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showed differences. Among the biochemical properties of the genotypes, the antioxidant activity, as % inhibition, ranged from 23.13 to 61.59%, the total flavonoid content ranged from 16.63 to 57.22 mg QE/100 g, and the total phenolic content ranged from 277.28 to 310.80 mg GAE/100 g. In the principal component analysis, species generally formed sim...
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This study was carried out in order to characterize 101 selected seed-propagated hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) genotypes with superior horticultural characteristics natively grown as populations in the Çoruh Valley of northeastern Türkiye. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers used for characterization of hawthorn genotypes belong to different Craetagus...
Citations
... Olive is well adapted to the Mediterranean climate type with mild and rainy winters, hot and dry summers (Conde-Innamorato et al. 2019). Türkiye has rich plant genetic resources due to its geographical location at the intersection of three important gene pools in the world (Pınar et al. 2017;Uzun et al. 2021;Yaman 2022a, b;Yıldız et al. 2023). ...
... The position graph (average for 2021-2022) corresponding to the correlations of both olive cultivars and dependent variables based on the three main components (PCA1 Fig. 4. According to principal component analysis, the first three principal components account for 78.50% of total variation. Our findings are similar to the findings of Yıldız et al. (2023). Principal component analysis reduces the number of dependent and independent variables used. ...
... Principal component analysis reduces the number of dependent and independent variables used. Accordingly, it minimizes complex data by containing a small number of variables (Yıldız et al. 2023). The reason for the high variance values of PC1, PC2 and PC3 determined within the scope of the research is an indication that the classification of olive varieties is successful. ...
In the research, a total of 12 olive varieties, three foreigner and nine local, were used. In 2021, the beginning of inflorescence was determined between the 27 March (‘Memecik’) and 19 April (‘Domat’), while the beginning of black (harvest) maturity was determined between 30 September (‘Gemlik-21’) and 28 November (‘Domat’). In 2022, the beginning of inflorescence was determined between 2 April (‘Memecik’) and 17 April (‘Domat’), while the beginning of black (harvest) maturity was determined between 4 October (‘Ayvalık’) and 30 November (‘Domat’). In 2021, the effective temperature total duration between the beginning of inflorescence and the beginning of black (harvest) maturity varied between 2300 (‘Edincik Su’) and 2736 degree-days (‘As Topakaşı’), while in 2022 this period varied between 2403 (‘Ayvalık’) and 2685 degree-days (‘As Topakaşı’). In 2021, the passing time between the beginning of inflorescence and the beginning of black (harvest) maturity was determined to vary between 182 (‘Gemlik-21’) and 224 days (‘Domat’), while in 2022, this period was determined to vary between 183 (‘Ayvalık’) and 228 days (‘Domat’). According to the correlation analysis, a positive correlation was found between the beginning of inflorescence and the beginning of black (harvest) maturity effective temperature sum and the beginning of inflorescence and the beginning of black (harvest) maturity passing time (r = 0.91, p < 0.001); the beginning of flowering to the beginning of black (harvest) maturity effective temperature sum and beginning of flowering to the beginning of black (harvest) maturity passing time (r = 0.92, p < 0.001). According to principal component analysis, the first three principal components account for 78.50% of total variation. This study, which will be recorded as the first detailed research in the literature in terms of olive cultivation, will greatly assist those concerned in planning the basin-based plant production model.
... This is due to the realization that suitable wild olive germplasm availability and conservation are of utmost importance in breeding programs (Miazzi et al. 2020). Because plant genetic resources are crucial in providing material for breeders to develop new cultivars (Nadeem et al. 2018), such research should favor regions with diverse populations rather than genetically similar genotypes (Yıldız et al. 2023). These wild olive populations are of natural diversity and are essential in terms of specific and desirable traits. ...
... Twenty fruit samples were used in three replications, and each replication examined the fruit characteristics of genotypes (Yıldız et al. 2023). A total of 60 fruits were used for each genotype. ...
... A total of 60 fruits were used for each genotype. Fruit and leaf samples were harvested when the fruits began to ripen (late September or early October 2022) (Yıldız et al. 2023). Fruit samples were harvested from various parts of the genotype (Yıldız et al. 2023). ...
