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Location map for the automatic weather stations (AWS) at the North Col of Mt. Qomolangma (6523 m) and at the North Col of Mt. NQ (5850 m). The pentagons represent the AWSs location
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Mount Qomolangma, the highest peak on Earth, is often referred to as the third pole of the globe. The Nyainqentanglha is one of the closest remote parts of mountain range north to the Himalayas. As such the two places are relatively inaccessible on the southern Tibetan Plateau and little is known about their meteorology. In 2003, an auto weather st...
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... langma (6523 m a.s.l.) and Mt. NQ (5850 m a.s.l.) in 2005 and 2003, respectively (Figure 1). We believe that these represent the high elevation at which continuous weather data have never been collected and thus are valuable datasets with which to investigate the meteorol- ogy of the high altitude southern TP. ...
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Citations
... The data's spatial resolution was 2.5° × 2.5° and the download time range was 2001-2011, corresponding with the period of MODIS temperature products and ground station data times. The reliability of NCEP/NVAR reanalysis data was confirmed at the Mount Qomolangma and western Nyainqentanglha Ranges (Xie et al. 2007;Zhang et al. 1999) and can be used to describe the characteristics of the complex underlying surfaces and seasonal variation of the Tibetan Plateau. ...
It is over 110 years since the term Mass Elevation Effect (MEE) was proposed by A. D. Quervain in 1904. The quantitative study of MEE has been explored in the Tibetan Plateau in recent years; however, the spatial distribution of MEE and its impact on the ecological pattern of the plateau are seldom known. In this study, we used a new method to estimate MEE in different regions of the plateau, and, then analyzed the distribution pattern of MEE, and the relationships among MEE, climate, and the altitudinal distribution of timberlines and snowlines in the Plateau. The main results are as follows: (1) The spatial distribution of MEE in the Tibetan Plateau roughly takes on an eccentric ellipse in northwestsoutheast trend. The Chang Tang Plateau and the middle part of the Kunlun Mountains are the core area of MEE, where occurs the highest MEE of above 11°C; and MEE tends to decreases from this core area northwestward, northeastward and southward; (2) The distance away from the core zone of the plateau is also a very important factor for MEE magnitude, because MEE is obviously higher in the interior than in the exterior of the plateau even with similar mountain base elevation (MBE). (3) The impacts of MEE on the altitudinal distribution of timberlines and snowlines are similar, i.e., the higher the MEE, the higher timberlines and snowlines. The highest timberline (4600–4800 m) appears in the lakes and basins north of the Himalayas and in the upper and middle reach valleys of the Yarlung Zangbo River, where the estimated MEE is 10.2822°C–10.6904°C. The highest snowline (6000–6200 m) occurs in the southwest of the Chang Tang Plateau, where the estimated MEE is 11.2059°C–11.5488°C.
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The changing characteristics of lake ice phenology over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are investigated using historical satellite retrieved datasets during 2002-15 in this study. The results indicate that the freezing process mainly starts in December, and the ice melting process generally occurs in April for most lakes. However, the changes in lake ice phenology have varied depending on the location in recent years, with delayed break-up dates and prolonged ice durations in the southern TP, but no consistent changes have occurred in the lakes in the northern TP. Further analysis presents a close connection between the variation in the lake ice break-up date/ice duration over the southern TP and the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The positive NAO generally excites an anomalous wave activity that propagates southward from the North Atlantic to North Africa and, in turn, strengthens the African-Asian jet stream at its entrance. Because of the blocking effect of the TP, the enhanced westerly jet can be divided into two branches and the south branch flow can deepen the India-Myanmar trough, which further strengthens the anomalous cyclonic circulation and water vapor transport. Therefore, the increased water vapor transport from the northern Indian Ocean to the southern region of the TP can increase the snowfall over this region. The increased snow cover over the lake acts as an insulating layer and lowers the lake surface temperature in the following spring by means of snow-ice feedback activity, resulting in a delayed ice break-up date and the increased ice duration of the lakes over the southern TP in recent years.
