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Location of the 20 strong ground motion stations utilized in the simulations are indicated by triangles. Epicenter of the mainshock is denoted with star on the projection of the fault plane
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The 23 October 2011 Van (Mw 7.1) earthquake that occurred in Eastern Turkey resulted in heavy damage particularly in the city of Van and town of Ercis. This paper presents ground motion simulations of Van earthquake by using stochastic finite fault method (EXSIM, Motazedian and Atkinson in Bull Seismol Soc Am 95:995–1010, 2005; Boore in Bull Seismo...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... of twenty recording stations, only nine stations are located within epicentral distances less than 120 km. Figure 2 shows the location of the recording stations, as well as the projection of fault plane and epicenter of the mainshock. Raw recordings are bandpass filtered in the frequency range of 0.10-25 Hz with a fourth-order Butterworth filter after baseline correction. ...
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Citations
... In this study, suites of actual records compatible with the seismic properties of the Van event were selected to conduct the analytical investigations. Using an amplitude-scaling procedure (Tönük et al. 2014), these records were scaled to match the target acceleration spectrum (NEHRP 2003), which was constructed using the estimated spectral values found (Zengin and Cakti, 2014) in Zengin and Cakti (2014). After a careful search, a set of seven pairs of hazard-compatible strong ground motions was selected. ...
... In this study, suites of actual records compatible with the seismic properties of the Van event were selected to conduct the analytical investigations. Using an amplitude-scaling procedure (Tönük et al. 2014), these records were scaled to match the target acceleration spectrum (NEHRP 2003), which was constructed using the estimated spectral values found (Zengin and Cakti, 2014) in Zengin and Cakti (2014). After a careful search, a set of seven pairs of hazard-compatible strong ground motions was selected. ...
The extent of earthquake damage depends solely on the seismicity, site conditions and vulnerability of the building stock in a region. Hence, studies to assess the seismic behavior of building stocks with similar vulnerabilities are important to mitigate seismic risk in earthquake-prone regions. This study aims to simulate the seismic behavior of selected reinforced concrete (RC) school buildings by modelling damage accumulation under multiple earthquakes sequence. The observed data of two RC school buildings heavily damaged after the 2011 Van earthquake sequence in Turkey, namely, the Gedikbulak and Alaköy schools is used. Among these two school buildings, the Gedikbulak school building collapsed immediately after the main excitation, while the Alaköy school building withstood several seismic sequences, suffering heavy damages. In this study, three-dimensional numerical models that can consider the deterioration effects are developed and the capacities of the buildings were evaluated by conducting a force-based adaptive pushover procedure. Additionally, non-linear dynamic analyses were conducted using the concrete plastic damage model. Both degrading and conventional material models were used to examine the structural response under multiple ground motion sequences. The hysteretic behaviors of the studied buildings are presented. Consequently, analytical results are well correlated with the reconnaissance studies and neither of the considered structures are found to satisfy the design performance level.
... (1) obtaining high-frequency scaling parameters by using the integral of the squared acceleration spectrum instead of the velocity spectrum, (2) removing the truncation of the subfault time histories, and (3) defining the source time of the subfault motions as the inverse of the corner frequency. EXSIM, currently, has been commonly adopted to estimate near-fault high-frequency earthquake ground motions (Ameri et al. 2011;Chopra and Kumar 2012;Zengin and Cakti 2014;Cheloni and Akinci 2020;Wang et al. 2022;Dang et al. 2022a). For stochastic finitefault modeling, reasonable model parameters should be determined to obtain satisfactory simulation results. ...
