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Background
The population of mosquitoes is mainly influenced by the biotic and abiotic factors. Although Aedes aegypti was reported until 1960’s in the Punjab, Pakistan, the population has increased dramatically since 2009 and caused severe epidemics in 2011 due to heavy floods and rains. Thus, this study was carried out to know the effect of bioti...
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Estudos que utilizam armadilhas para mensurar a proliferação do mosquito Aedes Aegypti auxiliam no controle das doenças causadas por eles.Armadilhas de oviposição acrescidas de grãos de arroz foram instaladas em 18 escolas na cidade de João Monlevade com o objetivo de verificar mensalmente o nível de infestação do vetor da dengue e os possíveis pon...
Citations
... ,34 The humid climate, rainfall, and global warming that increase mosquitoes' breeding are beyond our challenge.[35][36][37] Dengue puts a substantial economic burden on the health system regarding medical care, arbovirus surveillance, vector control measures, sustaining year-long ...
Dengue illness can range from mild illness to life‐threatening haemorrhage. It is an Aedes‐borne infectious disease caused by the dengue virus, which has four serotypes. Each serotype acts as an independent infectious agent. The antibodies against one serotype confer homotypic immunity but temporary protection against heterotypic infection. Dengue has become a growing health concern for up to one third of the world's population. Currently, there is no potent anti‐dengue medicine, and treatment for severe dengue relies on intravenous fluid management and pain medications. The burden of dengue dramatically increases despite advances in vector control measures. These factors underscore the need for a vaccine. Various dengue vaccine strategies have been demonstrated, that is, live attenuated vaccine, inactivated vaccine, DNA vaccine, subunit vaccine, and viral‐vector vaccines, some of which are at the stage of clinical testing. Unfortunately, the forefront candidate vaccine is less than satisfactory, and its performance depends on serostatus and age factors. The lessons from clinical studies depicted ambiguity concerning the efficacy of dengue vaccine. Our study highlighted that viral structural heterogeneity, epitope accessibility, autoimmune complications, genetic variants, genetic diversities, antigen competition, virulence variation, host‐pathogen specific interaction, antibody‐dependent enhancement, cross‐reactive immunity among Flaviviruses, and host‐susceptibility determinants not only influence infection outcomes but also hampered successful vaccine development. This review integrates dengue determinants allocated necessities and challenges, which would provide insight for universal dengue vaccine development.
... The containers not under shade harbour significantly more immature of Ae. albopictus compared to those under shade (Paul et al. 2018). Several factors including amount of rainfall, temperature, contribute significantly to affect the population of Aedes mosquitoes (Scott et al. 2000;Nasir et al. 2017). Ae. albopictus is a vector of dengue virus in human being (Banu et al. 2012;Islam et al. 2019) and therefore presence of Ae. albopictus in the study area demonstrate the prospects of the dengue fever in Bannu at least in the study area. ...
Mosquitoes are important vectors of several diseases including malaria in humans. Effective control on mosquito-borne diseases requires ecological studies on mosquitoes. The study was based on adult collections of mosquitoes from human dwellings, cattle sheds, bathrooms and animal baits, and on larval collections from breeding sites in the study village during October 1996-September 1997, to determine their seasonal variation in species composition and relative abundance of mosquitoes. Five genera of mosquitoes, including Anopheles (six), Culex (five), Aedes (two), Culiseta (one) and Mansonia (one) were found. Overall, Culex quinquefasciatus was 88%, while, remaining each species accounted for ≤ 3.1% of the total mosquito fauna collected. Anopheles species constituted 2.8% of the total mosquitoes collected with An. stephensi showed the highest 47.8%, while An. fluviatilis showed lowest (0.6%). Cattle sheds harboured 4.4 times more mosquitoes compared to those collected from the human dwellings. Abundance was lowest in February, through spring, and reached its peak in May, but decreased again in July. An. stephensi was found during May–October. Aedes caspius and Ae. albopictus were abundant in October. An. culicifacies was present in low numbers during May–November, Mansonia unifromis was collected only from animal bait. Most of the species (13 out of 15) were collected as adults, whereas Culiseta logiaerolata and Cx. vagans were collected only as immatures. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most abundant species found all over the year. While other species have specific seasonality. An. stephensi was found from May through October. Abundance of mosquitoes was lowest in late winter and reached its peak in early summer.
