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la mise en oeuvre de la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau:méthodes et outils
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... In order to understand the sustainability of regional water resources utilization, it is indispensable to consider the metabolism process of physical and virtual water simultaneously. Realizing the integrated metabolism of physical and virtual water is crucial for human-environmental systems, the innovative framework of water resources metabolism processes including water input, water consumption, wastewater treatment, and water output was set up based on these research results ( Figure 2) (Meng et al. 2020;Omid et al. 2022), which can supply direct references for the indicator system construction of WME. ...
... The rationality and validity of the indicator system are the premise for obtaining reasonable and reliable evaluation results. In order to ensure the scientific and feasibility of the indicator system, based on the design of the water resources metabolism process ( Figure 2) and referring to other scholar's research (Huang et al. 2016;Meng et al. 2020;Ruan & He 2022), this paper used the importance Martyrial Flow Analysis (MFA) to extract main evaluation indicators of the WME (Ohnishi et al. 2017). The MFA method can trace the process and pattern of water resources extraction, utilization, and consumption, especially following the flow and distribution of virtual water resources (Gautam et al. 2014). ...
Scientific evaluation of water resources metabolism efficiency (WME) has essential theoretical and practical value for regional water resources security and sustainable utilization. Based on the framework of the water resources metabolism process and construction of the indicator system of WME, the spatiotemporal variations of WME were analyzed using the weighted summation method in the Eastern, Central, and Western regions of China during the period from 1990 to 2020 with heterogeneous resource endowments. The exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and spatial Durbin model were applied to analyze the spatial autocorrelation patterns and reveal spillovers of the WME. The results show that (1) The WME increased at different speeds in the Eastern, Central, and Western regions from 1990 to 2020 with heterogeneous resource endowment, and the spatial variation of WME in the Eastern and Central regions was significantly higher than in the Western regions. (2) The WME had significant spatial autocorrelation except in 2015, indicating obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics and spatial heterogeneity simultaneously. (3) The spatial spillover effects analysis indicated that the waste virtual recycling use ratio, the ratio of output virtual water and input virtual water, and industrial water ratio were the primary factors influencing WME.
... The second is calculation. Some scholars have used water footprint (Cao et al. 2021;Sun et al. 2014), the direction distance function model (Zou and Cong 2021), the material flow analysis method (Meng et al. 2020), and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) , which Yang et al. (2019) combine with the Systems Dynamics (SD) model, and a qualitative and quantitative assessment of water resources efficiency is carried out. In addition, the AHP and entropy weight method (EWM) are also utilized to calculate the weights for each metric of water resource usage effectiveness and economic development level . ...
Effectively utilizing water resources, which is a fundamental natural resource and a vital economic resource, directly impacts how a country’s economy develops. In this study, the Super-SBM model is used to calculate the city water resource green efficiency (CWRGE) of the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB), 108 cities that are prefecture level or higher, from 2006 to 2021. And its temporal and spatial evolution as well as its affecting variables are examined. The results indicate that, as a whole, the YREB’s CWRGE has not yet achieved an effective level. The CWRGE in the YREB generally exhibits a trend of “first decreasing and then increasing, then decreasing and then increasing” and shows a “W”-shaped evolution law, and the overall trend is upward. There are just seven cities with effective data envelopment analysis (DEA), namely Changzhou, Hangzhou, Shanghai, Xuzhou, Changde, Changsha, and Yuxi. During the reporting period, the CWRGE of cities of various scales showed significant gaps: mega cities > big cities > small and medium-sized cities. From a regional perspective, the highest rate of CWRGE was found downstream of the YREB cities, then upstream, and the middle was the lowest. Spatial correlation findings demonstrated that both the agglomeration range and the outlier range were distributed, and there were mainly two positive aggregations of space forms (“high-high (H-H) type” and “low-low (L-L) type”), and the spatial distribution changed. The results of the spatiotemporal evolution demonstrate that there are more and more cities with high efficiency, as well as cities with low efficiency. From the results of the Tobit regression model, the CWRGE in the YREB are significantly improved by the economical development level, industrial scale, and water usage structure. While foreign direct investment and environmental regulation have considerable detrimental impacts, the impact of scientific and technological investment is not significant.
