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Location of seed sources of Larix sibirica Ldb.
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The rehabilitation of degraded forests in Mongolia has had very low success and the total successfully reforested area represents only 5% of the total degraded forests. Such poor results may be partly attributed to the low quality of planting stock owing to the poor quality of seeds. The objective of this study was to determine the geographical var...
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Context 1
... of the Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ldb.) were collected from the natural stands of eight different geographical locations in Mongolia between 2003 and 2004 (Table I, Figure 1). Laboratory tests for seed quality were conducted according to the inter- national rules for seed testing (International Seed Testing Association, 1999) at the Division of Forest Genetics and Forest Seed Research Center of Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI). ...
Context 2
... (Mongon), 5 (Binder), 6 (Huvsgul) and 8 (Turag), originating from the Trans-Baikal forest-vegetation zone, which is milder than Khangai mountain forest-vegetation zone with lower elevation, high temperature sum and longer growing season. The geographical distribution and climatic characteristics of the studied seed sources are shown in Figure 1 and Table I. Germination emergence and seedling emergence accounted for most of the variation in the seed viability among L. sibirica seed sources. ...
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A particularly important determining factor for the installation and development of seedlings during the early years is their ability to withstand deviations from the normal regime of the climatic elements. Beech seedlings have poor resistance to extreme climate changes. The development of seedlings during the first years can be strongly affected b...
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... The timing of a fire in relation to the mast cycle could be a driver of long-term patterns of regeneration, particularly, if there is a mismatch between seed availability and the ephemerally more conducive conditions in the postfire landscape. Seed viability is another factor that could influence propagule availability in the postfire landscape (Batkhuu et al., 2010;Moles & Westoby, 2004). In Larix gmelinii, a closely related larch species, seeds with an underdeveloped embryo (<40 of the embryonic channels filled) had much lower germination and were more commonly found in northern populations F I G U R E 5 The importance of safe sites in Larix cajanderi seedling establishment in the Siberian Arctic. ...
Abstract Larix cajanderi forests, which occupy vast regions of Siberia, grow atop and protect carbon‐rich permafrost. Regeneration of these forests has important implications for long‐term feedbacks into the climate system and their regeneration is strongest following stand‐replacing fires. The goal of this project was to assess sources of regeneration limitation in L. cajanderi forests in northeastern Siberia. We focused on (1) regeneration potential of stands varying in tree density and (2) analyzing seedling establishment patterns in relationship to microsite conditions (safe sites) in the landscape. Seed sources were assessed through cone counts and stand surveys in the summers of 2017 and 2018 in 17 mature L. cajanderi stands. L. cajanderi recruitment patterns in relationship to safe site availability were assessed in 15 areas, spanning approximately 800 km2 along the northern portion of the Kolyma River (69.5477° N, 161.3641° E). Density of trees in a stand was negatively related to the number of cones that the average tree produced and stands of moderate density produced more cones per area than either high‐ or low‐density stands. L. cajanderi seedling establishment was facilitated by safe sites in the landscape. We discovered strong evidence that safe sites are considerably more important for seedling establishment in lowland sites than upland areas. The biological explanation for this pattern is presently unknown; however, we hypothesize this pattern is driven by persistently wet (marshy) soils in some lowland sites as a limiter of seedling establishment. Overall, these data suggest the potential for complex linkages between forest density, propagule availability, fire, safe sight colonization, and seedling establishment that may regulate long‐term dynamics in the understudied L. cajanderi forests of the Siberian Arctic.
... The stand structure, growth, and productivity of natural stands of Siberian larch and Scots pine have been investigated by several researchers in Mongolia (Chimednyam, 1979;Zandraabal, 1993;Jamsran, 1994;Batkhuu et al., 2010;Dulamsuren et al., 2010aDulamsuren et al., ,b, 2011Purevragchaa, 2013;Gradel et al., 2017), and a few studies on planted Scots pine trees (Zandraabal, 1993;Sukhbaatar, 2012;Ganbaatar et al., 2018;Sukhbaatar et al., 2018Sukhbaatar et al., , 2019Sukhbaatar et al., , 2020, but there is still a lack of information in Mongolia on the eff ects of thinning on tree growth, stand productivity and other characteristics. The objective of this research was to compare the eff ect of thinning on tree growth and stand characteristics in planted Scots pine forests. ...
