1 Location of the Lagrange points of the Sun-Earth system (not to scale), also showing the lines of equal potential of the combined Sun-Earth gravitational field.

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... energetic particles include heavy iron nuclei. A Solar Wind Composition Experiment (SWCE) was successfully deployed on the Moon surface on Apollo missions 11 (see Figure 1.2), 12, 14, 15, and 16. This experiment was proposed and designed by a team of the University of Bern led by Johannes Geiss. ...

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... overall structure of our space environment is depicted in Figure 1.3. ...

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... developed for use by the military, such systems were later released for public use, initially in the form of the Global Positioning System (GPS) provided by the United States. The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) and the Chinese BeiDou systems are also operational today, soon to be supplemented by the European GALILEO system (see Figure 1.4). ...

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... ESA, P. Carril. Figure 1.5 Titan and Rhea, two satellites of planet Saturn, seen from the Cassini spacecraft, at a distance of about one light-hour from Earth. An Introduction and exploration, using to our advantage the unique properties of the space environment. ...

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... significant added benefit of access to the space environment is the ability to observe and study in detail components of the Solar System (planets, satellites, asteroids, comets, etc.) in-situ, by placing space probes and instruments in the vicinity of these objects, or directly on their surface (landers or rovers). Figure 1.5 shows just one example of the huge advantage of being "on the spot", with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Cassini spacecraft that very successfully provided and still provides detailed knowledge about planet Saturn, its rings and its numerous satellites, with their extraordinary variety of surface types and compositions. Another remarkable achievement, in this respect, was the soft landing on Titan (the largest satellite of Saturn) of the ESA spacecraft Huygens in January 2005, launched jointly with Cassini more than seven years earlier. ...

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... is the case for weather forecasting, the additional use of a large number of super-computers helps to assess solar and interplanetary space weather conditions before perturbations hit the Earth. 13 The number of satellites involved is very large (several tens) and these cannot be placed under the responsibility of a single organization (see Figure 3.13). ...

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... rhythm of this sawtooth pattern repeats every 100,000 years, the cycle of Earth's orbit eccentricity is the same. It is then obvious that both are linked and synchronized (see Figure 3.14). ...

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... our Solar System, the habitable zone ranges from 0.725 to 3.0 astronomical units. With a distance from the Sun of one astronomical unit -about 150 million kilometers -Earth is right in the middle of this zone (see Figure 3.18). ...

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... this maximum, orbital forcing has slowly been decreasing. As can be noted in temperature records, these effects were highest 6,000 to 9,000 years before present time and have decreased since then to a minimum during the most recent pre-industrial time (see Figure 3.19). Temperature Anomaly (°C) ...