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Maheshwaram watershed is situated in Ranga Reddy district of at a distance of about 30 km south of Hyderabad. The watershed has an area of 53 km2 and has hard rock aquifers with semi-arid climate. The study area has been expanding at a fast pace and now has the distinction of being one of the fastest growing urban centers, facing the problem of gro...
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... Groundwater pollution is caused by many factors, such as geogenic or anthropogenic, nitrogen pollution, agricultural activities, rock and soil dissolution, mine water contamination, according to previous literature (Brindha and Elango, 2015;Adimalla and Venkatayogi, 2017;Sreedevi et al., 2017;Saikrishna et al., 2020Saikrishna et al., , 2021a. Several researchers have found that groundwater quality studies have been analysed, viz., (Satyanarayanan et al., 2007;Arumugam and Elangovan, 2009;Belkhiri and Mouni, 2012;Purushotham et al., 2011;Pradeep Kumar and Srinivas, 2012;Moosavirad et al., 2013;Arunprakash, et al., 2014;Singh et al., 2015;Shabya Choudhary et al., 2016;Mohammed et al., 2017;Syed and Umair, 2018). ...
... It is necessary for the sustainable development of water supplies for drought locations to understand the geochemical evolution of groundwater, as there are restricted sources for the aquifer's susceptibility to contamination. In many regions of the world, the importance of groundwater hydrochemistry has prompted a number of thorough research on the deterioration of groundwater quality and the geochemical development of groundwater (Purushotham et al., 2011;Sunitha et al., 2022;Kadam et al., 2021). Numerous scholars from all around the world have examined groundwater hydro-chemical data in order to use chemometric approaches to analyze the source and history of ions. ...
... Sodium reacts with soil which thereby reduces its permeability which indicates that sodium concentration is important in the classification of irrigational water quality (Purushotham et al., 2011). When sodium content is high in the irrigational water, it is absorbed by the clay particles of the soil. ...
Hydrogeochemical studies were carried out in the Karanja River Basin (KRB) to assess the quality and suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. Fourty two groundwater samples were collected during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2015. The physico-chemical parameters of groundwater such as pH, EC, TDS, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + , HCO 3-, Cl-, SO 4 2-, NO 3-were determined. In the majority of water samples, the analyzed physico-chemical parameters fall within the desirable limits and suggest their portability for drinking use as per the standards set by WHO (2011), BIS (2012), and ISI (1983) standards. The Piper's (1953) trilinear diagram (1953) plotted for the chemical data reveals that the majority of the groundwater samples are mainly Ca-HCO 3 and mixed Ca-Na-HCO 3 type during both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. According to Gibb's (1970), diagrams the overall hydrochemistry of the groundwater samples in both seasons falls in the rock dominance field. The values %Na, SAR, and RSC were calculated for the present study area to interpret the water quality from an irrigational point of view. Wilcox (1954) and USSL (1954) plots along with the values of RSC revealed that groundwater samples from both seasons are suitable for irrigation purposes. The majority of the water samples analyzed during pre-monsoon and the post-monsoon seasons have the %Na, SAR, RSC, etc., values within the prescribed limit. Hence, in the present study area, the groundwater samples are suitable for drinking and irrigational purpose, except a few samples.
... Cluster analysis in the post-monsoon season to measures the variables from cluster I, EC, TDS, F and pH and Cluster II represents Ca, TH, Mg, Cl, SO 4 , Na, HCO 3 , K, NO 3 and CO 3 (Fig. 10b), which dominates the ion-exchange, carbonate weathering, fluoride minerals and anthropogenic inputs of the groundwater chemistry (Purushotham et al. 2011). ...
Groundwater is the major source of water both for drinking and agriculture activities in India. Water availability and quality depends on the rock formations present in the region. To study the quality of water forty-two samples have been collected during periods (May-2015) and (December-2015). Groundwater samples are reported to be having chemical constituents above the BIS and WHO standards for drinking purposes. TDS, TH, Chloride and Nitrates are above the standard specifications with reference to drinking water and one-third of the region is unsuitable for domestic purposes. Based on the Irrigation water quality indices reveal that majority of the samples are acceptable for irrigation water except few samples are unacceptable limit for irrigation purposes. Data plotted in the Piper trilinear showed that dominant water types are Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-Cl⁻ and Ca²-Na⁺-HCO3⁻ mixed. Cluster analysis indicates that the hydrogeochemical processes involved are due to weathering of rocks, reverse ion exchange, and anthropogenic inputs it.
... The movement of groundwater is controlled by physical and geochemical properties of (i) contaminant (ii) the groundwater and (iii) the geological system through which the contaminated groundwater is flowing. Presence of some ionic contents beyond certain limits may make it unsuitable for irrigation, domestic or industrial uses (Purushtotham, et al, 2011;Aher and Deshpande, 2014). Poor quality of water adversely affects the plant growth and human health (US Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954). ...
