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Here, a geomorphological map of Horseshoe Island, which is one of the most ice-free islands in Marguerite Bay of the Antarctic Peninsula, is provided. The landforms on the island were mapped by using Google Earth images. Field reconnaissance of the landforms was carried out in March 2018. The island is subdivided into three major geomorphologically...
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... western part of the peninsula ( Figure 1(A and B)) is one of the most ice-free areas of the continent where glacial and periglacial processes shape the landscape together with glacio-isostatic processes. Several studies have focused on mapping and dating of offshore and onshore geomorphic and geological features across the Antarctic Peninsula (Baroni, Bruschi, & López- Martínez, 1997;Bentley et al., 2009Bentley et al., , 2011Bentley, Hodgson, Smith, & Cox, 2005;Clapperton & Sugden, 1982Fretwell, Hodgson, Watcham, Bentley, & Roberts, 2010;Guglielmin, Worland, Convey, & Can- none, 2012;Hansom, 1983;Hjort & Ingólfsson, 1990;Hodgson et al., 2009;John & Sugden, 1971;Johnson, Bentley, Roberts, Binnie, & Freeman, 2011;Livingstone et al., 2013;López-Martínez, Martínez de Pisón, Ser- rano, & Arche, 1996;López-Martínez et al., 2002;Lopez-Martinez, Serrano, Schmid, Mink, & Lines, 2012;Myadkow, 1979;Nichols, 1960;Oliva & Ruiz-Fernandez, 2017;Ó Cofaigh, Dowdeswell, Evans, & Larter, 2008;Ó Cofaigh et al., 2005Ó Cofaigh et al., , 2014Pallas, Vilaplana, & Sabat, 1995;Roberts et al., 2011;Ruckamp, Braun, Suckro, & Blindow, 2011;Seong et al., 2009;Serrano et al., 2008;Serrano & López-Martínez, 1997, 2000Simkins, Simms, & DeWitt, 2013;Sugden & John, 1973;Watcham et al., 2011;Wolstencroft et al., 2015). ...
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... geomorphic mapping efforts have mostly focused on the northern part of the peninsula, e.g. South Shetlands Islands (Figure 1(B)), but they are very rare in the southern part, e.g. Marguerite Bay. ...
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... Bay. This study focused on Horseshoe Island (Figure 1(C)) where high-resolution Google Earth images were available and fieldwork was carried out during the second Turkish Antarctic Expedition in March 2018. ...
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... study area is located within the archipelago of Marguerite Bay located in the south-central part of the Antarctic Peninsula (Figure 1(C)). The bay was covered by an ice sheet that extended to the continental slope at ca. 20 ka ago ). ...
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... Pas, Horseshoe and Millerand islands together with Calmette Bay are the most promising areas in terms of glacial, periglacial landscape evolution and glacio-isotatic investigations because of well-preserved landforms and deposits. (Figure 1(C)). The total surface area of Horseshoe Island is 60 km 2 and glaciers or semi-perennial ice and snow cover 66% of the island. ...
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... data are stored within Q-GIS 2.18 (www.QGIS.com) and locator maps within Figure 1 were adapted from Quantarctica V3 (http://quantarctica.npolar.no), a free GIS package for research, education, and operation in Antarctica. The final version of the main map was designed in Adobe Illustrator® CS6. ...
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... ( Figure 1). The island's northern part is mostly covered by an ice cap, and the middle part is covered by glacial and periglacial landforms [23]. Therefore, the middle part of the island was chosen since the glacial and landform coverage was more extensive than in the other parts of the island (Figure 1). ...
... Therefore, the middle part of the island was chosen since the glacial and landform coverage was more extensive than in the other parts of the island (Figure 1). The stages involved in the execution of this study involved The island's northern part is mostly covered by an ice cap, and the middle part is covered by glacial and periglacial landforms [23]. Therefore, the middle part of the island was chosen since the glacial and landform coverage was more extensive than in the other parts of the island (Figure 1). ...
Antarctica plays a key role in the hydrological cycle of the Earth’s climate system, with an ice sheet that is the largest block of ice that reserves Earth’s 90% of total ice volume and 70% of fresh water. Furthermore, the sustainability of the region is an important concern due to the challenges posed by melting glaciers that preserve the Earth’s heat balance by interacting with the Southern Ocean. Therefore, the monitoring of glaciers based on advanced deep learning approaches offers vital outcomes that are of great importance in revealing the effects of global warming. In this study, recent deep learning approaches were investigated in terms of their accuracy for the segmentation of glacier landforms in the Antarctic Peninsula. For this purpose, high-resolution orthophotos were generated based on UAV photogrammetry within the Sixth Turkish Antarctic Expedition in 2022. Segformer, DeepLabv3+ and K-Net deep learning methods were comparatively analyzed in terms of their accuracy. The results showed that K-Net provided efficient results with 99.62% accuracy, 99.58% intersection over union, 99.82% precision, 99.76% recall and 99.79% F1-score. Visual inspections also revealed that K-Net was able to preserve the fine details around the edges of the glaciers. Our proposed deep-learning-based method provides an accurate and sustainable solution for automatic glacier segmentation and monitoring.
