Faraun . thermal system in Hammam Faraun area depending on Conceptual model . Numerical model . Red Sea . Gulf of Suez geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. The features of the conceptual model were reproduced by numerical modeling in order to match the subsurface temperatures and heat flow data in this area. Abstract The tectonic position of Egypt in the northeastern corner of the African continent suggests that it may possess significant geothermal resources, especially along its east- There is a clear correlation between the principal areas of ern margin. The most of the thermal springs in Egypt are current geothermal development and the seismically active located along the shores of Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. boundaries of the moving segments of lithosphere defined These springs are probably tectonic or nonvolcanic origin by the plate tectonic models of the earth. It would therefore associated with the opening of the Red Sea — Gulf of Suez seem logical to concentrate the search for new geothermal rifts, where the eastern shore of the Gulf of Suez is resources along the plate boundaries. The location of Egypt characterized by superficial thermal manifestations includ- in the northeastern corner of African plate which bounded ing a cluster of hot springs with varied temperatures. to the east by what has been interpreted as a median spread- Hammam Faraun area consists of the hottest spring in ing center in the Red Sea (Mckenzie et al. 1970) reflects that Egypt where the water temperature is 70°C. Conceptual as this area is an important candidate for geothermal develop- well as numerical models were made on the Hammam ment. Recently, geophysical techniques have been applied Faraun hot spring based on geological, geochemical, and intensively in geothermal studies especially in area around geophysical data. The models show that the heat source of Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. These studies show that the the hot spring is probably derived from high heat flow and most important geothermal resources in Egypt are located deep water circulation controlled by faults associated with on the eastern and western sides of Gulf of Suez, and the the opening of the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez rifts. hottest one is Hammam Faraun hot spring (Fig. 1). The aim of this study is to construct conceptual model of the hydro- Keywords Hot springs . Hammam Faraun . thermal system in Hammam Faraun area depending on Conceptual model . Numerical model . Red Sea . Gulf of Suez geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. The features of the conceptual model were reproduced by numerical modeling in order to match the subsurface temperatures and heat flow data in this area. There is a clear correlation between the principal areas of current geothermal development and the seismically active boundaries of the moving segments of lithosphere defined by the plate tectonic models of the earth. It would therefore seem logical to concentrate the search for new geothermal resources along the plate boundaries. The location of Egypt in the northeastern corner of African plate which bounded to the east by what has been interpreted as a median spread- ing center in the Red Sea (Mckenzie et al. 1970) reflects that this area is an important candidate for geothermal development. Recently, geophysical techniques have been applied intensively in geothermal studies especially in area around Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. These studies show that the most important geothermal resources in Egypt are located on the eastern and western sides of Gulf of Suez, and the hottest one is Hammam Faraun hot spring (Fig. 1). The aim of this study is to construct conceptual model of the hydrothermal system in Hammam Faraun area depending on geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. The features of the conceptual model were reproduced by numerical modeling in order to match the subsurface temperatures and heat flow data in this area. The Red Sea and Gulf of Suez occupy part of a large rift valley in the continental crust which was initiated during the late Oligocene to early Miocene by the NE – SW separation of the African and Arabian plates (Patton et al. 1994). This break in the crust is part of a complex rift system that includes the East African Rift System (Said 1962). During this rifting, many faulted tilted blocks were formed, and Hammam Faraun area is one of the main fault the sources and origin of the thermal water. Furthermore, blocks in the central west of Sinai Peninsula. The 2D geoelectrical cross section passing through the hot geological map of Hammam Faraun fault block (Fig. 2) spring made by El-Qady et al. (2000) gave information shows that this fault block has a half-graben geometry about the subsurface geological setting below the hot dipping moderately to the east, and it is up to 25 km wide spring. The purpose of mathematical modeling is to and 40 km long which bounded to the east and west by develop a computer model that reflects essential features Thal and Hammam Faraun normal fault zones, respectively. of the phenomenon considered or represents a real system. So, the major geological structure feature of this area is a A computer model HYDROTHERM version 2.2, 3D finite well-defined fault block oriented NW – SE, which is tilted difference model, is used to simulate groundwater flow and strongly eastward on its western side. The shallow heat transport in porous