This paper presents a study on the influence of geochemical parameters on groundwater quality in GV-35 watershed of Aurangabad district, Maharashtra, India. Groundwater samples were collected from different locations and their physiochemical quality parameter were analysed. Water quality index (WQI) was determined on the basis of various physical and chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, chloride, nitrate, sodium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, fluoride and iron. These parameters were determined for the calculation of water quality index (WQI). During pre-monsoon, 4% of groundwater samples were excellent, 65% were good; 26 % were poor; and 4% were unsuitable for domestic suitability, whereas in post-monsoon, 65% of water samples were good; 26% were poor; 4% were very poor and 4% were unsuitable for domestic suitability .
... Safe drinking water should have a sulfate concentration of less than 500 mg/L. Drinking water containing high levels of sulfate causes diarrheal water loss, especially in infants (Purushotham et al., 2011). Sulfate in high doses causes a significant change in the taste of the water. ...
Sustainable development of our society requires protection and monitoring of aquatic environments, as they are the pivotal water resources and niche for wildlife animals. In this research, physicochemical parameters of Tajan river’s water were determined and compared with standards to assess the rural and human activity impact on water quality. First, monitoring and analyzing the water quality of the river were performed for 11 years (from 2007 to 2017). Based on calculated water quality index (WQI) values, Tajan river’s water quality falls into four categories: good water with WQI less than 30 at upstream and middle of the river, poor water, and very poor to even unsuitable water (WQI ranges from 86 to 134) at the more urbanized locations. The high values of WQI are due to an elevated concentration of sulfate, nitrate, total dissolved solids (TDS), and chloride substances. The source of contaminations, according to the geochemistry of the area and having more than 90% growth rate in the population near to the most polluted location, is probably anthropogenic activities. Then, the long-term experimental data set has been utilized for developing a statistical model to be used for prediction of water quality with a few chemical analyses, generating a rapid and low-cost water quality evaluation for this river. The model was developed based on the stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) approach and confirmed the experimental observation data of the most defective elements on WQI were respectively SO4, NO3, TDS, Cl, pH, and EC. This study presents a long-term evaluation of changes in surface water quality at a region with a recent rapid urban and civil development providing a suitable case to understand better human–water relations.
... Biological pollution is caused by bacteria, alge, virus, protozoa etc. physiological pollution of water by caused by several chemical agents such as chlorine, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide ketones, phenols amines etc. according to WHO organization, about 80% of all the disease in human. The quality of groundwater is affected by many factors such as physic-chemical characteristics of soil, weathering of rocks, and rainfall etc. (pureshotham et al; 2011) [25] . Groundwater quality assessment of dfferent quality parameters has been carried out by various researches (Hegde, 2006;Pandian and Shankar, 2007;Popleare and Dewalkar, 2007;Mshra, 2010) [13,22,24,29] . ...
This study, deals with groundwater quality for Drinking and Irrigation purpose of Rewa Block, Ditrict-Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India. Study area covers an area of 704.17 km2 and lies between 81˚06’00” and 81˚30’00” E longitudes and 24˚18’00” and 24˚42’00” N latitudes. Geologically, the area is occupied by sandstone and shale of Rewa Group belonging to Vindhyan super-group. The groundwater occurs in semi-confined to confined condition. A total number of fifty ground water samples were collected in pre and post-monsoon seasons of 2018-19 from different locations of the study area and analyzed for comically analysis for various water quality parameters such as PH, electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl), carbonate, bicarbonate, sodium (Na), Potassium (K) and calcium with magnesium (Ca+Mg). On comparing the results against water quality standards laid by World Health Organization (WHO) and BIS. It is observed that some parameters exceed the standard limits. The ground water is hard to very hard in nature. The overall study reveals that water concentration of various cations and anions suggest that the groundwater of the area is partially suitable for drinking purpose.
... However in some stations like S09, the highest value of chloride was recorded (7.61 meq/L), followed station S04 (6.71 meq/L), and station S07 (4.34 meq/L) were seen from slight to moderate effect in toxicity content of chloride [46]. Excessive chloride leads to salinity, which deteriorates the soil salinity [47]. Boron has been identified as a danger to crops when present in irrigation water at 1-2 mg/L concentration range [48]. ...
The aim of this study is to assess the current status of the Awash River. The study was desighned using 12 sampling stations for three consecutive months from December-2016 to February-2017. Samples were taken for physicochemical analysis from the main river and tributaries. All parameters have been analyzed using standard methods. High level of EC, TDS, NO 3-, NH 3 , Cl-, SO 4 2-, Cr +6 , DO, COD and BOD were recorded in station S04. Accordingly, EC in station S04, S07 and S09; nitrate in S02 and S04; chloride in S04 and S09; Na and alkalinity in S07, S09, S10, S11 and S12 exceeded the standard guideline limit of WHO and FAO. Some irrigation water quality parameters such as EC, %Na, SAR, RSC, HCO 3-, and Cl-concentration showed a progressive increase from station S10 to S12. Based on this investigation, it is concluded that the discharge of industrial, domestic, and agricultural effluents together with the expansion of Lake Beseka has strongly degraded the quality of Awash River at the study area. Untreated industrial wastes and unregulated lake water have caused significant pollution in the Awash River system and mitigation measures are required to restore good water quality.