... The Horseshoe Island where Turkish Scientific Research Camp is established covers an area of 60km2, has one bay and two coves, most part of its coastline is ice-free, just 23 km (36%) of it being ice-covered (Yıldırım, 2019). The archipelago of Marguerite Bay, where the Lystad Bay is located was covered by sheet of ice at ca. 20ka ago (Bentley et al., 2011). ...
... 9.5ka (Çiner et al., 2019). The geomorphology of the Horseshoe Island shows that it is still under the influence of glaciers (Yıldırım, 2019). That indicates coastlines and surroundings of the island continue interacting with ice, so topography of it will continue changing over a long-term time scale. ...
... The survey area is located in the Lystad Bay which is in the southern part of the Horseshoe Island and covers an area of 13.62 km 2 with some small islands. The numbers found in the study of Yıldırım (2019) are compatible with our calculations. ...
In this study the compatibility between high resolution multibeam echosounder data of Lystad Bay, Horseshoe Island obtained during Turkish Antarctic Expedition-III and the soundings of British Admiralty (BA) 2974&3213 nautical charts produced by United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) was investigated. The bay was charted in 1960, first, by Lieut.C.J.C. Wynne-Edwards (Royal Navy)’s survey data and no chart has been produced with any new measurements since then. BA charts were created by means of single beam echosounder data. The comparison of the newly gathered data in the surveyed area (6.9km2) which covers half of the Lystad Bay indicate that soundings on the nautical charts of BA2974 & BA3213 are shallower and coastlines are not compatible. Additionally, the data from February 2019 depicts depths as varying between 2.8-94.6 meters. Dense multibeam echosounder data made 3D analyzes achievable, which shows that the sea bottom topography has not only trenches but also shoals that should be considered in order to navigate safely in the bay. Moreover, modern satellite-based positioning systems provide more accuracy than terrestrial positioning systems. The sound velocity is measured as 1446.5 and 1447.5 m/s at the surface and decreasing with increasing depth.
... A total of ten GEE clusters were identified, and these included papers related to tidal flats, Landsat time series, land surface temperature, wetlands, the recursive hierarchical segmentation method (RHSEG), central Asia, land-use change, nighttime lights, the NDVI, and yield estimation. The clustering results suggested that GE was widely applied as a virtual Earth in studies on ship detection [77][78][79][80][81][82][83], land-conversion mapping [84][85][86], glacial geomorphology [6,[87][88][89][90][91], and the Earth's lithosphere [92]. ...
... World Wind, Cesium, and OpenWebGlobe are superior to GE in terms of multi-dimensional visualization and extendibility, but do not have GE's ease of use and stable high-spatial resolution images. We used the same method used for GE and GEE articles to retrieve articles related to these virtual globes and found that the number of articles was far less than for GE:World Wind (18), Bing Maps (43), ArcGIS Explorer (3), Cesium (6) and OpenWebGlobe (0). The results found by Yu and Gong [2] confirmed this. ...
Earth system science has changed rapidly due to global environmental changes and the advent of Earth observation technology. Therefore, new tools are required to monitor, measure, analyze, evaluate, and model Earth observation data. Google Earth (GE) was officially launched by Google in 2005 as a ”geobrowser”, and Google Earth Engine (GEE) was released in 2010 as a cloud computing platform with substantial computational capabilities. The use of these two tools or platforms in various applications, particularly as used by the remote sensing community, has developed rapidly. In this paper, we reviewed the applications and trends in the use of GE and GEE by analyzing peer-reviewed articles, dating up to January 2021, in the Web of Science (WoS) core collection using scientometric analysis (i.e., by using CiteSpace) and meta-analysis. We found the following: (1) the number of articles describing the use of GE or GEE increased substantially from two in 2006 to 530 in 2020. The number of GEE articles increased much faster than those concerned with the use of GE. (2) Both GE and GEE were extensively used by the remote sensing community as multidisciplinary tools. GE articles covered a broader range of research areas (e.g., biology, education, disease and health, economic, and information science) and appeared in a broader range of journals than those concerned with the use of GEE. (3) GE and GEE shared similar keywords (e.g., “land cover”, “water”, “model”, “vegetation”, and “forest”), which indicates that their application is of great importance in certain research areas. The main difference was that articles describing the use of GE emphasized its use as a visual display platform, while those concerned with GEE placed more emphasis on big data and time-series analysis. (4) Most applications of GE and GEE were undertaken in countries, such as the United States, China, and the United Kingdom. (5) GEE is an important tool for analysis, whereas GE is used as an auxiliary tool for visualization. Finally, in this paper, the merits and limitations of GE and GEE, and recommendations for further improvements, are summarized from an Earth system science perspective.
