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Location and administrative divisions of the study area: (a) map of the CZT study area in China and in Hunan Province; (b) Changsha-Xiangtan and Changsha-Zhuzhou corridors in Hunan Province.
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Understanding the integration process of urban agglomeration is essential for sustainable regional development and urban planning. However, few studies have analyzed the spatial integration patterns of metropolitan regions according to the impacts of landscape ecology along rail transit corridors. This study performed a comprehensive inter-city gra...
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... case study was conducted in the north-central part of Hunan Province (Figure 1), which is representative of the developing provinces in central China. The Greater Changsha metropolitan region, also called the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan (CZT) city cluster, consists of three prefecture-level cities: Changsha, Xiangtan, and Zhuzhou. ...
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... total of 11 perpendicular lines for the CZ line and 10 perpendicular lines for the CX line intersected with the buffer. Finally, the buffers of the CZ and CX line were divided into 12 quadrats and 11 quadrats, respectively (Figure 1). ...
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... directions between cities were selected to explore the spatial integration direction in the region. Considering the locations of the cities in the CZT region (Figure 1), the directions from the south to southwest in Changsha and from the northeast to east in Xiangtan represent the integration directions of Changsha-Xiangtan (CX); from the southeast to south in Changsha and from the west to northwest in Zhuzhou represent the integration directions of Changsha-Zhuzhou (CZ); and from the east to southeast in Xiangtan and from the southwest to west in Zhuzhou represent the integration directions of Xiangtan-Zhuzhou (XZ). ...
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... the relative position of the cities (Figure 1), the expansions of Changsha from the SW to southeast (SE), Xiangtan from the NE to SE and Zhuzhou from the SW to NW were selected to analyze the spatial integration between the cities in the CZT region. In the CZ directions, Changsha continued to expand to Zhuzhou, while Zhuzhou had few expansions to Changsha during the period 1995-2015. ...
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... landscape metrics were calculated for each quadrat at the class level and landscape level to detect the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of regional integration for three different years (1995, 2005, and 2015). In Figure 1, quadrat 1 and 2 cover the northern part to the city center in Changsha, quadrat 3 represents the city center of Changsha, quadrat 12 is the Chang-Zhuzhou line in the city center of Zhuzhou, and quadrat 11 is the Changsha-Xiangtan line in the city center of Xiangtan. The other quadrats represent the buffers from the city center of Changsha to the city center of Zhuzhou and Xiangtan along the inter-city rail transit network. ...
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... cultivated land, forest land along the two lines exhibited minimal decreases over time. The minimum values appeared in quadrat 4 of the CZ line and quadrat 3 of the CX line, whereas the maximum values appeared in quadrat 9 for both lines (Figure 10a,c). Landscape fragmentation increased markedly over time, especially from 2005-2015, reaching a relatively high level in quadrat 8 along the CZ line and CX line (Figure 10b,d). ...
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... minimum values appeared in quadrat 4 of the CZ line and quadrat 3 of the CX line, whereas the maximum values appeared in quadrat 9 for both lines (Figure 10a,c). Landscape fragmentation increased markedly over time, especially from 2005-2015, reaching a relatively high level in quadrat 8 along the CZ line and CX line (Figure 10b,d). These results suggest that forest land in the CZT metropolitan region was predominantly concentrated in the southern part of the green core, with a minimal distribution in urban areas. ...
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... NP/LPI index can be applied as a measure of spatial connectivity. As shown in Figures 10f and 11f, the NP/LPI index between quadrat 1 and 5 along the CZ and CX lines exhibited relatively low and stable values; however, substantial changes and differences in time were observed between quadrat 5 and 10 along the CZ line and quadrat 5 and 11 along the CX line. The NP/LPI index for each quadrat gradually decreased from 1995-2015. ...
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... dendrogram produced by the cluster analysis shows similar aggregation of the quadrats (Figure 12). Based on the relative dominance and difference in the patch area, connectivity, and fragmentation of urban land, cultivated land, and forest land, the quadrats can be divided into four categories that represent four landscape functional zones: city center, urban area, urban-rural fringe, and green core. ...
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... a much greater proportion of land is primarily used for human habitation and activities, the extent of which can be relatively concentrated, urban areas have are characterized by a large area, a single land use type, and continuity. According to Figures 10 and 11, the connectivity of urban land in Zhuzhou and Xiangtan is substantially lower than that of urban land in Changsha. Among all the urban areas, quadrats 1, 5, 10, and 11 on the CZ line revealed lower compactness of the urban land, and spillover of urban land caused an increase of the urban fringe area in quadrat 6 in 2015. ...