medium below Hammam Faraun geological succession of Hammam Faraun consists of sand, hot spring. The governing equations are expression of mass conglomerate, sandy limestone, lagoonal gypsum lime- and energy conservation that are posed in terms of pressure stone, and chalk with flinty limestone. and enthalpy. The mass conservation equation is defined as: the sources and origin of the thermal water. Furthermore, 2D geoelectrical cross section passing through the hot spring made by El-Qady et al. (2000) gave information about the subsurface geological setting below the hot spring. The purpose of mathematical modeling is to develop a computer model that reflects essential features of the phenomenon considered or represents a real system. A computer model HYDROTHERM version 2.2, 3D finite difference model, is used to simulate groundwater flow and heat transport in porous medium below Hammam Faraun hot spring. The governing equations are expression of mass and energy conservation that are posed in terms of pressure and enthalpy. The mass conservation equation is defined as: Heat in earth's crust represents the greatest potential contribution to the world's energy base. Hence, the target of this study is to draw up the whole picture about the subsurface temperature distribution and heat flow below Hammam Faraun hot spring in order to approach the optimum usage of this hot spring. This was performed based on the obtained geochemical and geophysical data to demonstrate the origin of the thermal water as well as the geological structure setting in the study area. Reprocessing of the geochemical data collected and analyzed by Sturchio et al. (1996) was made to extract more information ...

Context 3

... The tectonic position of Egypt in the northeastern corner of the African continent suggests that it may possess significant geothermal resources, especially along its east- There is a clear correlation between the principal areas of ern margin. The most of the thermal springs in Egypt are current geothermal development and the seismically active located along the shores of Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. boundaries of the moving segments of lithosphere defined These springs are probably tectonic or nonvolcanic origin by the plate tectonic models of the earth. It would therefore associated with the opening of the Red Sea — Gulf of Suez seem logical to concentrate the search for new geothermal rifts, where the eastern shore of the Gulf of Suez is resources along the plate boundaries. The location of Egypt characterized by superficial thermal manifestations includ- in the northeastern corner of African plate which bounded ing a cluster of hot springs with varied temperatures. to the east by what has been interpreted as a median spread- Hammam Faraun area consists of the hottest spring in ing center in the Red Sea (Mckenzie et al. 1970) reflects that Egypt where the water temperature is 70°C. Conceptual as this area is an important candidate for geothermal develop- well as numerical models were made on the Hammam ment. Recently, geophysical techniques have been applied Faraun hot spring based on geological, geochemical, and intensively in geothermal studies especially in area around geophysical data. The models show that the heat source of Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. These studies show that the the hot spring is probably derived from high heat flow and most important geothermal resources in Egypt are located deep water circulation controlled by faults associated with on the eastern and western sides of Gulf of Suez, and the the opening of the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez rifts. hottest one is Hammam Faraun hot spring ( Fig. 1). The aim of this study is to construct conceptual model of the hydro- Keywords Hot springs . Hammam Faraun . thermal system in Hammam Faraun area depending on Conceptual model . Numerical model . Red Sea . Gulf of Suez geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. The features of the conceptual model were reproduced by numerical modeling in order to match the subsurface temperatures and heat flow data in this area. Abstract The tectonic position of Egypt in the northeastern corner of the African continent suggests that it may possess significant geothermal resources, especially along its east- There is a clear correlation between the principal areas of ern margin. The most of the thermal springs in Egypt are current geothermal development and the seismically active located along the shores of Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. boundaries of the moving segments of lithosphere defined These springs are probably tectonic or nonvolcanic origin by the plate tectonic models of the earth. It would therefore associated with the opening of the Red Sea — Gulf of Suez seem logical to concentrate the search for new geothermal rifts, where the eastern shore of the Gulf of Suez is resources along the plate boundaries. The location of Egypt characterized by superficial thermal manifestations includ- in the northeastern corner of African plate which bounded ing a cluster of hot springs with varied temperatures. to the east by what has been interpreted as a median spread- Hammam Faraun area consists of the hottest spring in ing center in the Red Sea (Mckenzie et al. 1970) reflects that Egypt where the water temperature is 70°C. Conceptual as this area is an important candidate for geothermal develop- well as numerical models were made on the Hammam ment. Recently, geophysical