The variety of geophysical imaging methods, such as shallow-acoustic profiling, multi-beam swath bathymetry, 10 and side scan sonar, has made it possible to recognize and understand submerged glacial landforms on and below the seafloor of historically glaciated continental edges. By examining these landforms, one can learn more about the dynamics of paleo ice sheets and the processes by which ice sheets move, erode, and deposit sediment. In order to evaluate model projections of the future responses of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to climate change, it is equally crucial to comprehend previous rates of change. In order to accomplish this, the video ground-trothing and side scan sonar data, which 15 are the initial dataset for the study area, were used to map the nearshore deformations and deposition features of Western Horseshoe Island, Western Antarctica. The morphological and erosional boundaries indicate that streams of melting ice have affected the seafloor, especially below 10 meters, in the recent past, forming glacial marine phases and ice-margin. Nonetheless, a limited area also revealed subglacial seafloor features, such a paleolake, and paleoshoreline morphology, suggesting the presence of a two-phase mechanism in the study area. Meltwater streams and ice flow directions in the 20 research region generally trend southward, with the island's southernmost portion being deeper than its westernmost component.
The results of major and trace elements investigation in snow and fresh water on Dismal and Horseshoe Islands, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula are presented. Samples of newly fallen snow, old snow, as well as water from lakes, ponds and streams were collected during the 4th Turkish Antarctic Expedition in February-early March 2020. Determination of Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Th, Tl, U, V and Zn content was carried out using the ICP-MS method. Totally 39 samples were analyzed.
It was established that, variability and average concentrations of major and trace elements are significantly higher in newly fallen snow compared to old snow. The lowest concentrations of major and a number of trace elements (Fe, Cr, Se, Ba, As and Tl) were recorded in samples of old snow, and the highest - in water of streams. All types of samples have the highest Na concentrations, that confirms sea aerosols as the source of their input.
High enrichment factors EFc (>100) for Zn, Cd, Se and Sb (especially in newly fallen snow) indicate possible anthropogenic impact connected with long-range air mass transfer.
This study presents a 1:25 000 geomorphological map of the northern sector of Ulu Peninsula, James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula. The map covers an area of c. 250 km2, and documents the landforms and surficial sediments of one of the largest ice-free areas in Antarctica, based on remote sensing and field-based mapping. The large-scale landscape features are determined by the underlying Cretaceous sedimentary and Neogene volcanic geology, which has been sculpted by overlying ice masses during glacial periods. Paraglacial and periglacial features are superimposed upon remnant glacial features, reflecting the post-glacial evolution of the landscape. The study area can be broadly separated into three geomorphological sectors, according to the dominant contemporary Earth-surface processes; specifically, a glacierised southern sector, a paraglacial-dominated eastern sector, and a periglacial-dominated central/northern sector. This map provides a basis for further interdisciplinary research, and insight into the potential future landscape evolution of other parts of the Antarctic Peninsula as the climate warms.
The rapid warming observed in the western Antarctic Peninsula gives rise to a fast disintegration of ice shelves and thinning and retreat of marine-terminating continental glaciers, which is likely to raise global sea levels in the near future. In order to understand the contemporary changes in context and to provide constraints for hindcasting models, it is important to understand the Late Quaternary history of the region. Here, we build on previous work on the deglacial history of the western Antarctic Peninsula and we present four new cosmogenic 10 Be exposure ages from Horseshoe Island in Marguerite Bay, which has been suggested as a former location of very fast ice stream retreat. Four samples collected from erratic pink granite boulders at an altitude of ∼80 m above sea level yielded ages that range between 12.9 ± 1.1 ka and 9.4 ± 0.8 ka. As in other studies on Antarctic erratics, we have chosen to report the youngest erratic age (9.4 ± 0.8 ka) as the true age of deglaciation, which confirms a rapid thinning of the Marguerite Trough Ice Stream at the onset of Holocene. This result is consistent with other cosmogenic age data and other proxies (marine and lacustrine 14 C and optically stimulated luminescence) reported from nearby areas.