... These effects can be explained by the ecology of Aedes mosquitoes, which Table 5 Mixed-effects regression IRR values, the two boundaries of the 95% CI (IRR 2.5% and 97.5% CI) and the P value, for each predictor included in the final model of household female Aedes mosquito density for the dataset from Manta, Ecuador Estimation of model coefficients was conducted on a total of 176 households (53% of the full dataset). Average proportion of variance explained by random-effects factors, i.e. month and neighborhood, was 0.26 and 0.02, respectively a Predictors that are underlined have an IRR that is significantly different from 1 *Significant at a threshold α = 0.05 frequently use discarded containers filled with exposed and shady standing water as breeding sites, and use water bodies less frequently, especially those with flowing water and/or situated more than 25 m away from the household [46]. In a study in the USA, managed container habitats in higher wealth neighborhoods, such as those used for decorative plants, and vegetation around households with high abandonment were both associated with higher Aedes density [28]. ...
Background
The global impact of Zika virus in Latin America has drawn renewed attention to circulating mosquito-borne viruses in this region, such as dengue and chikungunya. Our objective was to assess socio-ecological factors associated with Aedes mosquito vector density as a measure of arbovirus transmission risk in three cities of potentially recent Zika virus introduction: Ibagué, Colombia; Manta, Ecuador; and Posadas, Argentina, in order to inform disease mitigation strategies.
Methods
We sampled Aedes mosquito populations in a total of 1086 households, using indoor and peridomestic mosquito collection methods, including light traps, resting traps, traps equipped with chemical attractant and aspirators. For each sampled household, we collected socio-economic data using structured questionnaires and data on microenvironmental conditions using iButton data loggers.
Results
A total of 3230 female Aedes mosquitoes were collected, of which 99.8% were Aedes aegypti and 0.2% were Aedes albopictus . Mean female Aedes mosquito density per household was 1.71 (standard deviation: 2.84). We used mixed-effects generalized linear Poisson regression analyses to identify predictors of Aedes density, using month, neighborhood and country as random-effects variables. Across study sites, the number of household occupants [incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.14], presence of entry points for mosquitoes into the household (IRR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.30–1.76) and presence of decorative vegetation (IRR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.22–1.88) were associated with higher Aedes density; while being in the highest wealth tertile of household wealth (IRR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66–0.92), knowledge of how arboviruses are transmitted (IRR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89–1.00) and regular emptying of water containers by occupants (IRR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67–0.92) were associated with lower Aedes density.
Conclusions
Our study addresses the complexities of arbovirus vectors of global significance at the interface between human and mosquito populations. Our results point to several predictors of Aedes mosquito vector density in countries with co-circulation of multiple Aedes -borne viruses, and point to modifiable risk factors that may be useful for disease prevention and control.
Graphical Abstract
... Latest studies from Pakistan confirmed the prevalence of serotypes 2, 3, and 4 in Punjab and serotype 2 and 3 in the Swat region of KPK with high morbidity and mortality [3,8] . The vectors for the above-stated viruses are transmitted by female Aedes mosquito belongs to (order Diptera and Culicidae family) named Aedes aegypti is commonly known as a yellow-fever mosquito (primary vector) and Aedes albopictus is known as Asian tiger mosquito (secondary vector) [9,10] . Dengue fever (DF) lies in three main phases: mild dengue fever, severe dengue-hemorrhagic fever, and fatal dengue shock syndrome. ...
