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Location of Changbai Mountain across the border of China and DPRK (North Korea) and position of 2 biosphere reserves and their 10-km buffers on Changbai Mountain. Technical explanations for the land cover data can be found in Tang et al (2010). (Map by LN Tang)
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Changbai Mountain, the highest mountain in the east of the Eurasian Continent, is covered with a wide range of distinct altitudinal vegetation types featuring the Earth's richest biodiversity in the cool temperate zone. However, some development trends on Changbai Mountain urgently require the launching of innovative policies and actions for sustai...
Contexts in source publication
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... Mountain, known as Changbaishan or Changbai Shan in China, Mount Baekdu in North Korea (DPRK), or Paektu-san in South Korea, stretches along the border between China and DPRK ( Figure 1) and is covered by well- developed altitudinal vegetation zones, including mixed forest (700- 1100 m), coniferous forest (1100- 1700 m), Erman birch forest (17002000 m), and tundra (.2000 m) ( Shao et al 1996). Contiguous intact forests with the richest biodiversity in the cool temperate zone on Earth are found within a 200,000-ha nature reserve, known as Changbai Mountain Reserve (CBR) on Changbai Mountain (Jeffers 1987; Barnes et al 1992 www.mrd-journal.org ...
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... the mid-1980s, most of the forestry enterprises have faced dwindling timber resources, but they had no choice but to continue to log whatever was available because of the rapid population growth in the forestry region. Researchers (eg Shao and Zhao 1998;Tang et al 2010) have pointed out that the CBR has become isolated within managed forest landscapes as extensive logging took place near the reserve boundary (Figure 1). ...
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... et al (2008) have suggested that, between 1963 and 2006, there were obvious human- induced changes in shrub and herb layers of the mixed forests. Extensive collection of Korean pine nuts also is destructive (Tang et al 2010). Korean Changes in land use and land cover derived from Landsat TM data in 1985, 1993, 1999, for an area that includes 2 nature reserves and their 10-km buffers on Changbai Mountain. ...
Citations
... The Changbai Mountains are located in one of the three major areas with snow cover in China and has abundant snow resources . This region has some of the most typical and well-preserved temperate forests in eastern Eurasia (Tang et al., 2011;Zhang et al., 2021a). The Changbai Mountains range runs from the northeast to southwest, spanning over 10 • in the latitude direction. ...
... Here we used bulk stable isotope, CSIA-AA, and NLFA analysis to investigate the changes in the trophic niches of and the channeling of energy through Collembola and Oribatida as major soil mesofauna taxa along an elevation gradient from 800 to 1700 m at Changbai Mountain, China. This gradient represents a continuous forest gradient from primary deciduous and coniferous mixed forests toward pure coniferous forests at higher elevation (Liu, 1997;Tang et al., 2011), which is accompanied by changes in local litter characteristics and microbial decomposers (Lux et al., 2022a) likely leading to shifts in trophic niches of microarthropods. We hypothesized that (1) the trophic position of both Collembola and Oribatida increases with increasing elevation due to more extensive feeding on microorganisms (rather than litter at lower elevations), (2) the trophic positions as measured by TP CSIA and bulk 15 N/ 14 N ratios are closely correlated, and (3) both groups feed predominantly on fungi and the contribution of fungi to their diet increases with elevation, which is reflected by δ 13 C eAA fingerprinting and dietary routing through NLFAs. ...
... komarovii Siebold & Zucc.) between 1100 and 1700 m, followed by birch forests (Betula ermanii Cham.) at elevations above 1700 m. The forests have not been managed for decades or even centuries and therefore comprise mostly primary forest (Tang et al., 2011). We focused on forests between 800 and 1700 m asl, where we established seven plots of an elevational difference of 150 m with every plot subdivided into eight subplots ( Figure 1). ...