On September 5, 2022 (local time), a magnitude 6.6 earthquake was reported to have occurred in Luding County, Sichuan Province, Southwest China. In this simulation, a widely used stochastic finite-fault model was used to analyze how the source models affect the near-fault earthquake ground motion simulations of the 2022 Mw 6.6 Luding earthquake in China. Seven different slip models, one of them obtained from common fault parameters and random distributed slip amount, were used to yield the best match with the recordings. The simulated earthquake ground motions calculated in the frequency band of 0.05–20 Hz were compared with the observed values in both the time and frequency domains. Twelve acceleration observation stations located near the fault plane were selected in our simulation for comparison. The average H/V curves were estimated using the available acceleration records to consider the local site effect at each selected station. The research results indicate that none of the source models adopted in this study fully estimate the observed values at all the selected ground-motion stations. The simulated values of some slip models underestimate the level of the Fourier amplitude spectrum at frequencies above 6 Hz. The underestimation may be attributed to the directivity effect, which may produce a higher amplitude of observed ground motion in the high-frequency band. All the slip models show similar average model deviations except for the random slip model. Finally, the peak ground accelerations and peak ground velocities were predicted at these selected near-fault observation stations. The results indicate that the peak accelerations and velocities obtained from seven slip models correlate well with each other, but are slightly lower than the recorded values at most stations. In addition, the synthetized results calculated from the random and inverted slip models can be the same level only if a greater stress drop is adopted in the random model.
... The dataset of simulated ground motions used in this study consists of 7358 time-series from simulations performed in different regions in Turkey, including Istanbul, Duzce, Van, Afyon, and Erzincan. Among these regions, Duzce, Van, Afyon and Erzincan simulation parameters are validated against previous events [14,[30][31][32] while for Istanbul, the parameters for the hypothetical scenarios are validated against ground motion models [33]. For all regions, three distinct soil types characterised by mean Vs30 values of 255, 310, and 520 m/s were considered in the simulations. ...
... Model biases were calculated by taking the average spectral ratios of the observed (A i (f) obs ) and simulated (A i (f) sim ) pseudo spectral acceleration (PSA) at all stations. The model bias in the frequency domain defined by Castro et al. (2008) and Zengin and Eser (2014) can be expressed as follows: ...
A 6.0‐magnitude (Mw) earthquake was reported to have occurred in Jiashi County, Xinjiang at 21:27 on 19 January 2020, Beijing time (13:27 UTC). This study applied a stochastic finite‐fault approach based on the dynamic corner frequency (EXSIM) to simulate 23 near‐field stations within a distance of 120 km from the epicenter. The stochastic finite‐fault approach is the simplest and most effective method for simulating high‐frequency ground motions. According to studies and empirical relationships, we estimated a region‐specific parameter (κ0) for use in simulations. In this study, two different slip models, namely, random and inverted slip models, were used to explain their influence on the simulation results. For most stations, the simulated seismic characteristics, such as the peak ground acceleration (PGA), pseudo spectral acceleration ,and Fourier acceleration spectrum, are highly compatible with the observed values in the frequency range (f > 1 Hz), indicating that the stochastic finite‐fault approach is not highly sensitive to input slip distributions and fault dimensions. The simulation results indicated no significance between the two slip models under high‐frequency conditions. Finally, based on the predicted PGA values of 1891 field points selected near the fault, the acceleration field of the Jiashi earthquake is plotted. The results show that the use of the acceleration time history predicted by modified EXSIM is feasible and practical in the high‐frequency band above 1 Hz.
... Due to lack of detailed studies on attenuation model and the absence of strong motion recordings in Syria, other parameters were assigned based on previous published works: i) The pulsing area percentage is assigned as 50% (Atkinson and Boore, 2006); ii) The sub source window is selected as Saragoni-Hart taper window for time-modulating Gaussian white noise (Saragoni and Hart 1974); iii) The epsilon (ε) and eta (η) values of the tapered window are fixed as 0.35 and 0.15, respectively; and iv) The shear wave velocity (β) and density have been estimated according to the regional velocity model to be 3.7 km/s and 2.8 g/cm 3 , respectively (El-Isa et al., 1987;Mechie et al., 2005). For the distance-dependent attenuation, we applied a geometric spreading operator of 1/R, in which R is the distance from the seismic source (Zengin and Çaktı, 2014). The anelastic attenuation, described through a frequency-dependent quality factor Q(f )= Q 0 f α , is taken from the works of Mitchell et al., 1997;Steck et al., 2009;Bao et al., 2011;Mohamad et al., 2012. ...