Dengue is a vector-borne tropical disease caused by dengue virus (DENV) infection that affects more
than a hundred million human beings globally with a high mortality rate of 30000 per year. The study
was aimed to highlight the clinical, epidemiological, and diagnostic characteristics of dengue infection in
the recent outbreak. The role of various diagnostic tools was also determined to achieve the highest
accuracy level. A total of suspected dengue subjects, about 902 blood samples were collected along with
clinical and epidemiological information. These patients had visited saidu teaching hospitals during a
dengue outbreak in district Swat. The data was taken from July to November 2018. The Collected blood
samples were screened for dengue infection through Immunochromato graphic technique (ICT),
nonstructural protein-1 (NS1) antigen, IgG antigen, and IgM antibodies. About 305(33.81%) were found
positive for dengue infection IgG, IgM, or both IgG and IgM, NS1, NS1+IgM, NS1+IgG,
NS1+IgM+IgG. The dengue infection rate in males 207 (14.50%) was higher as compared to females 98
(5.46%). The rate of infection was found more in the age group of 16-30 years of age (38.68%). All
patients were suffering from severe fever (97%), Abdominal pain (40%), Vomiting (57%), Nose bleeding
(27%), Gum bleeding (51%), Abdominal pain (61%), Skin rash (10%). The prevalence of Dengue virus
infections shows a great rate of incidence in 2018 at district swat. Due to the lack of poor health system
and as well as lack of awareness in the individual. Our results show that males are more affected as
compared to females in the current outbreak.
... Latest studies from Pakistan confirmed the prevalence of serotypes 2, 3, and 4 in Punjab and serotype 2 and 3 in the Swat region of KPK with high morbidity and mortality [3,8] . The vectors for the above-stated viruses are transmitted by female Aedes mosquito belongs to (order Diptera and Culicidae family) named Aedes aegypti is commonly known as a yellow-fever mosquito (primary vector) and Aedes albopictus is known as Asian tiger mosquito (secondary vector) [9,10] . Dengue fever (DF) lies in three main phases: mild dengue fever, severe dengue-hemorrhagic fever, and fatal dengue shock syndrome. ...
... Walaupun terdapat beberapa faktor mempengaruhi kecenderungan nyamuk untuk memilih sesuatu bekas sebagai tempat pembiakan. Ini melibatkan kadar suhu persekitaran, cahaya, nilai pH, kekeruhan air, kepekatan sebatian kimia (ammonia, nitrit, nitrat, fosfat, sulfat, kalsium dan klorida) (Dom et al. 2018;Nasir et al. 2017;Ningsih et al. 2016;Wan Fatma & Aminoddin 2019). Perubahan ketara terhadap faktor tersebut menjadikan lokasi tersebut tidak lagi sesuai dan menjadikan nyamuk beralih ke kawasan yang lain. ...
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease, showing a significant impact on humans and increasing public health concern. However, existing vector control has failed to reduce dengue infections, indicating that the method may not be sufficient enough and need to be revised. Pyriproxyfen autodissemination is a novel strategy by manipulating mosquitoes to disperse pyriproxyfen into breeding containers. This technique solely depends on mosquitoes' skip oviposition behavior during their eggs laying. This study assessed the potential of Mosquito Home System (MHS) and Mosquito Home Aqua (MHAQ) as autodissemination station under semi and field settings. Besides, the impact against mosquito population was also been evaluated. The semifield trials were carried out inside a room following Peet Grady chamber concept, simulating as a high-rise apartment in Kuala Lumpur using large cages. It was demonstrated that wild Ae. aegypti strongly preferred to lay their eggs in the cryptic breeding sites (69.88%) against open sites (30.12%). There is no significant difference between pyriproxyfen and hay infusion,showing the abilities to attract mosquito into the station. The application of 20 and 40 ppm of pyriproxyfen showed pronounced residual effects up to 90 days compared to 0.5 and 1 ppm. In field simulations, two different sets of control and treatment were defined. A randomized control trial design was conducted by placing the autodissemination station (MHS) in treatment areas, and the mosquito populations were monitored. Study using 40 ppm concentration have shown a reduction number in the mosquito population and larvae mortalities in water samples collected from treatment and control sites. Besides, the activities of pyriproxyfen horizontal transfer in semifield, and field trials were accessed by using WHO larval bioassays. The result proves that the abilities of pyriproxyfen to be transferred to the new breeding containers in each site of studies. This study has proven the potential of MHS as an autodissemination to attract mosquitoes and subsequently transfering insecticides to other breeding sites. A large scale studies on MHS are warrant before it can be considered as alternatives in vector control programs.