Mountain forests are at risk as the consequences of climate change will likely lead to altered tree species boundaries. Characterizing food webs along elevation gradients in primary forests may help to predict the potential consequences of such changes, for example with regard to the decomposition of dead organic matter. Here, for the first time, we studied trophic variations in two species‐rich microarthropod taxa, Collembola and Oribatida, along an elevation gradient of primary forest at Changbai Mountain, China. Samples were taken at seven elevations of 150‐m elevational difference between 800 and 1700 m. At each elevation, Collembola and Oribatida were extracted from litter samples of eight subplots. We applied three state‐of‐the‐art methods to elucidate trophic positions and basal resource use at community level: Bulk stable isotope analysis of nitrogen (Δ ¹⁵ N bulk ) and carbon (Δ ¹³ C bulk ), compound‐specific stable isotope analysis of amino acids (CSIA‐AA), and dietary routing of neutral lipid fatty acids (NLFAs). Trophic positions calculated using Δ ¹⁵ N bulk and CSIA‐AA (TP CSIA ) in both taxa increased similarly with elevation by about half and one third of a trophic position, respectively. Stable isotope mixing models and linear discriminant analysis bootstrapping using δ ¹³ C of essential amino acids indicated fungi as the most important resource at all elevations for both taxa. Also, proportions of marker NLFAs changed little across elevations in both taxa; overall high proportions of linoleic acid indicated high fungal contributions, but in Collembola the contribution of bacterial markers was generally higher than in Oribatida. Δ ¹³ C bulk did not respond linearly to the elevation gradient; however, changes in elevation differed between Collembola and Oribatida. A strong linear relationship between δ ¹⁵ N of phenylalanine and δ ¹⁵ N of litter indicated litter as the basis of energy channels in both taxa. Overall, food web functioning likely changes with changing forest types along elevation gradients, with microarthropods switching from feeding closer to the base of the food web at lower elevations to feeding at higher trophic levels at higher elevations, potentially compromising their role in litter decomposition and nutrient cycling.
... Changbai Mountains, the mountain system on the eastern edge of Eurasia and including the highest peak in the region, have the most typical temperate forest ecosystem (Tang et al. 2011;Wu et al. 2002). The forested region covers around 55% of the total area. ...
Forest phenology is undergoing significant changes as a consequence of climate warming, something which is further complicated by snow cover phenology. While previous research has shown tight links between climate factors, snow cover and forest phenology changes, the relative importance of climate and snow cover on forest phenology has not yet been fully quantified. Here, we analyzed the variations of forest phenology and the influences of different factors on the changes of forest phenology in Changbai Mountains from 2001 to 2019. We extracted forest phenology [start of growing season (SOS), length of growing season (LOS) and annual maximum NDVI (NDVImax, indicating peak growth)] using MODIS NDVI and analyzed their spatio-temporal patterns. We found advanced SOS (− 0.4 days/year), prolonged LOS (0.84 days/year) and enhanced peak growth (0.002 year⁻¹) of forest at the regional scale. Then we analyzed the effects and relative importance of seasonal climatic factors and snow cover phenology on variations of forest phenology changes. The results indicated that spring temperature was the most important factor causing forest phenology changes. Snow cover duration and snow cover end day also played key roles on forest phenology changes. Snow cover end day showed positive influence on SOS and negative influence on LOS and peak growth. Spatially, the dominant factors affecting forest phenology varied among hydrothermal gradients. Our study provides useful insights on assessment and quantify the influences of climatic factors and snow on forest phenology, which are essential to predict the response of forests under global warming.
... The Changbai Mountain is an important gene pool of biodiversity in Northeast China (Xue and Tisdell, 2001;Tang et al., 2011). Its rich species diversity has made it a research hotspot. ...
Soil fungi are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems and play a major role in soil biogeochemical cycling. Although the diversity and composition of fungal communities are regulated by many abiotic and biotic factors, the effect of elevation on soil fungal community diversity and composition remains largely unknown. In this study, the soil fungal composition and diversity in Deyeuxia angustifolia populations along an elevational gradient (1,690 m to 2020 m a.s.l.) were assessed, using Illumina MiSeq sequencing, on the north-facing slope of the Changbai Mountain, northeastern China. Our results showed that soil physicochemical parameters changed significantly along with the elevational gradients. The Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most dominant phyla along with the gradient. Alpha diversity of soil fungi decreased significantly with elevation. Soil nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 ⁻ -N) was positively correlated with fungal richness and phylogenetic diversity (PD), indicating that soil nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 ⁻ -N) is a key soil property determining fungal community diversity. In addition to soil nitrate content, soil pH and soil moisture were the most important environmental properties determining the soil fungal diversity. Our results suggest that the elevational changes in soil physicochemical properties play a key role in shaping the community composition and diversity of soil fungi. This study will allow us to better understand the biodiversity distribution patterns of soil microorganisms in mountain ecosystems.