El terremoto de 1822 fue devastador y se considera uno de los eventos relativamente recientes que azotaron el noroeste de Siria y las áreas cercanas del centro-sur de Turquía, es decir, en la unión del sistema de fallas del Mar Muerto con el sistema de fallas del este de Anatolia. En este trabajo, se vuelve a estudiar este terremoto, con base en nuevas fuentes de información originales contemporáneas y casi contemporáneas, que no habían sido citadas anteriormente.
El análisis de estas fuentes revela lo siguiente:
(1) se proporcionan descripciones más detalladas de los efectos del terremoto para las ciudades de Aleppo, Antakia y Latakia, y la identificación de seis nuevas ubicaciones afectadas; (2) evaluación de los parámetros pertinentes del terremoto, como el epicentro, la onda de superficie, las magnitudes de momento y la intensidad sísmica; (3) se muestra documentación de evidencias de una ola marina sísmica que ocurrió entre las costas chipriota y Siria, e (4) identificación de la falla de San Simeón, ubicada al oeste de Aleppo, como la probable falla causante. Además, el movimiento del suelo generado por el terremoto de 1822 ha sido simulado utilizando el método de estocástica extendida. Se generaron series temporales de aceleración y espectros de pseudoaceleración amortiguados para la ciudadela de Aleppo, donde la aceleración máxima del suelo, debido al terremoto, se estimó en 0.4 g.
Los resultados contribuirán a actualizar la configuración de riesgo sísmico en el noroeste de Siria y el centro-sur de Turquía.
doi: ttps://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2022.61.3.2198
... By analyzing the generation mechanism of κ, it is found that κ 0 has strong regional differences and is almost independent of focal depth and magnitude but is determined by the site and regional crustal structure (Rovelli et al., 1988). Therefore, the κ 0 parameter value in our simulation is obtained by the relationship between κ and epicentral distance as (Askan et al., 2014;Kumar et al., 2018;Lai et al., 2016;Mittal et al., 2020;Sun et al., 2013;Zengin & Cakti, 2014): ...
A stochastic finite‐fault approach based on corner frequency (EXSIM) is applied to simulate the Tottori Mw 6.2 earthquake. The parameter κ0 is calculated based on ground motion recordings. Other parameters, such as quality factor (127f0.61) and stress drop (27.97 bars) are taken from our earlier work. The slip distribution refers to the results of Kubo et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-017-0714-3). The geometric spreading function and ground motion duration are taken from Atkinson and Boore (1995, https://doi.org/10.1785/bssa0850010017). The simulated results match well with the observed values in a short period (T < 1 s). In addition, the effects of hanging wall (HW) and footwall (FW) on the simulated values are discussed. The results show that the simulated results of HW stations are more consistent with the observed values than those of FW stations. The differences between simulated Pseudo Spectral Acceleration (PSA) and observed PSA with epicentral distance and azimuth are also analyzed. The results show that the local site amplification and geometric location of stations influence the simulation results for soft soil sites. Overall, the simulated ground motions obtained by applying EXSIM approach matched well with the observed recordings which could be considered as the basis for earthquake‐resistant design during the post‐disaster recovery and could become a powerful tool for earthquake ground motion prediction.
... The method employed to extract shear wave is illustrated in Fig. 2. Here, we define the response spectra as the geometric average of the two horizontal components, namely EW and NS, of the ground motion. Zengin and Eser (2014) and Castro et al. (2008) defined the misfit function in frequency domain as follows: where n denotes the station number and A i (f) represents the acceleration spectra regarding the ith station for the synthetics and observations. ...
... Thus, it becomes difficult to match exactly the simulated PGAs and durations at the stations less than 50 km away from the fault with the observed PGAs and actual ground motion duration. This limitation was also encountered by Zengin and Eser (2014) while simulating the 2011 M w 7.1 Van Eastern Turkey earthquake. Finally, in the ground motion simulation, the adopted path duration was based on the empirical relationship proposed by Atkinson and Boore (1998) for eastern North America: T(R) = 0 for R < 10 km, T(R) = 0.16 × (R-10) for 10 km ≤ R < 70 km, T(R) = 9.6-0.03 ...