We studied the eff ects of thinning on the tree growth and stand characteristics of pine plantations (Pinus sylvestris) in northern Mongolia. The study sites are located in the Tujiin Nars area, where 18-and 20-year-old plantations were thinned in 2016 and 2017, respectively. In each site, three plots in thinned and an unthinned (control) plot were established to examine changes in growth and stand characteristics. Thinning induced an increase of the tree diameter increment, and it was strongly correlated with annual precipitation and year of planting at all sites. The eff ects of thinning on the tree height growth were insignifi cant. Crown morphology diff ered signifi cantly between thinned and unthinned stands; thinning increased crown diameter and crown projection area, but mean crown length and crown form index were higher in unthinned stands.
... For wind-blown seeds, it is expected that most of the seeds would land near the parent tree (Nathan & Muller-Landau, 2000). However, occasional long-distance dispersal of seeds is possible, especially for seeds of low mass (<10 mg in Siberian larch seeds) and high release heights (Batkhuu et al., 2010; The Plant Genome Saatkamp et al., 2019). Furthermore, long-distance dispersal of seeds can be caused by extreme events such as rare meteorological weather conditions or mass migrations of animals (Nathan et al., 2008). ...
The differentiation of gene expression is an important link between genotype and phenotype and has important contributions to species adaptation and ecosystem evolution. As a major component of the world's forests, boreal forests play an important role in regulating the global climate, and the phenology of tree species has been and is undergoing changes during global warming. Here, to understand the impact of global warming on gene expression in boreal forest species, we used PacBio and Illumina sequencing methods to study the transcriptome of natural populations of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) from the Altai Mountains in Xinjiang, China. We found that populations in this area had low genetic differentiation, but individuals were genetically clustered together when they had close geographic distance. Environmental factors, especially temperature, dominated differential gene expression of Siberian larch, while the contribution of genetic variation is relatively small. We speculate that Siberian larch adapts to changes in temperature and precipitation by altering its own gene expression. These results not only predict the tolerance of boreal forests to higher temperatures in the future, but also inform forest management strategies under global climate change.
... Species selection depends on a number of factors, such as seed provenance (see also Batkhuu et al. 2010), site conditions, region, and quality of planting materials and their adaptation. Appropriate species selection and soil treatments in reforestation activities facilitate the restoration of land, as shown by Ganchudur (2019) in Bulgan province. ...
The natural conditions, climate change and socio-economic challenges related to the transformation from a socialistic society towards a market-driven system make the implementation of sustainable land management practices in Mongolia especially complicated. Forests play an important role in land management. In addition to providing resources and ecosystem functions, Mongolian forests protect against land degradation.
We conducted a literature review of the status of forest management in Mongolia and lessons learned, with special consideration to halting deforestation and degradation. We grouped our review into seven challenges relevant to developing regionally adapted forest management systems that both safeguard forest health and consider socio-economic needs. In our review, we found that current forest management in Mongolia is not always sustainable, and that some practices lack scientific grounding. An overwhelming number of sources noticed a decrease in forest area and quality during the last decades, although afforestation initiatives are reported to have increased. We found that they have had, with few exceptions, only limited success. During our review, however, we found a number of case studies that presented or proposed promising approaches to (re-)establishing and managing forests. These studies are further supported by a body of literature that examines how forest administration, and local participation can be modified to better support sustainable forestry. Based on our review, we conclude that it is necessary to integrate capacity development and forest research into holistic initiatives. A special focus should be given to the linkages between vegetation cover and the hydrological regime.
