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Location of Turkey and Kemaliye (Erzincan).
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The flora in Turkey is an outstanding one in terms of its biodiversity and the variety of endemic plant species. In this study, efforts have been made to determine the current situation of Turkey in general and local region (Kemaliye), being rich for endemic plants, based on International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Sources (IUCN)...
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... In spite of worldwide climate crisis, Turkey has not a comprehensive conservation program for its own endemic plants yet. The most of endemic plant species in Turkey has been threatened by biodiversitydamaging activities such as coal-fired power plant, dam construction, stone and marble quarry, gold mining, clearing grounds for fields, overgrazing, reform of barren lands, urbanization, tourism, wild fires, and afforestation without biodiversity base (Bulut & Yılmaz, 2010, Şekercioğlu et al., 2011. In terms of conservation importance of each grid square and its threatened endemic plant taxa number in Turkey, A4 grid square has high conservation importance (Türe & Böcük, 2010), and Bartın province is on this grid square. ...
... Turkey has a rich endemic plant pool, however, most of the endemic plants are at on the risk of extinction (Ekim et al., 2000). Unfortunately, a comprehensive conservation program, including the proper propagation methods of certain endemic plants have not been established yet (Bulut and Yılmaz, 2010). Therefore more studies are needed to develop suitable in vitro propagation protocols. ...
In this study the effects of different sucrose concentrations, and the combinations of jasmonic acid (JA) with auxins (IAA or NAA) or with cytokinin (2iP) on the bulb induction and rooting of in vitro plantlets of Hyacinthus orientalis subsp. chionophyllus Wendelbo, which is endemic in Turkey, were investigated. The effect of four different sucrose concentrations (30, 45, 60 and 90 g L-1) on bulb formation in tissue culture was investigated. These plantlets were cultured on MS medium supplemented with several concentrations and combinations of JA (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 mg L-1) and 2iP (0.0, 0.25 and 0.50 mg L-1), IAA or NAA (0.5, 1.0 mg L-1). In JA-2iP treatment, the highest number of bulblets (13.7 number/explant) was obtained by the combinations of JA 1.0 mg L-1 + 2iP 0.25 mg L-1. Also, the largest bulblets with the mean diameter of 7.9 mm were found on MS medium supplemented with JA 2.0 mg L-1. In JA-Auxin treatment, the mean root number per bulblet was highest (17.9 number/explant) and root formation rate was maximum (81.14%) on MS medium supplemented with IAA 1.0 mg L-1 + JA 2.0 mg L-1 .
... Turkey has a rich endemic plant pool, however, most of the endemic plants are at on the risk of extinction (Ekim et al., 2000). Unfortunately, a comprehensive conservation program, including the proper propagation methods of certain endemic plants have not been established yet (Bulut and Yılmaz, 2010). Therefore more studies are needed to develop suitable in vitro propagation protocols. ...
In this study the effects of different sucrose concentrations, and the combinations of jasmonic acid (JA) with auxins (IAA or NAA) or with cytokinin (2iP) on the bulb induction and rooting of in vitro plantlets of Hyacinthus orientalis subsp. chionophyllus Wendelbo, which is endemic in Turkey, were investigated. The effect of four different sucrose concentrations (30, 45, 60 and 90 g L-1) on bulb formation in tissue culture was investigated. These plantlets were cultured on MS medium supplemented with several concentrations and combinations of JA (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 mg L-1) and 2iP (0.0, 0.25 and 0.50 mg L-1), IAA or NAA (0.5, 1.0 mg L-1). In JA- 2iP treatment, the highest number of bulblets (13.7 number/explant) was obtained by the combinations of JA 1.0 mg L-1 + 2iP 0.25 mg L-1. Also, the largest bulblets with the mean diameter of 7.9 mm were found on MS medium supplemented with JA 2.0 mg L-1. In JA – Auxin treatment, the mean root number per bulblet was highest (17.9 number/explant) and root formation rate was maximum (81.14%) on MS medium supplemented with IAA 1.0 mg L-1 + JA 2.0 mg L-1.
... Floristic studies indicate that Turkey has a very rich species diversity. This is because the country is located in the transition area of three, Irano-Turanien, Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian, phytogeographical regions (Bulut and Yılmaz, 2010). About 12.000 seed plant taxa have been identified in Turkey while this number is about 13.000 in whole of Europe (Erik ve Tarıkahya, 2004;Ekim, 2005). ...