... ERA-Interim is the latest global atmospheric reanalysis produced by ECMWF covering the data since 1979 (Dee et al., 2011), and it is regarded as the new, more ambitious and next generation reanalysis to succeed ERA-40 (Dee and Uppala, 2009). On the global and regional scales, several studies have been retrieved different parameters and variables from reanalysis to compare the credibility with observations (Kalnay et al., 1996;Su et al., 1999;Zhang and Qian, 1999;Xu et al., 2001;Wei and Li, 2003;Simmons et al., 2004;Frauenfeld et al., 2005;Zhao and Fu, 2006;Xie et al., 2007;Zhao et al., 2007Zhao et al., , 2008You et al., 2009). However, the results are sensitive to the time period, regions, and selected observations. ...
... t Railway, and found systematic temperature values obtained from reanalysis are less than the actual observed values.Frauenfeld et al. (2005)compared ERA-40 reanalysis with observations, and revealed that ERA-40 reanalysis is less susceptible to the influence of the local assimilation system after the spectral models with the real terrain are used.Xie et al. (2007)investigated two automatic weather stations' data in the southern Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Everest Northern Slope, and compared them with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. They indicated that NCEP/NCAR reanalysis can reflect changes in the temperature at the synoptic scale, but temperature value from reanalysis is lower than the corresponding o ...
Due to the special natural environment over the glacier area in the Tianshan Mountains, the observation of meteorological data became difficult and is strictly scarce. Using the available data observed from the automatic meteorological station (AMS) installed on the Western Tianshan Mountain Station (WTMS) in Kyrgyzstan, the daily and seasonal variations of meteorological variables including air temperature (AT, °C), air pressure (AP, hPa), relative humidity (RH, %), and wind direction and speed (WD and WS, deg and m/s, respectively), as well as total radiation (TR, W/m2) were primarily analyzed during the period from September 2016 to May 2017. These are compared with the meteorological data obtained from the AMS in the Eastern Tianshan Mountain Station (Daxigou Station, hereafter named as ETMS) in China. Further, the comparison study between the observed data from the WTMS and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data was performed to test the feasibility of reanalysis data in the vicinity of the Western Tianshan Mountains. The results revealed are as follows: (1) the observed data between the WTMS and ETMS presented high correlations, and the meteorological parameters detected from the ETMS were certainly representative of the variations in the WTMS. (2) The RH in the two regions showed comparatively high values ranging from 40% to 70% indicate the abundant amount of atmospheric water vapor content near the ground in the Tianshan Mountain area. (3) The predominant WD both in the WTMS and ETMS near the ground was along the south-east direction, with the values of WS between 0 and 2 m/s were accounted the largest proportion in two stations. (4) The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data can reflect the changes in the synoptic weather scale of AT, RH, and AP to some extent. (5) The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of AT and RH were underestimated by 7.2% and 45.2% in the WTMS, respectively. Whereas, the values of AP, WD, and WS were overestimated by 83.8%, 28.8%, and 74.3%, respectively over the WTMS.
Abstrac—Taking the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data from 1948 to 2005 as the observation field, the simulation abilities of the BCC_CSM model for height field over China, the western Pacific subtropical highs, the South Asia high, and the East Asia major trough are tested by using the standardized Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), correlation coefficient, kriging interpolation methods. Results show that: (1) The standardized RMSE of the simulation for the height fields in summer, autumn and winter are smaller than in spring. The correlation between the simulated field and the real field pass the 0.05 significant test in the most part of China. (2) The changes within a year of the different meteorological elements in China are well simulated. (3) The annual variations of the western Pacific subtropical highs intensity index, area index, west point ridge and ridge line position are well simulated. (4) The annual variations of the South Asia high are basically simulated, but the simulated central position is toward south-west slightly. (5) The variation of the position and the change tendency of intensity index of East Asia major trough are also well simulated by the BCC_CSM model.