... The geographical variations of Larix species have been investigated for growth characteristics and wood properties (Toda and Mikami 1976;Park and Fowler 1983;Takada et al. 1992;Abaimov et al. 2002;Koizumi et al. 2003Koizumi et al. , 2005Kuz'mina 2004;Lukkarinen et al. 2009;Batkhuu et al. 2010;Dulamsuren et al. 2011;Nagamitsu et al. 2014;Fedorkov 2014;Neverov et al. 2017;Cáceres et al. 2018). In wood properties, Cáceres et al. (2018) investigated the variation in selected mechanical properties in 12-year-old trees from 20 different provenances of L. kaempferi (Lamb.) ...
... It is known that geographical variations are found in growth characteristics and wood properties in Larix species (Toda and Mikami 1976;Park and Fowler 1983;Takada et al. 1992;Koizumi et al. 2003Koizumi et al. , 2005Lukkarinen et al. 2009;Batkhuu et al. 2010;Nagamitsu et al. 2014;Fedorkov 2014;Neverov et al. 2017;Cáceres et al. 2018). Takada et al. (1992) reported that among-geographic variations in modulus of elasticity of stems were recognized in L. kaempferi trees planted in provenance-trial stand in Japan. ...
Geographic variations in growth, stress-wave velocity of stem, dynamic Youngâs modulus of stems and logs, annual ring width, latewood percentage and basic density were investigated for (Münchh.) Ledeb. naturally grown in Mongolia. A total of 250 trees with 20 to 30 cm in stem diameter at a height of 1.3 m above ground level were selected from each natural stand in five different provenances in Mongolia. In addition, five trees in each stand were cut for measuring dynamic Youngâs modulus of stems and logs, annual ring width, latewood percentage and basic density. Mean values of stress-wave velocity of stems in each stand ranged from 2.92 to 3.41 km s, and the mean value of five stands was 3.23 km s. Mean values of dynamic Youngâs modulus of logs in each stand ranged from 5.17 to 9.72 GPa. A significant correlation (â=â0.798, â<â0.01) was found between stress-wave velocity of stems and dynamic Youngâs modulus of logs. Among the five stands, the highest and the lowest values of average annual ring number were 193 and 44, respectively. Mean values of basic density in five trees within each stand were examined and ranged from 0.52 to 0.56 g cm. Significant differences among five stands were found in tree height, stress-wave velocity of stem, dynamic Youngâs modulus of stems and logs, annual ring width and latewood percentage, suggesting that trees naturally grown in Mongolia have geographic variations in mechanical properties of wood. Larix sibiricaâ1â1rpâ3L. sibirica
... For example, environmental conditions during seed development affect the degree of seed coat hardness in several species (De Souza and Marcos-Filho, 2001;Olvera-Carrillo et al., 2003;Matilla et al., 2005). Fruit maturity has also been shown to affect seed germination in tropical fruit species (Ramírez et al., 2008), tree species (Batkhuu et al., 2010;Idohou et al., 2015) and grasses (Hasama and Hensen, 2009) suggesting that fruit ripening, seed maturation and potential germination capacity are processes that may occur simultaneously (Alan and Eser, 2008) and thus deserve investigation for improving seed quality selection in plant cultivars and for producing adequate seedlings intended for physiological studies. ...
Passiflora mollissima (banana passion fruit) and P. liguralis (sweet granadilla) are two Passifloraceae species exploited in the tropics due to their high quality fruits, medicinal and ornamental properties. These species are propagated by seeds but the seeds exhibit low and erratic germination due to a combination of physical and physiological dormancy. Fruit ripening and provenance highly affect seed germination yet little is known about their effects in Passiflora species. We evaluated the effect of provenance and fruit maturity stage on the germination of P mollissima and P. liguralis by germinating seeds extracted from fruits differing in maturity stage and from different provenances. Fruit maturity stage, provenance and their interaction affected seed germination but the magnitude of the effects differed between species. In P. mollissima, fruit maturity affected seed germination to a larger extent than provenance while the contrary occurred in P. ligularis. Seeds from low maturity stage-fruits had lower germination values across provenances than seeds from high maturity stage-fruits. This study shows that fruit ripening and increase in germination capacity occur simultaneously in P. mollissima and P. ligularis and thus seeds from fruits at high maturity stages from specific cultivars are desirable to obtain high germination rates.