Citations
... Xiao et al. (2021) reported that the rapid urbanisation of 159 cities in China over 28 years resulted in a decrease in natural water bodies of 20.6% (Xiao et al., 2022). In particular, the degradation of cropland and green space is an important feature (Varkey and Manasi, 2019;Wan et al., 2019). In terms of three-dimensional spatial morphology, the growth of large low-rise (LCZ 8) and open high-rise (LCZ 4) classifications has been found to be the dominant feature of spatial form transformation in the urbanisation process of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. ...
... NBS can also help to efficiently utilize resources and address key challenges facing societies while ensuring individual well-being [47]. In addition, the NBS can play a role in controlling urban expansion and protecting ecological space, which is crucial for sustainable urban development [48]. In addition to NBS, the concept of Historic Urban Landscape has also gained importance in urban conservation discourse. ...
... Urbanization patterns and processes have profound impacts on the ecology, planning, and sustainability of cities. By analyzing the spatial integration patterns of urban agglomerations, it is possible to gain insights into sustainable regional development and urban planning [48]. Measuring the integration characteristics of urban agglomerations can provide scientific support for urban landscape planning [48]. ...
... By analyzing the spatial integration patterns of urban agglomerations, it is possible to gain insights into sustainable regional development and urban planning [48]. Measuring the integration characteristics of urban agglomerations can provide scientific support for urban landscape planning [48]. ...
Under the influence of rapidly changing global dynamics and urbanization, the unique identities of cities are in danger of being obscured by the monotony of uniform urban landscapes. In this context, emphasizing the critical importance of sustainable landscape planning, this article provides an in-depth perspective on how to preserve and contribute to the unique identities of cities. By considering different urban design approaches and techniques, the paper provides a detailed analysis of how sustainable landscape elements, ranging from natural vegetation conservation to modern stormwater management practices, can be incorporated into the urban landscape in an integrated manner. How these elements can act in synergy with a city's historical heritage, cultural values and ecological dynamics is explained with concrete examples. The findings reveal that sustainable landscape planning not only offers environmental benefits but also contributes to the revitalization of local culture and community pride by strengthening residents' attachment to the city. This also emphasizes the need to develop urban areas sustainably, not only physically but also emotionally and socio-culturally. It is therefore recommended that urban planners, architects and policymakers should adopt sustainable landscape planning approaches to preserve and enhance the distinctive identities of cities.
... Under the requirements of urbanization and regional economic development, scholars have shifted their research focus from a smaller range of individual parks and individual cities to a larger range of administrative regions and even national regions. Research on the evolution of spatial heterogeneity and functional landscapes along intercity gradient urban agglomerations found that the development of urban agglomerations has led to the continuous compression and fragmentation of ecological space [9]. The level of service of green spaces in urban agglomerations has also traditionally been evaluated from the perspective of residents' needs, and the results have shown that the urban agglomerations on the eastern coast of China have a more balanced supply of green spaces and a higher level of satisfaction among residents [10]. ...
An urban agglomeration is a highly developed spatial area formed by integrated cities. While previous studies have analyzed green space allocation at the provincial and city scales, there is insufficient information on green space allocation in urban agglomerations. For this research, a database of green spaces in eight urban agglomerations (133 cities) in China from 2002 to 2019 was constructed to better understand the equity of green space distribution among land resources. A green space equity index (GEI) was established based on the Theil index and combined with GeoDetector to analyze the differences in urban agglomeration green spaces. The main conclusions are as follows: The sum of the GEI of China’s urban agglomerations has increased significantly, rising from 3.74 in 2002 to 6.34 in 2019. The GEI value for each of the eight urban agglomerations was kept under 0.01. Polarized development has occurred within urban agglomeration cities, and the allocation of green space in megacities is relatively weak, especially in the more economically developed Yangtze River Delta and Guanzhong urban agglomerations. The average temperature, humidity, and precipitation have dominant influences in determining the GEI values. This paper provides a new perspective on the management and allocation of urban agglomeration green spaces.
... Others have further discussed the climatic and environmental impacts of land use changes during the urban sprawl process [24,25]. Wan et al. summarized the URF of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan as characterized by a reduction in green space during urban sprawl [26]. Atkinson-Palombo [27] found that the high-density residential areas of Phoenix in the United States are frequently present in the URF during urban sprawl. ...