The Ya’an, Sichuan Mw 6.7 earthquake occurred on April 20, 2013. In this article, the stochastic finite-fault method (EXSIM) based on dynamic corner frequency, proposed by Motazedian and Atkinson (Bull Seismol Soc Am 95(3):995–1010, 2005), is validated to be an intelligible and productive approach for the generation of high-frequency strong ground motion. The validated model parameters were considered for the simulation at 31 selected stations, which are less than 200 km away from the fault. The input parameters included site condition, source term, and path term. The calibration of the input parameters, such as the stress drop, was achieved by using misfit functions between the observed PSA (pseudo-acceleration response spectra) and simulated PSA in the time domain. Some of the other parameters, such as distance-dependent duration, high-frequency attenuation parameter kappa, and local amplification functions, were calibrated by considering the observed recordings. In this study, we attempted to employ two different slip models for strong ground motion simulation, so that the influence on the simulation results can be revealed. Our results depicted that although the method cannot combine well, the directivity effects and the soil conditions are not adequately represented at individual stations, the synthetics satisfactorily match with the seismic characteristics regarding peak ground acceleration (PGA), response spectra, Fourier spectrum, and time history, for both the time and frequency range considered. The results also demonstrated that there is a slight difference between the simulation results of the two slip models. Finally, we compared the effects of different distance-dependent duration models for the simulated PGA. It illustrates that it is difficult to find a balance between the ground motion duration and PGA at stations with fault distance less than 20 km, which makes the duration and PGA to coincide well with the observed recordings.
... As mentioned previously, where there are no available recordings of the main shock, actual or simulated records compatible with the seismic properties of the event and region can be used. For the considered area, Zengin and Cakti (2014) conducted ground motion simulations for the October 23, 2011 Van earthquake. The proposed methodology by Zengin and Cakti (2014) relies on the stochastic approach which is agreed to be one of the most powerful methods for simulating the ground motions at frequencies in the range 0.5-20 Hz of engineering interest. ...
... For the considered area, Zengin and Cakti (2014) conducted ground motion simulations for the October 23, 2011 Van earthquake. The proposed methodology by Zengin and Cakti (2014) relies on the stochastic approach which is agreed to be one of the most powerful methods for simulating the ground motions at frequencies in the range 0.5-20 Hz of engineering interest. Furthermore, as highlighted in the same study, the stochastic finite fault method is a practical tool for understanding ground motion characteristics and distributions, particularly in nearfault regions. ...
... Furthermore, as highlighted in the same study, the stochastic finite fault method is a practical tool for understanding ground motion characteristics and distributions, particularly in nearfault regions. Zengin and Cakti (2014) obtained the spatial distributions of the simulated ground motions (PGA, PGV and SA) by using optimum model parameters in the study area for the October 23, 2011 Van earthquake. As illustrated in Fig. 3, they divided the region of interest into approximately 2500 grids with a size of 5 km 9 5 km covering an area of 37.8-39.5°N, ...
In this study, the seismic performances of two aseismically designed plan-irregular reinforced concrete frame (RCF) households damaged during the October 23, 2011 Van earthquake are assessed. Since no strong ground motion recordings from the main shock were available, first, strong ground motion parameters of the event are evaluated and then compatible with these parameters suits of real records are selected and scaled to match with the event’s simulated acceleration spectrum to be used in the analytical investigations. The results of previous reconnaissance studies, in which one of the present authors was involved, are then discussed. Capacities of the considered RCF’s are determined applying a 3D single-run adaptive pushover procedure that is capable of considering the effect of plan irregularities. The performance assessment procedure based on the current 2007 Turkish Earthquake Code is then applied to these investigated buildings. Additionally, nonlinear dynamic time history analyses are carried out using the previously selected time histories. The hysteretic behavior of the considered buildings is examined as the consequence of the conducted analyses and considering the different suits of selected ground motions, the seismic response of the buildings is evaluated in terms of interstorey drifts. None of the buildings are found to satisfy the expected performance level. Moreover, the numerical results are found to have good correlation with the field observation results.