For evaluating microbial community changes in a Siberian larch stand disturbed by forest fire or clear-cutting, 357 clones were randomly selected and sequenced using a culture-independent approach and 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize the bacterial composition and diversity from the different disturbed Siberian larch stands. Interestingly, the burned larch stand had an increase in the relative amounts of β-proteobacteria and Firmicutes and a decrease in Acidobacteria, while Gemmatimonadetes increased Verrucomicrobia decreased in the harvested larch stand. Microbial diversity and richness were higher in the undisturbed larch stand than the disturbed (burned or clear-cut) larch stands, and the influence of clear-cutting was more negative than that of the forest fire. This study indicates that evaluating the microbial diversity of undisturbed, burned, and clear-cutting Siberian larch stands provides information about the impact of forest disturbances on soil microbial communities, which may be helpful for understanding and evaluating soil health and devising reafforestation strategies for larch.
Larix principis-rupprechtii is one of dominant deciduous coniferous tree species in subalpine temperate forests of North China. It plays significant roles in water conservation, ecotourism and biodiversity maintenance in its distributional areas. It is also one of major economic tree species in this region due to its fast growth and good-quality timber. Previous studies suggest that L. principis-rupprechtii experiences natural regeneration failure, as indicated by low proportion of saplings and seedlings in natural conditions. The failure of regeneration is a threat to persistence of L. principis-rupprechtii forests in its distributional areas. However, the causes of natural regeneration failure are still poorly understood. This study was to examine whether the natural regeneration failure of this species was driven by seed limitation. We investigated seed rain, soil seed bank and seedling regeneration in five typical larch stand types, i.e., pure L. principis-rupprechtii stand, L. rincipis-rupprechtii + Betula platyphylla stand, L. principis-rupprechtii + Populus davidiana stand, L. principis-rupprechtii + P. davidiana + B. platyphylla stand, L. principis-rupprechtii + Picea wilsonii stand. Fifteen 50 cm × 50 cm seed traps were deployed in each plot for seed rain collecting. For each plot, 15 quadrats of 20 cm×20 cm with 10cm depth and 50 quadrats of 1 m × 1 m were examined nearby seed traps for soil seed bank and recruitment survey, respectively. We found that most of seeds were dispersed from September to October. In 2011, which was a seed year of L. principis-rupprechtii, seed production was amounted to (961.93±377.40) seeds/m2, (89.31±16.13)% of which was full seeds. In 2012, a common seed year, both seed production and full seeds proportion were lower than those in previous year, with (252.73±115.12) seeds/m2 and (36.04±4.26)%, respectively. Furthermore, seed rain of L. principis-rupprechtii was mainly from the surrounding mother trees. Seed rain densities of pure L. principis-rupprechtii stand and L. principis-rupprechtii + P. wilsonii stand were higher than those of the other three stand types, which were mixed with broad-leave trees. Thirdly, soil seed bank of L. principis-rupprechtii was mainly from the seed rain that produced in previous year. Seed bank in April of 2012 was (695.18±297.23) seeds/m2, accounting for (76.05±13.79)% of seed rain in autumn of 2011. More than 85% of seeds were found in the litter layer. About (59.73±9.56)% of the seed bank was full seeds. There were (78.98±24.76) seeds/m2 remained viable to germinate before natural regeneration, accounting for (19.02±5.00)% of full seeds in soil seed bank. The germination capacity decreased with time being in forest floor, hence, forming a short-term persistent soil seed bank for L. principis-rupprechtii. Lastly, the emergence of seedlings uncoupled with the seed storage. The frequency of seedling emergence was 1.6%. Seedlings could hardly survive understory. Collectively, this study demonstrates that seed source, especially in seed year, is not the limiting factor for the poor natural regeneration of L. principis-rupprechtii. Our study suggests that further studies should be carried out to examine the detrimental or limiting factors, such as effects of soil moisture and litter, for the natural regeneration failure of the species.
