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Location map of the Unfinished Obelisk area showing the sites of geophysical survey, the yellow line indicates the location of resistivity image.
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... geophysical measurements are located at the proximity of the UO and involve Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), Resistivity imaging, and Radar imaging survey. Figure 1 shows the location of the geophysical measurements at the investigated site. The data of three VESs are acquired using Schlumberger configuration with SYSCAL-PRO unit (IRIS) and a maximum cable length of 100 m to enable a depth of investigation within 20 -30 m. ...
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... software has been applied to the raw field data to remove noisy signals, recover signal deterioration with depth, and apply several data averaging to improve reflectors continuity and the overall quality of the radar image. Figure 3 presents the Radar section at line 5 ( Figure 1) before (left) and after (right) data processing, as an example for data quality improvement using REFLEXW package. ...
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... drilled, and the well details presented in Table 2 with the hydrostratigraphic units of these wells compiled in Figure 10. Generally, the drilled sections indicated the presence of a land fill layer that is dominantly less than 1 m thick but reported over 15 m in Asn-6 well (confirms VES-3 measurements, Figure 8 (Table 2). ...
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... site selection was successful to penetrate the fault gouge down to approximately 17.0 m depth as confirmed by the highly pulverized clay mixed with the highly weathered granitic catalysts recovered from drilling cuttings. The pumping test continued over more than 7 hours at well Asn-P with a discontinuous discharge rate of 10 m 3 /h to keep the groundwater level above the submersible pump and the stress rhythms are shown in Figure 11. Over 2 minutes' time from the start of pumping, the groundwater level has fallen from a depth of 2.83 m to 18.00 m. ...
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... 2 minutes' time from the start of pumping, the groundwater level has fallen from a depth of 2.83 m to 18.00 m. Monitoring the aquifer perturbations at Asn-1, Asn-2, and Asn-3 piezometers showed no response at all indicating that the main ENE-WSW fault acts as a perfect impermeable zone to groundwater as well as the other faults cutting across it ( Figure 11). The chemical analysis of the water sample collected from well Asn-P ( Figure 11. ...
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... the aquifer perturbations at Asn-1, Asn-2, and Asn-3 piezometers showed no response at all indicating that the main ENE-WSW fault acts as a perfect impermeable zone to groundwater as well as the other faults cutting across it ( Figure 11). The chemical analysis of the water sample collected from well Asn-P ( Figure 11. The aquifer stress and perturbation monitoring in piezometers Asn-1, Asn-2, and Asn-3 reported in a pumping test completed over seven hours period in the study area. ...
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... may explain the preferential vertical flow and the relationship of water level in the pond to the seasonal variations in the Nile water. In addition, the dead response to the pumping stress observed in the neighboring piezometers (Figure 11 water pond or seepage, and mandates using local interactions to individual problems. Therefore, the developed water pond at the UO-site can be managed using a ...
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Activity report of the 2021 French Archeological Mission in Armant (Egypt).
Citations
... Consequently, the fluctuation of soil water levels, together with the changes in the subsoil conditions (i.e., salinity and moisture), provide hazardous environments to heritage buildings, which is the greatest challenge facing archaeologists. Unfortunately, the rising groundwater level is the most contemporary geo-environmental hazard that threatens these archaeological sites in Aswan city [28,29]. The perched soil water (i.e., waterlogging) phenomena were observed in different problems in Aswan city [30]. ...
... Unluckily, Aswan city faced different environmental risks from shallow soil water levels [31], which in turn led to severe deterioration of the Fatimid graves (Figure 2a-g). Unfortunately, the rising groundwater level is the most contemporary geo-environmental hazard that threatens these archaeological sites in Aswan city [28,29]. The perched soil water (i.e., waterlogging) phenomena were observed in different problems in Aswan city [30]. ...
The Fatimid state was established in Egypt in 969 and lasted until the end of the dynasty in 1171. During the Fatimid rule in Egypt, a large set of monuments were erected. A significant portion of these monuments were shrines dedicated to the descendants of the Prophet Muhammed, especially in Aswan. Groundwater rising, at present, has introduced severe deterioration to the ancient earthen mud-brick architecture of the Fatimid tombs in Aswan city (Egypt). However, monitoring the influence of anthropogenic and environmental aspects on the deterioration issues in Fatimid tombs has not yet been considered. To this end, the scope of this pilot study is to investigate the structural stability and weathering vulnerability of the building materials of mud-brick structures in the Fatimid Cemetery before restoration labor. This was achieved using an integration of remote sensing (Landsat 8 and SRTM-DEM) and hydrogeological datasets in the Geographic Information System (GIS), along with a physicochemical and mineralogical analysis of various materials (the bearing soil, wall plasters, and Muqarnas) from the affected cemeteries. The morphological and mineralogical compositions of the collected samples were analytically examined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and CT scan. Moreover, geotechnical studies were conducted for the perched soil water and subsoil, including the analysis of the physiochemical composition and heavy metals using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results of multitemporal analysis of land use/land cover (LULC) changes displayed the growth and appearance of wetlands near the Fatimid tombs area over the last decades, boosting the geo-environmental risks from soil water rising. Furthermore, the detailed analytical investigations of building materials and soil foundations showed that this unique and substantial ancient Islamic archaeological site of Egypt shows weak geotechnical properties, and it is highly sensitive to natural and anthropogenic stressors. This innovative methodology can produce novel recommendations and results to the Ministry of Antiquities in Egypt and the Heritage Commission in Saudi Arabia for the adequate restoration of monuments.