... Piper (trilinear) diagram is a very effective way to visualise the major ions (cations and anions) of water samples (Teng et al., 2016). Visualisation of cations and anions using Piper diagrams can be useful in showing the underground water geochemical evolution and comparing the waters from different geological environments (Purushotham et al., 2011;Yang et al., 2016). For this purpose, there are eight major ions to be considered namely calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), sodium (Na + ), and potassium (K + ) for cations, and sulphate (SO 4 2-), chloride (Cl -), carbonate (CO 3 -) and hydrogen carbonate (HCO 3 -) for anions. ...
... Piper (trilinear) diagram is a very effective way to visualise the major ions (cations and anions) of water samples (Teng et al., 2016). Visualisation of cations and anions using Piper diagrams can be useful in showing the underground water geochemical evolution and comparing the waters from different geological environments (Purushotham et al., 2011;Yang et al., 2016). For this purpose, there are eight major ions to be considered namely calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), sodium (Na + ), and potassium (K + ) for cations, and sulphate (SO 4 2-), chloride (Cl -), carbonate (CO 3 -) and hydrogen carbonate (HCO 3 -) for anions. ...
Series of studies have been conducted to investigate the hydraulic connection between Seropan underground rivers with other underground rivers in Gunung Kidul karst area. Stable isotopes composition, hydrochemical contents of collected samples from several sources around Seropan cave together with tracer tests that have been conducted in the area have helped us to establish hydraulic connection of Seropan underground river with adjacent underground rivers in Gunung Kidul karst area. Several tracer tests that have been conducted in the study area have revealed that subsurface water flowed from Seropan to Ngreneng cave with average travel time about six hours and 13 minutes. Analyses of breakthrough curves found from the tracer tests hinted that the flow is a direct flow with large well developed conduit without any significant delay due to water depressions and dead zones. Although downstream flow paths of Seropan underground river were successfully determined, however, upstream hydraulic connection were not been established. Future study should focus on the upper part (upstream) of Seropan cave.
... In recent years, a number of events affecting surface water quality have resulted in increased public concern. Such factors include industrial and municipal waste discharge, fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural soils, chemical leakages from landfills/waste disposal pits, leaching of animal and human wastes, human activities like fishing, human and goods transportation, dredging, sand mining, mangrove cutting and cases of oil pollution arising from accidental and chronic spillages (Altman and Parizek, 1995;Furtado et al., 1998;Purushtotham et al., 2011;Chindah et al., 2004;Ugochukwu, 2004;Emongor et al., 2005 andNwanjei et al., 2012). ...
In developing countries, there has been a systematic loss of creeks to overuse, pollution, diversion or filling. Creeks and lagoons in Nigeria, apart from their ecological and economic significance, serve as sink for the disposal of an increasing array of waste types. A review of some important physical and chemical properties of some Nigerian creeks (Okorotip, Douglas, Okpoka, Abule-Eledu, Ajegunle, Tamara, Badagry, Omoku, Amadi, Taylor, Woji-Okpoka, Stubbs, and Elechi) and anthropogenic factors influencing them was carried out. The creeks were characterized by temperature range from 23.0 to 32.1 °C, turbidity from 0 to 32.50 NTU, transparency from 0.11 to 1.71 m, pH from 5.4 to 8.20, DO from 0.50 to 41.50 mg l-1 , BOD from 0 to 688 mg l-1 , salinity from 0 to 25.70 ppt, conductivity from 10 to 39,300 µS/cm, nitrate from 0.00 to 5.30 mg l-1 , magnesium from 1.00 to 1358.59 mg l-1 , phosphate from 0.01 to 2.50 mg l-1 , sulphate from 0.01 to 2107.32 mg l-1 , alkalinity from 7.00 to 1681.20 mg l-1 , TDS from 196 to 25,270 mg l-1 , TSS from 12 to 2210 mg l-1 and total hardness from 6.72 to 7880.00 mg l-1. The main anthropogenic factors influencing the creeks have been identified as municipal waste discharge, oil pollution arising from accidental and chronic spillages, human activities on the creeks, industrial waste discharge, fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural soils, chemical leakages from landfills or industrial waste disposal pits and leaching of animal and human waste. In order to maintain the ecological status of the creeks, government agencies should ensure wastewater recycling and treatment; continuous monitoring and evaluation of the creeks for educational and management purposes; and municipal effluent discharge should be discouraged or discontinued.
