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In the second part of the 20th century, urbanization accelerated and reached enormous magnitude, which results more and more people live in urbanized regions. Nowadays, about half of the human pop-ulation is affected by the burdens of urban environments and furthermore the modified parameters of the urban atmosphere compared to the natural environm...
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A central strand of research work in the realm of urban physics aims at a better understanding of the variance in microclimatic conditions due to factors such as building agglomeration density, anthropogenic heat production, traffic intensity, presence and extent of green areas and bodies of water, etc. This research has been motivated in part by p...
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... °C/30 years). The warming in these three cities (all are capitals) is partly related to the intensification of the urban heat island in recent decades, which has also contributed to the temperature increase in these cities compared to other areas (Komac et al. 2016, Savić et al. 2013, Maradin and Filipčič 2018. In Novi Sad, which is about the same size as Ljubljana, the urban heat island effect was also confirmed (Savić et al. 2013), but the trends show a lower warming rate (1.26 °C/30 years) than in Ljubljana, Zagreb, or Belgrade. ...
... The warming in these three cities (all are capitals) is partly related to the intensification of the urban heat island in recent decades, which has also contributed to the temperature increase in these cities compared to other areas (Komac et al. 2016, Savić et al. 2013, Maradin and Filipčič 2018. In Novi Sad, which is about the same size as Ljubljana, the urban heat island effect was also confirmed (Savić et al. 2013), but the trends show a lower warming rate (1.26 °C/30 years) than in Ljubljana, Zagreb, or Belgrade. Annual precipitation trends in SRB are all non-significant. ...
In this study, air temperature and precipitation seasonality and their correlation with large-scale atmospheric circulations over the Sava River Basin (SRB), i.e., over the areas of Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia, are analyzed. We used daily air temperature and precipitation measurements from 12 meteorological stations for the period from 1981 to 2010. In addition, mean (Ta), maximum (Tmax), and minimum (Tmin) daily temperatures and daily precipitation (P) were included in the analysis. Temperature values were correlated with atmospheric circulation patterns (ACPs), i.e., daily indices Arctic Oscillation (AO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Mediterranean Oscillation (MO) for the same study period. The daily air temperature and precipitation data were obtained from European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D). The results generally show increasing trends in air temperatures, mainly during the spring and summer seasons, but also non-significant trends for precipitation. Moreover, the correlation results show no or weak influence of ACPs on seasonal air temperatures and precipitation, but the dominant effects differ by ACP type as well as at different seasonal levels. Among the selected ACPs, MO proved to be the most significant for the Sava River Basin.
... Hrabak-Trumpa [18] had explored the urban heat island of Zagreb. Ivajnšič and Žiberna [19] in their paper have mentioned Unger who had explored the urban heat of Szeged, Droste et al. [20] in his paper has mentioned Fortuniak et al. who had explored the urban heat island of Lódź, Savić et al. [21] had explored the urban heat island of Novi Sad. Komac et al. [22] had explored the urban heat island of Ljubljana. ...
... In the Central European region, a substantial number of studies confine themselves solely to quantification of ΔUHI (e.g. Bokwa, Hajto, Walawender, & Szymanowski, 2015;Dobrovolný & Krahula, 2015;Lehnert, Geletič, Dobrovolný, & Jurek, 2018;Savić, Unger, Gál, Milošević, & Popov, 2013;Unger, 2004) or ΔSUHI (e.g. Dobrovolný, 2013;Geletič, Lehnert, Savić, & Milošević, 2019;Majkowska, Kolendowicz, Półrolniczak, Hauke, & Czernecki, 2017;Schwarz, Lautenbach, & Seppelt, 2011). ...
Thermal comfort in public spaces, as an important factor in the quality of life, has been strongly affected by manifestations of climate change. City authorities are under pressure to adapt their approaches to the urban environment. This study investigates thermal sensation in public spaces in four Czech cities. Biometeorological measurements were taken and biometeorological indices (UTCI, PET, HUMIDEX) established, then contrasted with questionnaire surveys (thermal sensation vote-TSV). Regression models were subsequently constructed to explore the influences of elements of blue and green infrastructure beyond their microclimatic functions. The results suggest a highly complex relationship between biometeorological indices and TSV in urban environments, significantly influenced by specificity of place and time. Open grassy areas exhibit a lower probability of higher TSV related to heat stress. Despite measured microclimatic effects that might indicate the opposite, the probability of TSV-related heat stress is higher under trees and near sprayed water-mist. The findings herein thus indicate that simple predicted mean vote models are of little or no use in urban planning, and that sensitive and sustainable planning of heat mitigation measures should reflect the behavioural patterns of citizens alongside the microclimatic effects in actual place.