... The city is entirely located within the Haihe River Basin. Due to its important geographical location, the water quality in Tianjin has a large impact on the aquatic environment and ecological functions of the Haihe River Basin, as well as the inshore region of the Bohai Sea [34][35][36]. Some of the main rivers in the Tianjin area have been severely polluted and the water quality has deteriorated [37,38]. ...
As the second largest city in northern China, Tianjin has a unique geographical and social status. Following its rapid economic development, Tianjin is experiencing high levels of surface water pollution. The land use/land cover (LULC) pattern has a considerable impact on hydrological cycling and pollutant transmission, and thus on regional water quality. A full understanding of the water quality response to the LULC pattern is critical for water resource management and improvement of the natural environment in Tianjin. In this study, surface water monitoring station data and LULC data from 2021 to 2022 were used to investigate the surface water quality in Tianjin. A cluster analysis was conducted to compare water quality among monitoring stations, a factor analysis was conducted to identify potential pollution sources, and an entropy weight calculation was used to analyze the impact of the land use pattern on water quality. The mean total nitrogen (TN) concentration exceeded the class Ⅴ water quality standard throughout the year, and the correlation coefficient of the relationship between dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH exceeded 0.5 throughout the year, with other water quality parameters showing seasonal changes. On the basis of their good water quality, the water quality monitoring stations near large water source areas were distinguished from those near areas with other LULC patterns via the cluster analysis. The factor analysis results indicated that the surface water in Tianjin suffered from nutrient and organic pollution, with high loadings of ammonia nitrogen (NH3N), TN, and total phosphorus (TP). Water pollution was more serious in areas near built-up land, especially in the central urban area. The entropy weight calculation results revealed that water, built-up land, and cultivated/built-up land had the greatest impact on NH3N, while cultivated land had the greatest impact on electrical conductivity (EC). This study discusses the seasonal changes of surface water and impact of land use/land cover pattern on water quality at a macro scale, and highlighted the need to improve surface water quality in Tianjin. The results provide guidance for the sustainable utilization and management of local water resources.
... To date, most of the global and international studies on water use by residents of different urban areas have focused on qualitative descriptions of survey data and simple generalizations using models (Chi et al. 2006(Chi et al. , 2019, with fewer quantitative methods used to describe the differences in water use between residents of formerly urban and formerly suburban areas due to urbanization (Bao & He 2017;Meng et al. 2020). However, as cities continue to expand, the dramatic changes in housing prices and living environments in urban areas have led to a large influx of residents from former main urban areas to suburban areas (Che et al. 2015;Lu et al. 2018), resulting in a change in the structure of urban residents, with the number of suburban residents gradually increasing in proportion to urban residents, thus affecting water use differences (Li et al. 2012;Shi et al. 2015). ...
Water-saving scientifically proved measures are crucial to reduce the use of decreasing fresh water resources. In this study, we investigate the current situation of residents’ domestic water use, analyze the current situation of residents' water-saving measures, the current situation of residents' water-saving consciousness and its influencing factors. We performed a questionnaire survey and data obtained by relevant water supply departments, this paper used SPSS 19.0 and Excel 2020 software to conduct statistical analysis of survey data. Our results show that: (1) overall, the water consumption of urban residents in the central plains suburb is 18% higher than that of the original urban residents. (2) Among the residential water structures, washing, washing clothes and flushing toilets are the most frequent tasks, accounting for 87.3% of the total water consumption. (3) The implementation of water-saving measures by the original urban residents is better than that of the original suburban residents. (4) It is necessary to increase effective water-saving facilities and measures for urban water use. HIGHLIGHTS
The water consumption of urban residents in the central plains suburb is 18% higher than that of the original urban residents.;
Among the residential water structures, washing, washing clothes and flushing toilets are the most frequent tasks, accounting for 87.3% of the total water consumption.;
The implementation of water-saving measures of the original urban residents is better than that of the original suburban residents.;
... Figure 10. The metabolic process of regional physical and virtual water [77]. ...