... Serotypes 2 and 3 in the Swat region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) were reported with high morbidity and mortality [3,8]. The vectors for the above mentioned viruses are the female Aedes mosquitos belonging to the order Diptera and Culicidae family named Aedes aegypti, commonly known as the yellow-fever mosquito (primary vector), and Aedes albopictus, known as the Asian tiger mosquito (secondary vector) [9,10]. ...
Aim: To analyze and quantify the 2018 dengue outbreak which occurred in district Shangla, Pakistan. Materials & methods: 964 suspected dengue samples were collected and examined for clinical manifestation and laboratory markers. Results: In all, 375 suspected cases were confirmed with dengue virus infection using nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) antigen, immunoglobulin M (IgM) & Immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-bodies and real-time PCR whereas PCR was 92.2% sensitive. The most prevalent serotype was dengue virus 3 (60.26%). The male/female ratio was 1.84 and the most highly affected tehsil was Alpuri. The most affected age group was 16-40 years (70.4%). A significant number of cases were reported in September (48.54%). Conclusion: Recurrence of the dengue outbreaks in the study area could alarmingly increase the mortality rate, therefore, proper measures are essential to control dengue epidemics in the future. Dengue is a vector-borne viral infection which affects more than a hundred million human beings, with a mortality rate of 30,000 per year worldwide [1]. Dengue is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus that belongs to Flavivirus genus of Flaviviridae family [2,3]. There are four antigenically different serotypes of dengue virus (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4) [4,5]. Even serotype 5 (DENV-5) has been identified using neutralization techniques [6,7]. Latest studies from Pakistan confirmed the prevalence of serotype 2, 3 and 4 in Punjab. Serotypes 2 and 3 in the Swat region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) were reported with high morbidity and mortality [3,8]. The vectors for the above mentioned viruses are the female Aedes mosquitos belonging to the order Diptera and Culicidae family named Aedes aegypti, commonly known as the yellow-fever mosquito (primary vector), and Aedes albopictus, known as the Asian tiger mosquito (secondary vector) [9,10]. The dengue fever occurs in three main phases: mild dengue fever, severe (intense) dengue-hemorrhagic fever and fatal dengue shock syndrome. In Pakistan, the dengue fever has been endemic in the last few years, where highest morbidity and mortality were reported in the postmonsoon season. Various regions of the country have faced some deadly epidemics of dengue infection along with extensive human health problems and deaths. Since 2010, increased outbreaks in various regions have been reported. For the very first pandemic in Lahore in 2011, the largest outbreaks were reported with more than 360 deaths. Later, the second outbreak causing more than eight thousand morbidities and 57 deaths were reported in Swat in 2013. Recently, several huge outbreaks from KP reported about 24,938 cases along with 70 deaths [3,11,12]. Hence, the present study was aimed to examine the recent outbreak of 2018, which occurred in district Shangla of KP, Pakistan. Clinical manifestation and laboratory markers were also evaluated for dengue virus infection.
... Serotypes 2 and 3 in the Swat region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) were reported with high morbidity and mortality [3,8]. The vectors for the above mentioned viruses are the female Aedes mosquitos belonging to the order Diptera and Culicidae family named Aedes aegypti, commonly known as the yellow-fever mosquito (primary vector), and Aedes albopictus, known as the Asian tiger mosquito (secondary vector) [9,10]. ...
Aim: To analyze and quantify the 2018 dengue outbreak which occurred in district Shangla, Pakistan. Materials & methods: 964 suspected dengue samples were collected and examined for clinical manifestation and laboratory markers. Results: In all, 375 suspected cases were confirmed with dengue virus infection using nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) antigen, immunoglobulin M (IgM) & Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and real-time PCR whereas PCR was 92.2% sensitive. The most prevalent serotype was dengue virus 3 (60.26%). The male/female ratio was 1.84 and the most highly affected tehsil was Alpuri. The most affected age group was 16–40 years (70.4%). A significant number of cases were reported in September (48.54%). Conclusion: Recurrence of the dengue outbreaks in the study area could alarmingly increase the mortality rate, therefore, proper measures are essential to control dengue epidemics in the future.