... In the Central European region, a substantial number of studies confine themselves solely to quantification of ΔUHI (e.g. Bokwa, Hajto, Walawender, & Szymanowski, 2015;Dobrovolný & Krahula, 2015;Lehnert, Geletič, Dobrovolný, & Jurek, 2018;Savić, Unger, Gál, Milošević, & Popov, 2013;Unger, 2004) or ΔSUHI (e.g. Dobrovolný, 2013;Geletič, Lehnert, Savić, & Milošević, 2019;Majkowska, Kolendowicz, Półrolniczak, Hauke, & Czernecki, 2017;Schwarz, Lautenbach, & Seppelt, 2011). ...
Thermal comfort in public spaces, as an important factor in the quality of life, has been strongly affected by manifestations of climate change. City authorities are under pressure to adapt their approaches to the urban environment. This study investigates thermal sensation in public spaces in four Czech cities. Biometeorological measurements were taken and biometeorological indices (UTCI, PET, HUMIDEX) established, then contrasted with questionnaire surveys (thermal sensation vote – TSV). Regression models were subsequently constructed to explore the influences of elements of blue and green infrastructure beyond their microclimatic functions. The results suggest a highly complex relationship between biometeorological indices and TSV in urban environments, significantly influenced by specificity of place and time. Open grassy areas exhibit a lower probability of higher TSV related to heat stress. Despite measured microclimatic effects that might indicate the opposite, the probability of TSV-related heat stress is higher under trees and near sprayed water-mist. The findings herein thus indicate that simple predicted mean vote models are of little or no use in urban planning, and that sensitive and sustainable planning of heat mitigation measures should reflect the behavioural patterns of citizens alongside the microclimatic effects in actual place.
... The creation and maintenance of a green network in the urban fabric is also a primary tool of sustainable development (Mougiakou and Photis, 2014;Tulisi, 2017;Kertész and Křeček, 2019). Urban trees bring economic, psychological, recreational and aesthetic benefits, as well as mitigate climatic stress and urban heat islands (Wu and Zhang, 2008;Savić et al., 2013;Milošević et al., 2016;Cugnon et al., 2019), reduce air pollutants, and improve air quality (Yang et al., 2015;Hofman et al., 2016;Molnár et al., 2018. As their role is irreplaceable, we need to pay particular attention to their assessment. ...
Urban green spaces of cities are crucial elements of city structure that ensure habitat for species and ecological functionality of habitat patches, maintain biodiversity, and provide environmental services. However, detailed maps intended for planning and improving the existing network require a quick and effective technique for assessing the possibilities. Multispectral imagery is an accessible source for species-level classification of urban trees. Using a multispectral image from the WorldView–2 satellite sensor, we classified six of the most common urban tree species in Debrecen, Hungary. Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers were applied to different numbers of the MNF-transformed bands. The best overall accuracy was achieved with the ML algorithm applied to the first four transformed bands (75.1%), and with the SVM algorithm applied to eight bands (71.0%). In general, ML performed better than SVM. Despite the relatively low number of spectral bands, we achieved moderately good accuracy for basic vegetation mapping, which can be used in spatial planning and decision making. In a future interdisciplinary research study, we could merge the classification results with the dust adsorption capacity of individual species to assess the reduction of dust pollution by urban trees.
... Considering the common elements of an urban environment, buildings are the most significant objects [6,7]. At the same time, buildings are sources of several health-related issues through roofing materials (asbestos) [8-10] that have a relevant effect in the establishment of heat islands [11,12] and can be the sources of air pollution because of heating [13][14][15]. In addition there are environmental effects, too: precipitation falls on the roofs and usually is driven to the sewage system instead of infiltrating the soil which increase drought and deteriorate vegetation [16]. ...
... Remote Sens. 2020,12, 2397 ...