Urbanization and industrialization are widespread in China, but spatial form changes during urban sprawl are not explored in depth. This paper investigated the variation of the local climate zones (LCZs) within urban-rural fringe (URF) from 2010 to 2020 in Wuhan. Based on normalized multi-source data (population density, night-time light and land use data), the spatiotemporal distribution of the URF was obtained through K-means. LCZ maps for different years were produced by SAGA-GIS. The silhouette coefficient (SC), the sum of the squared errors (SSE), and the consistency ratio (CR) were selected to evaluate the accuracy of clustering and identification. We found that: 1) the identified UC and NUC areas were added up to be consistent with the published developed area and the CR values were all above 70%. 2) the middle region within the URFs has a high average annual growth area (AGA) and annual average area growth rate (AGR), while the urban-rural gradient within URFs near rural areas has become steeper. 3) LCZ 4, LCZ 8 and LCZ 10 were usually distributed in the NUC (near-urban core), LCZ 6 has always been in the NRA, and LCZ D always had the highest proportions in all URFs. 4) LCZ 1, 4, 8 and E continuously increased within all URFs, and with the maximum AGRs of 0.16%, 1.53%, 1.01% and 0.18%, respectively. This study presents the development characteristics of high-rise residential areas and low-rise industries in the URFs in a Chinese mainland city.
... The temporal urban growth patterns of the spatial metrics are depicted in Table 4 [38], where NP increased between 1995 and 2015 in the Greater Changsha metropolitan region. In contrast, the number of patches in Greater Noida, India, decreased due to a lower degree of fragmentation of urban patches [39]. ...
Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization is a major issue in both developing and developed countries. Uncontrolled urbanization has resulted to unplanned expansion of residential and commercial areas, informal settlements, housing shortages, and unplanned land use. Understanding and quantifying urban sprawl spatiotemporal patterns is critical for informing the development of appropriate policies for effective and sustainable land use management. Using image classification and spatial metrics, this study examines the changes in Voi town's urban land use/land cover (LULC) between 1999 and 2019. The LULC was mapped using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM):Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+):and Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) datasets using supervised maximum likelihood classification. A post classification approach was used to detect and assess LULC changes in the study area, while selected spatial metric indices quantified urban sprawl. The results of the change detection analysis revealed that Voi town has been rapidly expanding, with an urban expansion of 187.96 percent from 1999 to 2011, 183.40 percent from 2011 to 2019, and 716.1 percent from 1999 to 2019. In 1999, the built-up area comprised 1.29 percent of the total study area, 3.72 percent in 2011, and 10.53 percent in 2019. Based on spatial metrics analysis, the number of built-up area patches in 1999, 2011, and 2019 was 154, 278, and 526, respectively. An increase in the number of patches indicated fragmentation and the emergence of new built-up areas. As a result, city planners will need to plan ahead of time and implement additional measures to deal with the city's future rapid and unprecedented growth.
... Transportation infrastructure (roads, public transportation systems) is a trigger for spatial dynamics that cause specific effects (rentals of floor space, offices, and apartments result in urban spread or hyper-densification), as well as gentrification (Loibl et al., 2018). The integration of cities has resulted in continued compression and fragmentation of the ecological space, and spatial interaction among city clusters should be considered in future regional planning (Tan et al., 2016;Wan et al., 2019). Urban agglomeration, changes in spatial use, and transportation system connectivity are determinants of core-periphery relations in Metropolitan Mamminasata. ...
Economic growth and urban agglomeration have triggered an increase in the size and mobility of the Metropolitan Mamminasata urban population. This study aims to analyse spatial interactions working as a determinant of connectivity of the transportation system and the growth of suburban areas toward smart and sustainable cities in the Mamminasata Metropolitan urban system and the effects that spatial expansion, spatial integration, urban agglomeration, spatial use, and the transportation system have on population mobility. The research method used is a sequential explanatory design that combines quantitative and qualitative research methods. The results show that the coefficients of determination are as follows: spatial expansion to population mobility-4.90%, spatial integration to population mobility-2.99%, spatial interaction to population mobility-4.87%, urban agglomeration to population mobility-2.09%, space use to population mobility-2.64%, and transportation system to population mobility-5.15%. The results of this study will assist in the formulation of development policies, management of the urban transportation system, and allocation of space utilisation going forward.
... As a result, all cities were developed and presented co-evolution pattern where the cities in a specific region play a coordinated urban function. Many social, economic, and industrial studies show a similar pattern [12,15,16,85]. ...