Hassa district, located in the Eastern Mediterranean, is within the borders of Mesopotamia and the Levant region. This study evaluated genetic diversity in wild genotypes in this region, where the olive population is relatively high, using morphological , biochemical, and ISSR marker techniques. According to the study results, significant differences were detected between genotypes in all morphological parameters examined. The genotype G19 is at the forefront compared to other genotypes regarding fruit characteristics. Biochemical analysis were carried out on fruit samples. Total phenolic content varied between 2.86 and 12.58 mg GAE/100 g. Total flavonoid content varied between 1.88 and 3.48 mg QE/100 g. The antioxidant activity of the genotypes varied between 29.49 and 39.92%. According to principal component analysis, the first three components explain 80.7% of the total variation. In molecular marker analysis, 85 bands were obtained from 7 ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) primers. Seventy-nine bands were polymorphic, and the polymorphism rate was 92.94%. Because of the molecular analysis, the similarity index in the UPGMA (the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean of Cluster analysis) dendrogram ranged between 0.62 and 0.91. It is thought that the results obtained will guide researchers in identifying and protecting genetic resources in olive breeding studies.
... Amplified fragment length polymorphism [AFLP] (Sabır et al. 2010), random amplified polymorphic DNA [RAPD] (Hameed et al. 2020), simple sequence repeats [SSR] (Karaca-Sanyürek 2014; İşçi and Dilli 2015;Khadavi et al. 2019), ISSR (Sabır et al. 2008;Salayeva et al. 2016;Lisek and Lisek 2019), inter-primer binding site [İPBS] (Ziarovska et al. 2022;Güler et al. 2023), sequence-related amplified polymorphisms [SRAP] (Sabır et al. 2018), and single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNP] (Cunha et al. 2020) have been investigated to find genetic diversity among grape cultivars. Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers are used for the molecular identification of many plants (Pinar et al. 2021;Yildiz et al. 2021Yildiz et al. , 2023Yaman 2022a, b;Karakaya et al. 2023). Researchers prefer ISSR primers because they are simple, provide rapid results, have high stability, do not require prior sequence information, and have low cost (Choudhary et al. 2014). ...
Grape is a type of fruit widely grown globally and in Türkiye thanks to its importance in human nutrition and diversity of usage areas. Türkiye has a long history of grape cultivation, and the genetic diversity of local grapes grown in some regions has still not been revealed. This study showed the genetic diversity between 60 local grape genotypes selected from north Central Anatolia and nine reference grape cultivars;10 inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and 7 inter-primer binding site (IPBS) retrotransposon primers were used. The mean values of genetic diversity indices in ISSR and IPBS retrotransposon primers were calculated as expected allelic frequency (p) 0.476/0.195, observed allelic frequency (q) 0.524/0.805, number of effective alleles (Ne) 1.326/1.378, Shannon’s information index (I) 0.308/0.367, expected heterozygosity (He) 0.199/0.232 and unbiased expected heterozygosity (uHe) 0.201/0.234, respectively. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and model-based STRUCTURE analysis divided the studied germplasm into two groups. However, local genotypes were not grouped per the regions where they grew. As a result of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis, the inter-population variation was determined to be 11%, and the intra-population variation was determined to be 89%. The mean genetic differentiation value (Fst) between populations was 0.303. The results showed that ISSR and IPBS retrotransposon primers effectively explained the genetic diversity.
... According to the results of the study, the genetic diversity was high and at a comparable level (56). Yildiz et al., (57) carried out a study to evaluate the molecular diversity of 22 hawthorn genotypes in Kayseri (Turkey) by using ISSR markers. 13 primers were used in the study, and the polymorphism rate was 75.24%. ...
... Around 30 hawthorn species native to Türkiye and mostly grow naturally in Northeast Anatolia, Central Anatolia, Aegean and Mediterranean region in Türkiye, and there are at least four or five hybrid species that are found as intermediate forms of hawthorn in these geographic areas (Donmez 2004;Ercisli 2004;Caliskan et al. 2012). There is high morphological diversity among hawthorn plants in terms of fruit, flower and leaf characteristics, and the main reason for this high diversity is the belief that birds and mammals as vectors that eat hawthorn fruits and carry seeds to distant places (Yilmaz et al. 2010;Aglar et al. 2020;Akca and Bostan 2022;Yildiz et al. 2022). ...
This study was carried out in order to characterize 101 selected seed-propagated hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) genotypes with superior horticultural characteristics natively grown as populations in the Çoruh Valley of northeastern Türkiye. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers used for characterization of hawthorn genotypes belong to different Craetagus species. A total 13 SSR primer pairs were used in the molecular characterization study. Clustering and genetic structure analysis were performed using the UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means) method. Clustering analysis showed that hawthorn genotypes were placed in eight main groups (together with one apple genotype) on the dendrogram. Dice similarity coefficients were found between 0.43–0.97, indicating great inter- and intraspecific genetic diversity. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values of the SSR primers ranged between 0.14 and 0.99, while the average PIC value was 0.52. CH04g04 and CH01d03 primers with high PIC values were found to be useful in studies on the determination of genetic diversity in hawthorn (Crataegus spp.). The study may have provided important information on the inter- and intraspecific genetic variation of seed propagated hawthorn genotypes and emphasizes the importance of the protection and utilization of seed-propagated hawthorn genetic resources.