Urban sprawl related increase of built-in areas requires reliable monitoring methods and remote sensing can be an efficient technique. Aerial surveys, with high spatial resolution, provide detailed data for building monitoring, but archive images usually have only visible bands. We aimed to reveal the efficiency of visible orthophotographs and photogrammetric dense point clouds in building detection with segmentation-based machine learning (with five algorithms) using visible bands, texture information, and spectral and morphometric indices in different variable sets. Usually random forest (RF) had the best (99.8%) and partial least squares the worst overall accuracy (~60%). We found that >95% accuracy can be gained even in class level. Recursive feature elimination (RFE) was an efficient variable selection tool, its result with six variables was like when we applied all the available 31 variables. Morphometric indices had 82% producer's and 85% user's Accuracy (PA and UA, respectively) and combining them with spectral and texture indices, it had the largest contribution in the improvement. However, morphometric indices are not always available but by adding texture and spectral indices to red-green-blue (RGB) bands the PA improved with 12% and the UA with 6%. Building extraction from visual aerial surveys can be accurate, and archive images can be involved in the time series of a monitoring.
... Previous research into climate change in the wider region and in Southeast Europe has addressed similar issues (Jovanović et al., 2002;Unkašević & Tošić, 2013;Tosić et al., 2016;Trbić et al., 2017;Gavrilov et al., 2015;Gavrilov et al., 2016;Gavrilov et al., 2018;Ivanović et al., 2016;Popov et al., 2017;Popov et * Corresponding author: nikola.bacevic@pr.ac.rs al., 2018;Vukoičić et al., 2018;Papić et al., 2019) and aridity as an indicator of climate change (Hrnjak et al., 2014;Radaković et al., 2017;Milentijević et al., 2018). A statistically significant upward trend in the average annual air temperature was also observed in the urban area (Savić et al, 2013;Bačević et al., 2018). This paper analyzes recent trends for average, average maximum and average minimum air temperatures in the urban area of Podgorica. ...
... Average maximum temperatures in Mostar and Bileća increased by 1.9°C and 1.3°C, respectively, and average minimum temperatures increased by 1.4°C and 0.7°C (Papić et al., 2019). Also, a positive trend of increasing air temperature is noticed in Vojvodina (Gavrilov et al., 2015), Novi Sad as an urban environment (Savić et al., 2013), and Kosovo and Metohija region (Gavrilov et al., 2018). The average air temperature increased by 1.2°C. ...
This paper presents the results of the analyzed trends for three categories of parameters: average annual air temperature (YT), average maximum air temperature (YTx) and average minimum air temperature (YTn) for the Podgorica Meteorological Station in the Republic of Montenegro. The aim of this paper is to present possible climate changes based on the results obtained from the analyzed air temperature trends. The methodology is based on the application of: a) linear trend equations, b) trend magnitudes and c) Mann-Kendall trend test. The data from the respectable meteorological station in Podgorica for the period from 1947 to 2018 were used in order to estimate the trend. The obtained results indicate a statistically significant positive trend for all analyzed time series. Analyzing the trend test hypotheses, it was concluded that in all three cases the Ha hypothesis prevails. Average annual air temperature in Podgorica increased by 1.4°C, average maximum air temperature increased by 2.5°C and average minimum air temperature increased by 0.6°C. In accordance with the trends analyzed, the increase in air temperature is dominant in the capital of the Republic of Montenegro.
... e green space designates, commonly in an urban or suburban area, an area with vegetation, ranging from a simple square to a large park through road plantations. Green spaces embellish the environment of cities according to several modes such as social as a place of rest and walk within everyone's reach; biological for the production of oxygen by trees and their contribution to the mitigation of several nuisances related to climate, and human health and economic benefits [3][4][5][6]. It should be noted that these designations meet criteria inherent to the area covered [7]. ...
... Changing these two parameters inexorably affects biodiversity and with it the dynamics and functioning of ecosystems [56]. e vegetation cover of the green spaces of Brazzaville is very low to mitigate the effects of the urban heat island and pollution generated by the city, on the one hand [5,6,9,16,57,58]. On the other hand, reducing carbon and other greenhouse gas emissions to combat global warming has become a global issue [9]. ...