This study was carried out on endemic plants collected from the Lake Van basin between 1994 and 2002. As a result, 98 endemic taxa, 23 of which grow only in the Lake Van basin, were determined. Including the endemic taxa reported before from the region, a list of 259 endemic taxa belonging to 34 families and 117 genera were compiled. Twenty-three of 259 taxa listed, are unique to the Lake Van Basin. There are 249 endemic taxa in the VANF Herbarium. The authors collected 98 of them. The other 151 endemic taxa were determined by other researchers. Ten endemic taxa were recorded from the literature. In addition to the features in the Flora of Turkey, new features and variations of nine endemic taxa identified. Total 612 images and 200 pictures belonging to 98 endemic taxa scanned and transferred to computer. All images were uploaded to the web page, Virtual Herbarium of the Lake Van Basin, which is also a part of VANF Herbarium.
... Due to the richness of plant species, Turkey is one of the most important countries in the World in respect to endemic plants. These plants are distributed in three main phytogeographic regions namely Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian (Bulut and Yilmaz, 2010). ...
In this study, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and solvent extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) obtained from aerial parts of the endemic plant Marrubium parviflorum subsp. oligodon collected from Afyonkarahisar province in Turkey were examined. The antioxidant ability of solvent extracts and essential oil was evaluated using various methods (β-carotene-linoleic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and reducing power assays) and the content of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined. In the essential oil, thirty-one compounds were identified by GC/MS analysis. The major components were (Z,Z)-farnesyl acetone (19.28%), caryophyllene oxide (15.85%) and pulegone (7.15%). In all assays, water extract showed the strongest antioxidant properties due to the highest content of total phenolics. The significantly high correlations were observed between the content of total phenolics and DPPH radical (0.894) and reducing power (0.983) assays. Methanol extract was the richest in total flavonoids. The present results support the traditional and possible use of the essential oil and extracts from M. parviflorum subsp. oligodon in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
... This is in line with the concept of plant micro-reserves adopted in the Valencian Region (Laguna et al. 2004), which has been recognised as the model for protecting small areas rich in unique flora ( Heywood 2014;495 Laguna et al. 2016;Marignani and Blasi 2012). As a confirmation of their ability to efficiently include key conservation areas and species, the integration of protected area networks with plant microreserves, or, as in the case presented in this paper, 500 with micro and nano hotspots, has already been proposed elsewhere, such as in Portugal (Draper et al. 2003), Turkey (Bulut andYilmaz 2010), Spain (Mendoza-Fernández et al. 2015) and Lebanon (Dagher-Kharrat et al. 2018). ...
Background: For prioritising practical conservation measures in areas of high endemic plant diversity, a fine-scale hierarchy of sites needs to be established. In this context, conservation sites designed at local and regional levels are considered a network of interconnected areas.
Aims: The main aim was to identify two hierarchical levels of a network of conservation sites, called ‘micro hotspots’ and ‘nano hotspots’, and test their efficiency for achieving conservation objectives across the island of Sardinia, Mediterranean Basin.
Methods: We analysed the spatial distribution of endemic vascular plant species (EVPS) richness. Additionally, the area, perimeter, connectivity and surplus costs for the protection of all endemic plant populations were used as ranking criteria for a hierarchical classification.
Results: We identified eight micro hotspots and 82 nano hotspots. Amongst the three possible solutions compared, the integrated network of micro and nano hotspots resulted in more effective conservation than any of the single-level network solutions with only micro or nano hotspots, and it included 89% of all EVPS in a relatively small areal extent.
Conclusions: The identification of hotspot networks at the regional level allowed determining priority areas to implement conservation efforts for EVPS. The integration of micro hotspots with nano hotspots resulted in the most effective network from both conservation and economic perspectives. We suggest that our model may provide an effective tool for integrated and effective conservation actions in the Mediterranean Basin.
... PMR philosophy has extended and its protection model is currently being adapted to other Spanish regions (Saldaña et al., 2013;Rubio, 2013;Fraga, 2005;Campos et al., 2013;Carri on et al., 2013) as well as by several European countries, such as Slovenia (Karst Regional Park; Sovinc and Lipej, 2013), Bulgaria (Natcheva et al., 2013), Cyprus (Kadis et al., 2013a), Greece (Thanos et al., 2013) and Italy (Aeolian Islands, Sicily; Troia, 2013), in most instances with economic support of the EU's LIFE-Nature program. Additionally, in its widest meaning of small nature reserves for plant conservation, the Valencian model has fostered initiatives in Mexico (Hern andez & G omez-Hinostrosa, 2011), Southern Brazil (Lenzi et al., 2015), Crete (Tsiftsis et al. 2011) and Turkey (Bulut and Yilmaz, 2010). Beijing Municipality has also drafted a project inspired by PMRs whose objective goal is to create small natural reserves for the protection of natural areas within megacities (Yuan et al., 2010). ...