... Plant breeding has been revolutionized by DNAlength polymorphism-based molecular markers (Yildiz et al. 2023). Molecular markers for genotype identification have been used in plant breeding and cultivar creation (Warburton and Bliss 1996). ...
Peaches are one of the most important food resources widely cultivated all over the world in terms of their high economic value. In the current study, 32 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used for genetic diversity assessments and population structure of 52 local peach genotypes and 2 commercial peach cultivars from Iğdır province of Türkiye. Totally, 213 alleles were scored, of which 154 were polymorphic. The mean of polymorphic band percentage (PPB), Nei’s genetic index (H), polymorphism information content (PIC), effective number of alleles (Ne), and Shannon’s index value were 70%, 0.24, 0.20, 1.38, and 0.37, respectively. The Jaccard similarity coefficient between local peach genotypes ranged from 0.40 to 0.89, with an average of 0.60. According to the UPGMA dendrogram, Ağşeftali and Zaferan peach genotypes were classified by admixture pattern into four groups. Results of population structure analysis and PCoA confirmed that 54 genotypes were assigned to four groups. The mean of genetic differentiation among the populations (FST) and estimate of gene flow (Nm) were 0.39 and 1.33 for K = 4 subpopulations, respectively, assuming structure analysis. Our result showed that the gene flow value was moderate, explaining the high level of genetic diversity maintained among populations. The present study indicates that ISSR markers are efficient for molecular characterization and analysis of populations of local peach genotypes. Moreover, the ISSR markers identified in the current study can provided a useful information for breeding programs to select individuals to use as parents.
... The clustering techniques STRUCTURE, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and neighbor-joining analysis have been used to elucidate the genetic diversity and population structure of various crops. STRUCTURE algorithm has shown more robustness in earlier research studies [50][51][52]. Therefore, in this work, the structure is used as a benchmark for cluster analysis. ...
Background
Upland cotton is one of the utmost significant strategic fiber crops, and play a vital role in the global textile industry.
Methods and results
A total of 128 genotypes comprised Gossypium hirsutum L, Gossypium barbadense L., and pure lines were used to examine genetic diversity using iPBS-retrotransposon markers system. Eleven highly polymorphic primers yielded 287 bands and 99.65% polymorphism was recorded. The mean polymorphism information content was estimated at 0.297 and the average diversity indices for the effective number of alleles, Shannon’s information index, and overall gene diversity were 1.481, 0.443, and 0.265, respectively. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 69% of the genetic variation was within the population. A model-based STRUCTURE algorithm divided the entire germplasm into four populations and one un-classified population, the genotypes G42 (originating in Egypt) and G128 (originating in the United States), showed the highest genetic distance (0.996) so these genotypes could be suggested for breeding programs as parental lines.
Conclusions
This is the first investigation using an iPBS-retrotransposon marker system to examine the genetic diversity and population structure of upland cotton germplasm. The rich diversity found in upland cotton germplasm could be exploited as a genetic resource when developing breeding programs and could also help with efforts to breed cotton around the world. These findings also show the applicability and effectiveness of iPBS-retrotransposons for the molecular characterization of cotton germplasm.
The research was conducted during the year 2022 to estimate the most important active compounds in the different plant parts of some types of hawthorns (Crataegus L.) widespread in northwestern Syria (Aronia, Yellow Azarolus, Red Azarolus, and Monogyna). The plant material was collected during the growth period. Flavonoids were estimated in the dry matter of the leaves, flowers, and fruits of the studied hawthorn types, vitamin C in the dry flowers and fresh fruits, carotenoids in the dry fruits, total acidity (TA%), and total soluble solids (TSS%) in the fresh fruits. The results showed that the value of flavonoids in the leaves reached 29.66, 15.76, 14.42, and 14.66 mg/g DM in the studied hawthorn types Monogyna, Aronia, Red Azarolus, and Yellow Azarolus, respectively. The leaves outperformed the flowers and fruits in their flavonoid content in most types, as the average flavonoid content of the leaves, flowers, and fruits in the different types was 18.60, 17.71, and 10.90 mg/g DM, respectively. The highest value of flavonoids (29.66 kg/g) was in the leaves of the Monogyna type, and the lowest value (6.23 mg/g) was in the fruits of the Red Azarolus type. As for vitamin C in the dried flowers of the different types, its value reached 1018.6, 917.5, 814.9, and 799.1 mg/100g, while the value of vitamin C in fresh fruits was 11, 8.14, 7.04, and 6. 53 mg/g, in Monogyna, Aronia, Yellow Azarolus and Red Azarolus, respectively (in dried flowers and fresh fruits). The Monogyna type outperformed the other types of vitamin C content, whether in dried flowers or fresh fruits. As for carotenoids, the values were 0.202, 0.077, 0.093, and 0.156 mg/cm³, respectively, for the types Monogyna, Red Azarolus, Yellow Azarolus, and Aronia. The Monogyna type outperformed the other types in the carotenoid content of its fruits. As for the total acidity, the Red Azarolus type outperformed the other types. The total acidity values were 2.54, 1.94, 1.8, and 0.46% for Red Azarolus, Yellow Azarolus, Aronia, and Monogyna, respectively. Finally, there were no significant differences between the total soluble solids content of the fruits of the different types, as the TSS values reached 24.60, 23.33, 21.27, and 20.97%, in the Red Azarolus, Yellow Azarolus, Monogyna, and Aronia types. Respectively.