The study was conducted in Brazzaville, and data collection covers the period from May to June 2017. The methodology is based on literature review and floristic and equipment inventory. Nine green spaces spread over two out of nine townships in the capital city. Four are located in Bacongo and five in Poto-Poto. According to the classification standards, 5 squares and 4 gardens were studied. Except for one square, all the others, including the gardens, are planted with trees. The equipment inventory lists 183 benches, including 63.83% permanently and/or partially in the sun, 4 playgrounds, no games for children, and 3 cultural monuments. The flora and health of the trees stands shows 186 trees and 279 shrubs, all corresponding to 26 species. An examination of the health status reveals that 57% of trees show anthropogenic injuries. Floral analysis shows that exotic plants (76.92%) predominate over local plants (23.07%). The average basal area of trees in all green spaces is 1.95 m2·ha−1. The diametric structure is erratic within all green spaces, with a dominance of large diameter subjects. This leads to poor natural regeneration of woody plants. The green spaces in Brazzaville, which are very unevenly distributed within the urban fabric, do not meet the international standards disseminated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and do not fully play their biodiversity conservation and recreational and ecological functions. History of green spaces in Brazzaville states that no creation was born after independence. The existing land has been reduced in size, and the new land has been used for other purposes.
... It is even more pronounced in late autumn, winter, and early spring, which is explained by the anticyclonal synoptic situation. The real cause is heat production in the colder half of the year caused by anthropogenic activities (heating, traffic) and the release of heat at night due to higher daily absorption of solar radiation, which depends on the thermal characteristics of buildings (Savić et al., 2013;Unkašević, 1994). ...
... Он је чак израженији у касну јесен, зиму и рано пролеће, што се објашњава антициклоналном синоптичком ситуацијом. Стварни узрок је производња топлоте у хладнијој половини године изазвана антропогеним активностима (загревање, саобраћај) и ослобађање топлоте ноћу због веће дневне апсорпције Сунчевог зрачења које зависи од термичких карактеристика зграда (Savić et al., 2013;Unkašević, 1994). ...
A more complete climate image of a site is obtained by analyzing bioclimatic indicators. In this paper, an analysis of the physiological sense of heat in the territory of the city of Kragujevac was presented. Bioclimatic considerations are based on the equivalent temperature, which represents the combined influence of air temperature and water vapor pressure. Based on these two climatic elements, the corresponding equations and the Krüger anthropo-climatic classifications, three climate types and nine physiological sensations of heat for the territory of the city of Kragujevac were isolated. Their significance in bioclimatology is that they cause different sensations of heat in healthy and sick people, and can serve as the basis for the expected types of bioclimate during the year. Urban areas are areas of higher population concentration to which the climate elements act stimulating or, on the contrary, discouraging, which depends on the person's health. For the needs of this work, a thirty-year climate period (1981-2010) was analyzed based on the data obtained from the weather station Kragujevac. There are significant historical and tourist sites and natural resources in the city and its surroundings, which can be valorized complementarily. Analyzed values of equivalent temperatures can be used for the planning of tourist activities and in means of tourist propaganda. For this purpose, this work can be a solid bioclimatic basis.
... The first one was an EU-funded project in the frames of the IPA Hungary-Serbia programme (project title: Evaluation and public display of URBAN PATterns of Human thermal conditions) and the second one was a regional project funded by the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (project title: Analysis of urban climate in Novi Sad and its impact on the thermal comfort of urban population). The published papers have been focused on urban surface characteristics, delineations of LCZs and definition of representative station sites (Popov 1994, 1995, Popov and Savić 2010, Unger et al. 2011a, 2011b, Savić et al. 2012b, Savić et al. 2013a, Savić et al. 2013b, Savić, et al. 2013c, Jovanović et al. 2015, Savić 2015, Šećerov et al. 2015a, Šećerov et al. 2015b), analysis of UHI and outdoor human thermal comfort (Lazić et al. 2006, Savić et al. 2012a, Marković et al. 2014a, Skarbit et al. 2015Marković 2015, Milošević et al. 2015c, Bajšanski et al. 2015, Basarin et al. 2016, Lelovics et al. 2016) and interaction of urban climate and urbanization, human mortality, tourism attractiveness , Stankov et al. 2014, Arsenović 2014, Arsenović et al. 2014a, Arsenović and Đurđev 2015, Bajšanski et al. 2015. ...