The Valencian Community (eastern Spain) was the pioneer territory establishing plant micro-reserves (PMRs). Its model to protect small sites for endemic and endangered plants has been exported to several countries around the globe. This paper highlights 1) the role of PMRs to complement the protection provided by large protected areas, 2) how the establishment of PMRs fosters the increase of floristic knowledge, and 3) the fact that continuous monitoring of PMRs also yields new records of endangered species found within the same PMRs. The flexibility of the PMR approach -it can be adapted to other national and regional legislations-allows its transfer to other rich-biodiversity regions and countries such as China.
... While certain studies on visual landscape quality evaluation 6,10 examined the favorable correlation between predilection and various visual landscape features during the last 30 years, some other studies 11,12 investigated the relationship between perceptual and physical, conceptual characteristics. Generally, these studies investigated the correlation between landscape views and physical, psychological, administrative, demographic and conceptual characteristics 13,21 . A study by Kaplan (1987) on preferences for natural and urban views also demonstrated that individuals preferred natural views over urban views 22 . ...
The present study aims to discuss the expert views on different seasonal scenery in campus areas in assessment of visual landscape perception. For this purpose, photographs of the said areas were taken on snowy days and other days in 2016 and 2017. The basic material of the study included 14 photographs depicting spring and winter views of the 7 areas in Karadeniz Technical University (KTU) campus. A survey study was conducted on photographic images with a group of participating landscape architecture students, and the differences in visual perception and visual characteristics of the most preferred seasonal views were discussed. As a result, it was observed that there were differences between the visual assessments of different seasonal views of the campus areas. Study findings demonstrated that there were differences between visual perceptions based on all adjective pairs and groups. This finding supported the fact that selected campus sites had different values. Based on the study findings, the landscape components (structural and vegetative) in the views differed based on features such as size, shape, color and texture, resulting in higher positive scores for the spring views.
Keywords:Landscape assessment; landscape perception; landscaping preferences; seasonal views
... Nevertheless, the Valencian PMR has been recognized as the model for protecting small areas rich in unique flora (Moreno et al. 2003;Sharrock & Jones 2009;Leroux et al. 2010;Blasi et al. 2011;Heywood 2014). Integration of NP networks with PMR or nature reserves inspired by the Valencian model has already been proposed elsewhere when considering major site-based networks (see Draper et al. 2003;Bulut & Yilmaz 2010;Trigas et al. 2012;Kadis et al. 2013;M edail 2013;Vladimirov 2014) or small but highly efficient networks in terms of their ability to include key conservation areas (Kargiolaki et al. 2007;Fennu et al. 2010;Kadis et al. 2010;Volis 2016a). ...
Since 1998 the Valencian Community (Spain) has pioneered the establishment of plant micro-reserves (PMR), which has resulted in a network currently comprising 299 sites. The PMR are compatible with large protected areas including natural parks (NP, 22 areas). In fact, 73 PMR are included within the NP network (internal subnet of PMR) and 226 PMR are outside NP (external subnet). Here we analyze how the PMR network complements that of NP in capturing rare (RS, twp categories), endemic (ES, three categories) and endangered (TS, four categories) plants. The external subnet increases the number of plant species with territorial protection by 10.8% in RS, 15.8% in ES and 21.0% in TS categories. Additionally, when comparing number of species in the external and internal PMR subnets not shared with the alternative subnet type, the former has higher absolute and relative values for the nine categories analyzed. We propose that the internal network should be increased only to capture populations of the species that are not included in the external subnet.
... Because of these, Turkey divided into three different phytogeographic regions (Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian) and each of these regions have important ecosystems, such as wetlands, agricultural areas, grasslands and meadows, deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests, steppes etc. This diversification in ecosystems and habitats causes a high endemism rate; approximately 34% of Turkish vascular plant species are endemic to Turkey (Bulut and Yılmaz, 2010). ...
... Due to their vegetational and geographical characteristics, 71 collecting sites were determined ( Table-1). Specimens were identified using related literature (Zander, 1993;Frey et al., 1995;Greven, 1995;Smith, 1996, Paton, 1999Cortini Pedrotti, 2001;Greven, 2003;Heyn and Herrnstadt, 2004;Smith, 2004;Cortini Pedrotti, 2006;Guerra et al., 2006;Brugués et al., 2007;Casas et al., 2009). The status of taxa were checked with current check-lists (Uyar and Çetin, 2004;Kürschner and Erdağ, 2005;Ros et al., 2007;Özenoğlu Kiremit and Keçeli, 2009;Ros et al., 2013). ...
In this study, bryophyte flora of Gevne and Dimçayı Valleys was investigated. After examination of plant specimens collected from 71 different sites, 143 taxa belonging to 40 families were determined. Among them, 17 taxa recorded for the first time from C12 square. Moreover, Buxbaumia viridis (Moug. ex Lam. & DC.) Brid. ex Moug. & Nestl. which reported only Western Black Sea Region (A2 grid square) up to now, was recorded for the first time from different part of Turkey.