The olive tree, scientifically known as Olea europaea L., is an evergreen xerophytic tree that defines the natural flora, historical background, and cultural essence of the Mediterranean Basin. This study aimed to establish relationships using multivariate analysis methods between the nutrient content of soil conditions in which olive cultivars grown in Türkiye are cultivated and the nutrient element content, phytochemical contents, antioxidant activity, total chlorophyll amount, and leaf colors of these cultivars. All data sets used in the study were analyzed in 2022 and 2023, and average values were used in the research. According to Tukey's comparison result, it was determined that the soil structure of the garden was homogeneous in terms of nutrients it contained. In nutrient analysis conducted on leaves, in the ‘Çelebi’ cultivar, Al (59.25 mg kg⁻¹), B (6.53 mg kg⁻¹), Cu (48.36 mg kg⁻¹), Fe (69.34 mg kg⁻¹), K (1438.11 mg kg⁻¹), Na (197.12 mg kg⁻¹) nutrients are the highest; in the ‘Gemlik-21’ cultivar, Ca (5485.03 mg kg⁻¹) nutrient is the highest; in the ‘Sarı Haşebi’ cultivar, Mg (928.11 mg kg⁻¹), Mn (19.71 mg kg⁻¹), S (632.77 mg kg⁻¹) nutrients are the highest; and in the ‘Tavşan Yüreği’ cultivar, Ni (1.71 mg kg⁻¹), Zn (9.76 mg kg⁻¹) nutrients are the highest. The L* (49.19), b* (29.43) color values are highest in the ‘Sarı Yaprak’ cultivar, while the a* (28.84) value is highest in the ‘Girit Zeytini’ cultivar. The highest leaf chlorophyll content was determined in the ‘Girit Zeytini’ cultivar (95.57). Total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity were determined to be highest in the ‘Manzanilla’ (151.49 mg GAE/100 g), ‘Edincik Su’ (39.01 mg QE/100 g), ‘Nizip Yağlık’ (91.18%) cultivars, respectively. According to the principal component analysis, the first three principal components accounted for 82% of the total variation. The correlation matrix analysis revealed that high levels of certain minerals in the soil led to an increase in the leaves, resulting in positive correlation, while the opposite was true for negative correlation. According to heat map analysis, mineral elements in the leaf were in the same group, while other data sets were in different groups. The data obtained will shed light on future research on similar topics.
Bu çalışma 2020 ve 2021 yılları arasında Ağrı ilinin Hamur ilçesinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada yörede doğal olarak yetişen alıç (Crataegus spp.) popülasyonu içerisinden bitki ve meyve özellikleri bakımından üstün özelliklere sahip alıç genotiplerinin seçilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada 54 genotipten meyve örneği alınmış, bunların tür teşhisi yapılarak morfolojik ve pomolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma bölgesinde Crataegus monogyna var. lasiocarpa (Lange) K.I.Chr. (2 genotip) Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd., (22 genotip) Crataegus azarolus (13 genotip) ,Crataegus azarolus var. azarolus (4 genotip) ve Crataegus orientalis subsp. szovitsii (Pojark.) K.I.Chr (13 genotip) olmak üzere toplam 5 alıç türü tespit edilmiştir. İki yıl süreyle incelenen genotipler içerisinde yapılan tartılı derecelendirme sonucunda 11 genotip ümitvar olarak seçilmiştir. Seçilen genotiplerde meyve ağırlığı 2.03-2.59 g, meyve eni 12.19-17.15 mm, meyve boyu 11.45-15.12 mm, meyve eti kalınlığı 3.53-4.98 mm, meyve eti oranı % 68.26-79.64, çekirdek ağırlığı 0.46-0.67 g, çekirdek sayısı 3-4 adet/meyve, suda çözünebilir kuru madde (SÇKM) %11.00-17.25, pH 3.70-4.02 ve titre edilebilir asitlik %1.01-2.39 arasında tespit edilmiştir.