... Similar validation studies were performed in Italy (Castro et al. 2001(Castro et al. , 2008Galluzzo et al. 2008;Ugurhan et al. 2012); Greece (Roumelioti et al. 2004); Iran (Motazedian and Moinfar 2006;Shoja-Taheri and Ghofrani 2007) and in India (Raghukanth and Somala 2009;Mittal and Kumar 2015). Stochastic method is also validated in several studies in Turkey for the 1998 Ceyhan (Yalcinkaya 2005), 1999 Düzce (Ugurhan and Askan 2010) and 1992 Erzincan (Askan et al. 2013), 2011 Van (Akinci and Antonioli 2013;Zengin and Cakti 2014) earthquakes. In this study, stochastic finite-fault simulation method with dynamic corner frequency as developed by Motazedian and Atkinson (2005) is utilized for Bursa region. ...
Ground motion intensity parameters of past and potential earthquakes are required for a range of purposes including earthquake insurance practice. In regions with no or sparse earthquake recordings, most of the available methods generate only peak ground motion parameters. For cases where full ground motion time histories are required, simulations that consider fault rupture processes become necessary. In this study, a major novel use of simulated ground motions is presented in insurance premium calculations which also require ground motion intensity measures that are not always available through observations. For this purpose, potential earthquakes in Bursa are simulated using stochastic finite-fault simulation method with dynamic corner frequency model. To ensure simulations with reliable synthetic ground motions, input parameters are derived from regional data. Regional model parameters are verified by comparisons against the observations as well as ground motion prediction equations. Next, a potential large magnitude event in Bursa is simulated. Distribution of peak ground motion parameters and time histories at selected locations are obtained. From these parameters, the corresponding Modified Mercalli Intensities (MMI) are estimated. Later, these MMIs are used as the main ground motion parameter in damage probability matrices (DPM). Return period of the scenario earthquake is obtained from the previous regional seismic hazard studies. Finally, insurance rates for Bursa region are determined with implementation of two new approaches in the literature. The probability of the scenario event and the expected mean damage ratios (MDR) from the corresponding DPMs are used, and the results are compared to Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) rates. Results show that insurance premiums can be effectively computed using simulated ground motions in the absence of real data.
... A web-based application interface of the PEER is also utilized to estimate response spectra on the basis of empirical models of Abrahamson and Silva (2008) (A&S), Boore and Table 4 Simulated and observed spectral accelerations at three stations calculated by Zengin and Caktı (2014), Muradiye station by Gallovic et al. (2013). GM stands for geometric mean of two horizontal components ...
The October 23 2011 Van Earthquake is studied from an earthquake engineering point of view. Strong ground motion processing was performed to investigate features of the earthquake source, forward directivity effects during the rupture process as well as local site effects. Strong motion characteristics were investigated in terms of peak ground motion and spectral acceleration values. Directiviy effects were discussed in detail via elastic response spectra and wide band spectograms to see the high frequency energy distributions. Source parameters and slip distribution results of the earthquake which had been proposed by different researchers were summarized. Influence of the source parameters on structural response were shown by comparing elastic response spectra of Muradiye synthetic records which were performed by broadband strong motion simulations of the earthquake. It has been emphasized that characteristics of the earthquake rupture dynamics and their effects on structural design might be investigated from a multidisciplinary point of view. Seismotectonic calculations (e.g., slip pattern, rupture velocity) may be extended relating different engineering parameters (e.g., interstorey drifts, spectral accelerations) across different disciplines while using code based seismic design approaches. Current state of the art building codes still far from fully reflecting earthquake source related parameters into design rules. Some of those deficiencies and recent efforts to overcome these problems were also mentioned. Next generation ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) may be incorporated with certain site categories for site effects. Likewise in the 2011 Van Earthquake, Reverse/Oblique earthquakes indicate that GMPEs need to be feasible to a wider range of magnitudes and distances in engineering practice. Due to the reverse faulting with large slip and dip angles, vertical displacements along with directivity and fault normal effects might significantly affect the engineering structures. Main reason of excessive damage in the town of Erciş can be attributed to these factors. Such effects should be considered in advance through the establishment of vertical design spectra and effects might be incorporated in the available GMPEs.