... Due to the diverse characteristics of topography, climate and ecosystem, the area is rich in biodiversity resources. There are nine species of amphibians, 12 species of reptiles, 24 species of fish, 56 species of mammals, 230 species of birds and 1255 species of insects in the Reserve, respectively (Tang et al. 2011). In addition, there are 430 species of fungi, 200 species of lichens, 311 species of bryophyte, 78 species of ferns, 11 species of gymnosperms and at least 1325 species of neutrophils (Zhang et al. 2016). ...
Changbai Mountain, located in northeast China, is one of the areas with the most complete natural ecosystem preservation in China. A new species, Didymodon changbaiensis C.Feng, J.Kou, H.-X. Xiao & T.-T.Wu from north slope of Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province of China is described and illustrated. It is characterised by ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves that are appressed when dry, acute leaf apex, lamina red or reddish-orange with KOH, unistratose lamina throughout, plane and unistratose leaf margins, percurrent costa with one layer of guide cells and without ventral stereids, upper and middle laminal cells with elliptical papillae over the transverse walls between two immediately adjacent cells and basal laminal cells not differentiated from the median cells. Our morphological analyses and molecular results, based on DNA sequences of ITS, rps 4 and trn M- trn V, confirm that D. changbaiensis is revealed to be sister to D. daqingii J. Kou, R.H. Zander & C. Feng. This new species is compared with similar species and its phylogenetic position and ecology are discussed.
... M. sieboldii (subgenus Magnolia, section Rhytidospermum, subsection Oyama) is a multi-stem deciduous tree or large shrub up to 5 m in height and with a wide crown. The natural range of this species is disjunctive and includes three regions: the Korean Peninsula up to the Pektusan Mountain in the north, near the border with China (Tang et al., 2011;Woody Plants, 2021); the southern part of the Japanese Archipelago; and the Anhui, Guangxi, and Sichuan provinces in China (Flora of China, 2021). ...
Abstract
The invasive potential of Magnolia sieboldii K. Koch on the territory of the Botanical Garden-Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (BGI FEB RAS) has been studied. The emergence of self-sown plants of M. sieboldii in natural ecosystems has been monitored since 2015, and their age structure and morphometric indices have been analyzed. The dependence of the mass appearance of seedlings on phenological shifts caused by modern climate changes has been shown. Changes in the boundaries of the natural range of this species for the period from the last glacial maximum to the short-term future (2070) have been described by the modeling of potential habitats. A tendency for expansion of the M. sieboldii range in the northeastern direction has been established, and the potential of the distribution of this species over the Russian Far East has been evaluated.
... M. sieboldii (подрод Magnolia, секция Rhytidospermum, подсекция Oyama) -многоствольное листопадное дерево или крупный кустарник до 5 м высотой с широкой кроной. Естественный ареал вида носит дизъюнктивный характер и располагается в трёх областях: на п-ове Корея до горы Пектусан на севере, недалеко от границы с Китаем [Tang et al., 2011;Woody Plants, 2021] и в южной части Японского Архипелага и провинции Аньхой, Гуанси, Сычуань в Китае [Flora of China, 2021]. ...
The article presents the results of the study of the invasive potential of K. Koch on the territory of the Botanical Garden - Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (BSI FEB RAS). Since 2015, we have observed the emergence of self-seedlings of M. sieboldii in natural ecosystems. This invasive population has a heterogeneous structure and morphometric parameters. Our results show the dependence of the mass appearance of seedlings on phenological shifts caused by modern climatic changes. We used a method of modeling potential habitats to describe changes in the boundaries of the natural range for the period from the last glacial maximum to the future in the short term (2070). A tendency for expansion of M. siebo ldii range in the northeastern direction, including potential to distribution of this species over the territory of the Russian Far East has been established.
... At present, the benefits that forest ecosystems bring to communities stand out, both through the sustainable exploitation of the products of origin and in the improvement of recreational, tourist and scenic services offered by visiting these places, which are defined as non-wood forest products and services [1][2][3]. ...
... From a governmental point of view, there is a need to encourage and support local businesses, forest management and planning, and to promote landscapes and the conservation of forest ecosystems and biodiversity, the interface between science and vital policy at various scales, the sustainable protection of landscape heritage, innovative policies, and creative approaches to enhance this kind of market [3,9]. ...