techniques have been applied Faraun hot spring based on geological, geochemical, and intensively in geothermal studies especially in area around geophysical data. The models show that the heat source of Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. These studies show that the the hot spring is probably derived from high heat flow and most important geothermal resources in Egypt are located deep water circulation controlled by faults associated with on the eastern and western sides of Gulf of Suez, and the the opening of the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez rifts. hottest one is Hammam Faraun hot spring (Fig. 1). The aim of this study is to construct conceptual model of the hydro- Keywords Hot springs . Hammam Faraun . thermal system in Hammam Faraun area depending on Conceptual model . Numerical model . Red Sea . Gulf of Suez geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. The features of the conceptual model were reproduced by numerical modeling in order to match the subsurface temperatures and heat flow data in this area. There is a clear correlation between the principal areas of current geothermal development and the seismically active boundaries of the moving segments of lithosphere defined by the plate tectonic models of the earth. It would therefore seem logical to concentrate the search for new geothermal resources along the plate boundaries. The location of Egypt in the northeastern corner of African plate which bounded to the east by what has been interpreted as a median spread- ing center in the Red Sea (Mckenzie et al. 1970) reflects that this area is an important candidate for geothermal development. Recently, geophysical techniques have been applied intensively in geothermal studies especially in area around Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. These studies show that the most important geothermal resources in Egypt are located on the eastern and western sides of Gulf of Suez, and the hottest one is Hammam Faraun hot spring (Fig. 1). The aim of this study is to construct conceptual model of the hydrothermal system in Hammam Faraun area depending on geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. The features of the conceptual model were reproduced by numerical modeling in order to match the subsurface temperatures and heat flow data in this area. The Red Sea and Gulf of Suez occupy part of a large rift valley in the continental crust which was initiated during the late Oligocene to early Miocene by the NE – SW separation of the African and Arabian plates (Patton et al. 1994). This break in the crust is part of a complex rift system that includes the East African Rift System (Said 1962). During this rifting, many faulted tilted blocks were formed, and Hammam Faraun area is one of the main fault the sources and origin of the thermal water. Furthermore, blocks in the central west of Sinai Peninsula. The 2D geoelectrical cross section passing through the hot geological map of Hammam Faraun fault block (Fig. 2) spring made by El-Qady et al. (2000) gave information shows that this fault block has a half-graben geometry about the subsurface geological setting below the hot dipping moderately to the east, and it is up to 25 km wide spring. The purpose of mathematical modeling is to and 40 km long which bounded to the east and west by develop a computer model that reflects essential features Thal and Hammam Faraun normal fault zones, respectively. of the phenomenon considered or represents a real system. So, the major geological structure feature of this area is a A computer model HYDROTHERM version 2.2, 3D finite well-defined fault block oriented NW – SE, which is tilted difference model, is used to simulate groundwater flow and strongly eastward on its western side. The shallow heat transport in porous medium below Hammam Faraun geological succession of Hammam Faraun consists of sand, hot spring. The governing equations are expression of mass conglomerate, sandy limestone, lagoonal gypsum lime- and energy conservation that are posed in terms of pressure stone, and chalk with flinty limestone. and enthalpy. The mass conservation equation is defined as: the sources and origin of the thermal water. Furthermore, 2D geoelectrical cross section passing through the hot spring made by El-Qady et al. (2000) gave information about the subsurface geological setting below the hot spring. The purpose of mathematical modeling is to develop a computer model that reflects essential features of the phenomenon considered or represents a real system. A computer model HYDROTHERM version 2.2, 3D finite difference model, is used to simulate groundwater flow and heat transport in porous medium below Hammam Faraun hot spring. The governing equations are expression of mass and energy conservation that are posed in terms of pressure and enthalpy. The mass conservation equation is defined as: Heat in earth's crust represents the greatest potential contribution to the world's energy base. Hence, the target of this study is to draw up the whole picture about the subsurface temperature distribution and heat flow below Hammam Faraun hot spring in order to approach the optimum usage of this hot spring. This was performed based on the obtained geochemical and geophysical data to demonstrate the origin of the thermal water as well as the geological structure setting in the study area. Reprocessing of the geochemical data collected and analyzed by Sturchio et al. (1996) was made to extract more information ...