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The Guelph Formation, historically known as the Brown Niagaran, is a Silurian age formation in the Michigan Basin containing hundreds of pinnacle reefs. These reefs, discovered primarily during the 1970s, have produced nearly half a billion barrels of primary oil. Over 700 reefs make up the northern trend and more than 300 reefs have been located i...
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... Historically, the oil industry subdivides the Niagara Group into Brown, Gray, and White Niagara based on color, texture, and wireline log signature [2,3]. The reef facies are referred to as the Brown Niagara, the equivalent to the Guelph Dolomite [1,4]. The underlying Gray and White Niagara are the subsurface equivalent of the Lockport Dolomite. ...
The Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) is implementing a commercial-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) project in multiple Silurian carbonate pinnacle reefs in northern Michigan that are in various phases of enhanced oil recovery. This paper presents analyses of five pressure fall-off tests performed sequentially during the injection of 166,000 tonnes of CO2 into a Type-1 (depleted) reef which has undergone primary and secondary production. Bottom-hole pressures were monitored in the injection well and in two observation wells to record progressively increasing reservoir pressure during the injection period, which also included five fall-off tests. Pressure data were analyzed using combined history-matching and pressure derivative matching techniques implemented with a commercial well-test interpretation program, FAST WellTest™. The paper illustrates the challenges of consistently interpreting CO2 injection fall-off tests under multi-phase flow with varying pressure conditions using a single-phase analytical model. This work is relevant to CO2 sequestration in depleted oil reservoirs because regular fall-off testing is required under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program for CO2 geologic sequestration (75 FR 77230).
... The reefs developed in the upper portion of the Niagara Group (Fig. 2). The reef facies are referred to as the Brown Niagara, the subsurface equivalent to the Guelph Dolomite [7,8]. The underlying Gray Niagara and White Niagara are the subsurface equivalent of the Lockport Dolomite. ...
The Northern Pinnacle Reef Trend presents a regionally significant potential carbon dioxide utilization and storage resource. Two static earth models of a pinnacle reef were developed to evaluate the effect of increasing geologic detail on the reservoir model accuracy. The relatively simple lithostratigraphic model defines the geology on the basis of lithostratigraphy. An alternative conceptualization is based on sequence-stratigraphic constrained lithofacies and requires greater effort and geologic insight. The sequence-stratigraphic approach allows a closer approximation to porosity and permeability distributions observed in cored reefs and this approach will allow more realistic flow unit definition in these complex reefs.
Wellbore integrity is a fundamental aspect of site characterization and selection for storage in areas with existing or abandoned oil and gas wells. The condition of well cement, installed casing strings, and plugs determine if a well can sustain optimal hydrostatic pressures and prevent fluid migration. This is a necessary but underappreciated aspect of assessing potential storage sites when optimal and sustainable pressure conditions are critical for success. To apply the systematic wellbore integrity evaluation to realistic CO2 storage conditions, seven fields in the Michigan Basin were selected which were actively being used for CO2 injection for enhanced oil recovery. Data on wellbore construction were collected for wells on and surrounding the reefs and were evaluated to determine the overall condition of boreholes in the study area using EPA guidelines and industry standards. Available cement bond logs were also reviewed to assess the quantity and quality of cement in the wells. The majority of the wells in the study area were shallow and did not penetrate the confining layers, thus, posing little to no risk. Most of the deep wells demonstrated sufficient plugs and cement quality that meet the desired standards. Some wells have missing or incomplete records and inadequate cement and/or plugs making them candidates for further evaluation, should large-scale CO2 storage be considered in the area. The results of the study show that readily available well records and cement bond logs can be used to efficiently evaluate and characterize CO2 storage study sites for overall wellbore integrity. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