Tourism activities developed in forested areas are a non-wood forest exploitation method that contributes to sustainability objectives, even more so when they consider the participation of the community and the government in favor of its conservation. Under this context, this article will review the different investigations that relate to indigenous tourism, the conservation of the ecosystem and what attributes are important when measuring them. To do this, a scientometric meta-analysis was carried out, which extracts a set of articles that strictly refer to the themes of indigenous tourism in forests, considering two databases integrated into the Core Collection Web of Science, the selection process of which is aligned with the guidelines of the PRISMA methodology, establishing, with the PICOS tool, the eligibility criteria of the articles, which were applied to a qualitative systematic review. Finally, a model for measuring attributes in levels on indigenous tourism stands out, which incorporates the limit between the number of visitors to the tourist destination; the incorporation of tourists guides the identification of the necessary infrastructure facilities for an adequate experience and environmental conservation.
... About 500 individuals survived in the ex situ conservation site. [1] What could further strengthen these management measures is the recommendation by Tang et al. [53] for multiscale, multistakeholder conservation efforts in the Changbai/Paektu mountain range. Forming the northernmost part of the Baekdudaegan Mountain Range that stretches over 1400 km from Mountains Paektu at the Chinese/DPR Korean border to Mt. Jiri in Republic of Korea, [54] the cultural significance of this mountain range in both DPR Korea and Republic of Korea is a factor that may support transboundary conservation and landscape level management measures. ...
Occurring in China, DPR Korea, Japan, and Russian Federation and classified in the Red List of Chinese Flora as a vulnerable species, Rhodiola sachalinensis Boriss. is used increasingly in cosmetics, dietary supplements, and Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the (i) conservation status, harvesting and trade levels of R. sachalinensis, (ii) current state of experimental and commercial farming, and (iii) evidence of substitution or interchangeable use of R. sachalinensis with other Rhodiola species. We assessed data from multiple disciplines and languages including studies on R. sachalinensis biology and ecology, information on impacts of wild harvest, management measures, and current levels of cultivation. Our assessment shows that while R. sachalinensis is increasingly produced by cultivation, wild populations are decreasing and face multiple threats. These include (a) habitat loss including due to oil and gas infrastructure development on Sakhalin island, (b) climate change impacts on alpine ecosystems, and (c) overexploitation of wild plants to satisfy the growing commercial demand. Assessments of the conservation status of R. sachalinensis should commence in each Range State, as well as resource assessments and monitoring of harvesting and trade of wild R. sachalinensis. Even with increased reliance on cultivation, biodiversity conservation, and genetic diversity in wild populations are relevant to future use of this species.
... Negative effects of deforestation could go beyond North Korea's territory because of shared forest communities of South Korea, China, and Russia. For example, the Changbai Mountain was home to endangered species includes Siberian tiger and Chinese merganser, but North Korea's deforestation significantly threatened habitat quality there [7], [47]. Although a series of forestation policies were formulated, results have never been reported yet [20]. ...
!Forest change in the Korean Peninsula related to different socioeconomic developments in North and South Korea and impacted on the regional environment. However, there was a lack of consistent information about forest changes, especially comparative knowledge of North and South Korea that support management and policymaking. We used the change object update method to generate the first object-based 30m land cover set for the peninsula and analyzed new observations of forest changes in North and South Korea from 1990-2000 to 2000-2015. Results showed that, in North Korea, annual forest loss increased from 142 km2·yr-1 to 257 km2·yr-1, and the total loss increased from 1,407 km2 to 3,769 km2. The elevation range where forest loss concentrated shifted from 100-300 m to 300-1,000 m. The conversion of forest to cropland increased from 1,256 km2 to 3,910 km2, indicating North Korea’s forest eroded by agriculture expansion to ensure food security. By contrast, in South Korea, despite forest total loss increased from 338 km2 to 513 km2, annual loss remained at 34 km2·yr-1. The forest loss was concentrated at the elevation range of 0-300 m, which linked with built-up land expansion. Different public income and social developments drove distinct magnitude of forest loss in the two countries. Follow the Global Forest Observations Initiative, although forest loss might be underestimated for North Korea and overestimated for South Korea, our land change information equipped good overall accuracy (≥ 0.94 ± 0.031). This study could provide useful implications for forest management and regional sustainable development.