... Ae. aegypti generally lays eggs on cleaner waters (Salamat et al., 2013) and prefers to thrive in artificial containers with stored water (Zettel and Kaufman, 2014). However, some populations can thrive in environmental waters such as septic tanks (Barrera et al., 2008), brackish waters (Ramasamy et al., 2011), natural water bodies (Nasir et al., 2017), and polluted water drains (Chandrasiri et al., 2019) that can be contaminated with PPCPs. There is a possibility of being exposed to PPCPs because three out of the four life stages strictly depend on aquatic environments. ...
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a class of emerging contaminants commonly detected in environmental waters worldwide. Although reports about their detection in aquatic environments are increasing, limited studies show their effects on holometabolous insects. In this study, acute and chronic exposure to naproxen (0.02, 41, 82, 164, 382, 656, and 1312 mg L⁻¹) and propylparaben (0.02, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 mg L⁻¹) were evaluated in Aedes aegypti L. Acute exposure to naproxen (≥0.02 mg L⁻¹) and propylparaben (≥0.02 mg L⁻¹) reduced egg eclosion. Propylparaben (≥250 mg L⁻¹) caused significant larval mortality but naproxen did not even at the highest experimental concentration used. LC50 for naproxen and propylparaben in larvae were 1100 mg L⁻¹ and 182.6 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Naproxen (≥0.02 mg L⁻¹) and propylparaben (≥0.02 mg L⁻¹) reduced pupation. Emergence was also reduced by naproxen (≥164 mg L⁻¹) and propylparaben (≥0.02 mg L⁻¹). The fecundity of females was significantly reduced due to chronic exposure to naproxen (≥0.02 mg L⁻¹). There was also a reduction in the fecundity of females due to chronic propylparaben exposure but it was statistically insignificant in the concentrations used. In the F1 generation eggs, only 100 mg L⁻¹ propylparaben reduced eclosion. Eclosion and larval survival were sensitive to acute exposure, particularly to propylparaben. The reduced pupation and emergence indicated a delay in the progression of the life cycle. Chronic exposure also indicated a reduction in fecundity. F1 eggs exhibited tolerance to the negative effect of subsequent exposure. Our findings suggest that propylparaben can affect Ae. aegypti more negatively than naproxen.
... For example, our regression models showed that the distribution range of Ae. albopictus was predicted by a combination of macro-and microhabitat variables such as muddy water quality ( r 2 =25.40) and developed medium intensity areas ( r 2 =22.44) ( Sallam et al. 2017b ). These findings were consistent with other researches, which found a link between Ae. albopictus population density and water quality (e.g., organic muddy, dark turbid) ( Higa et al. 2010, Nasir et al. 2017, developed medium intensity ( Comiskey et al. 1999 ), andpH ( Honório et al. 2006 ). ...
Discarded vehicle tires play an important role in the colonization of container mosquito populations, particularly their geographic expansion. We assessed the spatial distribution of illegally discarded tires in relation to land use-land cover (LULC), and demographic factors in New Orleans, LA, using geospatial analyses. Multiple stepwise regression models were used to evaluate the response of the percentage of water-holding tires infested with immature mosquitoes (Container Index or CI) to macro- and microhabitat variables. Out of 13 planning districts, illegally discarded tires were distributed over 11 districts with clustering distribution for tires frequency and overdispersed distribution for tires number. Out of 1,137 (~37.08%) water-holding tires, 598 (~52.64%) at 65 (~38.46%) sites contained larvae. Thirteen mosquito species were identified from tires. Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (44.19%) and Cx. quinquefasciatus Say (22.18%) were the two highest CIs compared with the rest of the species. Aedes albopictus colonized all 65 sample sites and Cx. quinquefasciatus at 32 sites. Container Indices were clustered in seven districts for Ae. albopictus and five planning districts for Cx. quinquefasciatus. Microhabitat (muddy water, pH, intact and large tires, and presence of other mosquito immatures) rather than macrohabitat variables (such as LULC, human population, and housing density) predicted both species presence in tires, especially Ae. albopictus.