The co-evolution of multi-cities has emerged as the primary form of urbanization in China in recent years. However, the processes, patterns, and coordination are not well characterized and understood, which hinders the understanding of the driving forces, consequences, and management of polycentric urban development. We used the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) algorithm to integrate all available Landsat 5, 7, and 8 images and map annual land use and land cover (LULC) from 2001 to 2017 in the Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration (CZTUA), a typical urban agglomeration in China. Results showed that the impervious surface in the study area expanded by 371 km 2 with an annual growth rate of 2.25%, primarily at the cost of cropland (169 km 2) and forest (206 km 2) during the study period. Urban growth has evolved from infilling being the dominant type in the earlier period to mainly edge-expansion and leapfrogging in the core cities, and from no dominant type to mainly leapfrogging in the satellite cities. The unfolding of the "cool center and hot edge" urban growth pattern in CZTUA, characterized by higher expansion rates in the peripheral than in the core cities, may signify a new form of the co-evolution of multi-cities in the process of urbanization. Detailed urban management and planning policies in CZTUA were analyzed. The co-evolution of multi-cities principles need to be studied in more extensive regions, which could help policymakers to promote sustainable and livable development in the future.
... The population mobility and increased flow of transportation to and from the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga are influenced by several factors, including (1) population growth due to urbanization, migration, and suburbanization related to the existence of residential complexes and migrants who engage in economic business; (2) the choice of the means of settling, due to the presence of migrants who enter infiltratively for the purpose of working in the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga; (3) land use changes and spatial transformations causing the population to accumulate in one space, leading to economic, social, and cultural differentiation; (4) the high demand for space requirements and the impact on the conversion of agricultural land use functions and coastal reclamation to meet the demands for the development of business centers, services, settlements, tourism, and offices. The coastal zone is a space where many social, economic, and political activities intersect with natural processes [93]. ...
The accelerated development of new urban areas has an impact on changes in the spatial use and complexity of ecosystems. The purpose of this study is to analyze (1) spatial transformation works as a determinant of changes in the social formation of local communities in the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga; (2) process of social interaction and social adaptation between immigrants and local communities in new social formations in the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga; and (3) the effect of spatial use, changes in social formation, and work differentiation on the socioeconomic sustainability of local communities. The research method used involves a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were obtained by observation, in-depth interviews, surveys, and documentation. The results of the study show that spatial transformation has an impact on changing the single social formations of local communities into multiple social formations and transforming differences in modes of production between migrants and local communities into changes in the order of life of local communities. These changing interactions and social adaptations cause changes in the social structures and cultural patterns of local communities. Furthermore, changes in spatial use, social formation, and job differentiation have a significant effect on the socioeconomic sustainability of local communities, with a coefficient of determination of 97.7%. This study recommends considering environmental, economic, and sociocultural factors followed by government decision-making for the future development of the new city area of Metro Tanjung
With the advancement of urbanization, urban agglomerations have become a main carrier of China’s development. As the ultimate stage of urban agglomeration, the realization of urban agglomeration integration (UAI) plays a dominant role in regional prosperity. Appropriate evaluation of UAI could monitor the integration level and guide its coordinated development. However, little attention has been paid to UAI evaluation research. To this end, this study proposes a comprehensive evaluation model to investigate UAI via the entropy method blended with TOPSIS. Furthermore, utilizing grey relational analysis (GRA), critical dimensions of UAI are also identified to provide concrete evidence. Finally, the proposed model is applied to evaluate the UAI of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), and the main results are as follows: (1) The development trend of the overall UAI in the PRD has increased in fluctuation during the research period, achieving a "good" degree; (2) Except for the policy measures integration (0.882), the integration values for other dimensions are in the range of 0.6 to 0.8 in 2020, reflecting a fairly high level; (3) The infrastructure integration has a major effect on UAI. These findings are favorable in providing references for understanding the current situation of UAI in China, which are of considerable practical significance.
In the past few decades, the process of urbanization in China has been constantly accelerating, and it has already entered an era driven by urban agglomerations and metropolitan areas. However, the gap between different regions have dramatically hindered the further development of urban agglomerations. Hence, integration has become an urgent demand to promote development. Thus, this article takes the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle as the research object, and constructs an evaluation index system for the urban integrated development capability based on the two dimensions of “balanced development” and “development level”, which provides a comprehensive analysis of the urban integrated development of the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle from 2010 to 2019. The results show that: (1) There is a great gap between the core cities and the other cities in terms of economy and public services. (2) The regional central cities can not play the leading role, and the gap with other cities is not obvious. In the opinion of research, Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle should pay more attention to the construction of road network, so as to lay a foundation for high-quality development. Additionally, Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle should strengthen the connection between core cities and other cities, promote the coordinated development between all of the cities and the optimal allocation of public service resources, in order to improve the supply capacity of public services, so as to enhance the whole development capacity of the Economic Circle.
KeywordsUrban agglomerationIntegrationDual-core