... With regard to water use, this means not only ensuring the domestic water demand of different interest groups (social equity) and the normal operation of economic production (economic efficiency) but also Figure 10. The metabolic process of regional physical and virtual water [77]. ...
Virtual water and water footprint have received increasing attention. However, no published research has conducted a quantitative and objective review of this field from the perspective of bibliometrics. Therefore, based on the Web of Science Core Collection, this study employs CiteSpace to quantitatively analyze and visualize information about countries, institutions, and authors that have conducted virtual water and water footprint research over the past two decades. As of July 2020, there were 1592 publications on virtual water and water footprint, showing an increasing trend overall. The annual average number of publications was only 7.4 in 1998-2008, while it was 126.5 in 2009-2019. Among them, up to 618 publications in the field of environmental science, accounting for 46%. China was the most productive country with a total of 344 articles, but the Netherlands had the strongest influence with a betweenness centrality of 0.33, indicating its leading position. It is essential to strengthen cooperation between developed (water-rich) and developing (water-poor) countries and to incorporate virtual water into social water cycle research. This study is expected to provide a new perspective for investigating the research frontiers and hot spots of virtual water and water footprint research.
Tracking unseen water in products (Embedded Virtual Water) has generated great interest in the scientific community. This water transfers between geographies via suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers and customers in multiple phases. However, the Virtual Water Trading System lacks proper accounting standards, established protocols and processes in the context of product manufacturing. Therefore, there is a need to establish a technology platform to handle the complex virtual water international trade. Such a platform should uphold transparency and create ‘water consciousness’ and awareness among companies and consumers. The concept of a virtual water currency and blockchain technology platform together can manage these processes. Blockchain helps in setting up secure, verifiable, scalable and traceable systems. Blockchain manages the audit and contract management processes with ease. Virtual water currency is critical to advocate sustainability. The objective of this paper is to establish the key linkages between virtual water and usage of blockchain. A systematic literature survey was conducted on 16 journal repositories (153 journal papers) of IWA Publishing to establish virtual water linkages and five journal databases (IEEE Xplore, Sciencedirect, ACM Digital Library, Springer Link and Wiley Online Library covering 5026 journal papers) for blockchain and water management linkages. This study proposes to introduce virtual water currency and set up an International Virtual Water Trading System using blockchain. The proposed platform seamlessly integrates the quality, cost and sustainability of industrial products and their sub-components.
With the change of environment and the rapid development of economy, the problems of low effective utilization rate and uneven spatial distribution of agricultural irrigation water in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) are becoming increasingly prominent. This paper takes precipitation as an environmental exogenous variable into the measurement of water resource utilization efficiency. Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) window model is applied to evaluate the agricultural water resource utilization efficiency（AWUE） of the YREB from 2010 to 2019 while Social Network Analysis(SNA) method is used to explore characteristics of the spatial network correlation. The conclusions are as follows: (1) In terms of AWUE, it showed a fluctuating development trend of first rising and then falling, rising with time under the change of precipitation during 2010–2019. However, it did not achieve the effectiveness of DEA in general, and AWUE still had the potential and room for improvement. (2) From the perspective of spatial network structure, the overall network density of spatial correlation of agricultural water resource utilization efficiency showed an evolutionary trend of first increasing then decreasing. The agricultural water resource utilization efficiency among provinces and cities had significant but relatively loose spatial correlation, but the spatial relationship was relatively loose. Based on the research results, this paper puts forward relevant policy suggestions from the aspects of promoting agricultural water-saving technology innovation, giving full play to the role of macro-control and market mechanism, and strengthening the connection among the upstream, middle and downstream regions of the YREB, so as to promote the improvement of AWUE and coordinated development of the YREB.
