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– Localities of plants of Hieracium bauhini agg. in Central Europe that have been investigated karyologically: 2n = 36, grey circle (27 populations); 2n = 45, grey triangle (43 populations); 2n = 54, black circle (7 populations); mixed populations: 2n = 36 and 2n = 45, grey diamond (1 population); 2n = 36 and 2n = 54, black diamond (1 population ); 2n = 45 and 2n = 54, black triangle (5 populations). For complete list of localities see Appendix 2.
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Chromosome numbers for 239 plants from 84 localities in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Germany and Poland are given. Most of the populations were pentaploid (2n = 45), while hexaploid (2n = 54) and tetraploid (2n = 36) populations were rarer. A long marker chromosome was observed in plants from 8 pentaploid populations. Tetraploid plants oc...
Citations
... Arv.-Touv. has also been studied thoroughly in Slovakia, especially with respect to variation in ploidy level and reproduction mode (Rotreklová 2004;Rotreklová et al. 2005). Similarly to Pilosella officinarum, a contrasting pattern of ploidy distribution in Central Europe has also been found in P. bauhini (Rotreklová 2004;Rotreklová et al. 2005). ...
... has also been studied thoroughly in Slovakia, especially with respect to variation in ploidy level and reproduction mode (Rotreklová 2004;Rotreklová et al. 2005). Similarly to Pilosella officinarum, a contrasting pattern of ploidy distribution in Central Europe has also been found in P. bauhini (Rotreklová 2004;Rotreklová et al. 2005). The Pilosella alpicola group that is confined to alpine areas, is the third group of taxa that had systematically been explored in Slovakia, including the variation in ploidy level and breeding system Šingliarová et al. 2011). ...
... Our findings are in agreement with previously published data. The sexual tetraploids dominate in Slovakia and Hungary, whereas the apomictic pentaploids prevail in the Czech Republic and Germany (Rotreklová 2004;Rotreklová et al. 2005;Marhold et al. 2007;Paule et al. 2017). The apomictic hexaploids were less frequently found in the Czech Republic and Germany and only rarely in Slovakia (Rotreklová 2004;Paule et al. 2017). ...
2020): Ploidy level and breeding system in some populations of Pilosella (Asteraceae) in eastern and southern Slovakia.-Thaiszia-J. Bot. 30 (1): 037-058. Abstract: The ploidy level/breeding system was determined in following species and hybrids originating from populations of the agamic polyploid complex of Pilosella in Slovakia: P. bauhini (either sexual tetraploids or apomictic pentaploids), P. hoppeana subsp. testimonialis, P. lactucella, P. onegensis (all three taxa diploid and so supposedly sexual), P. officinarum (pentaploids, hexaploids and octoploids, all cytotypes apomictic), P. glomerata (one pentaploid, another plant hexaploid and apomictic), P. macrostolona (apomictic hexaploids), P. schultesii, (mostly tetraploid, one plant an apomictic pentaploid), P. lactucella × P. onegensis (diploid and sexual), P. lactucella × P. aurantiaca (triploid and apomictic) and P. bauhini × P. officinarum (both sexual and apomictic tetraploids, apomictic pentaploids and apomictic hexaploids). The paper provides two karyological novelties in Pilosella: (a) A new hexaploid cytotype was revealed in Pilosella glomerata; (b) The octoploid apomictic and monoclonal plants of Pilosella officinarum were grown from seeds suggesting an occurrence of fruiting octoploid maternal plant(s). Such a cytotype would represent a new highest ploidy level detected in P. officinarum in the field. The cytotypes that were attributed both to P. officinarum and to the hybrids of P. bauhini and P. officinarum differed in a within-population clonal diversity. This effect could result from a different impact of (residual) sexuality and/or a different rate of origin of particular hybrid cytotypes. All findings presented in the paper are compared with published data on Pilosella species that refer preferentially to Slovakia, but also to a broader area in Central Europe.
... bauhini (both of which are apomictic) fall within the range of cytotypes that is already reported for the Prague area (Electronic Appendix 2). Pentaploids and hexaploids are the most common in P. bauhini in this country (Rotreklová 2004). In addition, we rarely recorded P. bauhini subsp. ...
... magyarica is common in the Balkan Peninsula (e.g. Krahulcová et al. 2016) and central Europe, the sexual tetraploid is the most common (Rotreklová 2004, Rotreklová et al. 2005, Marhold et al. 2007, Krahulcová & Krahulec 2020. In the Balkan Peninsula, Schuhwerk & Lippert (1998) report that both tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes are present in Montenegro and North Macedonia. ...
... However, the influence of P. bauhini was indicated by the presence of a long 'marker' chromosome in the karyotype of one of these tetraploid and sexual hybrids (symbol M in Table 1 and Electronic Appendix 1). This chromosomal marker occasionally occurs in the karyotype of the pentaploid P. bauhini at other localities, but not in that of P. officinarum (Rotreklová 2004, Hand et al. 2015. Presence of hybrids closely related to P. officinarum is similar to the situation in the hybrid swarm P. stoloniflora -P. ...
Populations of Pilosella species in ruderal habitats in the city of Prague: consequences of the spread of P. aurantiaca and P. rothiana Populace druhů rodu Pilosella na ruderálních stanovištích v Praze: následky expanze P. aurantiaca a P. rothiana Populations of Pilosella species in ruderal habitats in the city of Prague: consequences of the spread of P. aurantiaca and P. rothiana.-Preslia 92: 167-190. Consequences of Pilosella aurantiaca and P. rothiana (stabilized hybridogenous species P. echioi-des > P. officinarum) spreading into three semi-ruderal localities in the city of Prague were studied. Numbers of chromosomes / DNA ploidy level and mode of reproduction are given for all the species and hybrids studied. Both P. aurantiaca and P. rothiana are apomictic and tetraploid with 2n = 4x = 36. Pilosella rothiana hybridizes with pentaploid P. piloselloides (P. ×heterodoxa, 2n = 6x = 53/54) and tetraploid P. officinarum (P. ×bifurca, 2n = 6x = 54). Pilosella aurantiaca hybrid-izes with tetraploid P. caespitosa (P. ×fuscoatra, 2n = 4x = 36), P. piloselloides (P. ×derubella, 2n = 5x = 45), P. officinarum (P. ×rubra, 2n = 6x) P. rothiana (2n = 6x = 54), P. ×bifurca (with 2n = 5x = 45) and P. visianii (tetraploid, 2n = 4x = 36). Hybrids of P. aurantiaca with tetraploid P. ×lepto-phyton were of two types, the tetraploid hybrid originating from parental reduced gametes and the hexaploid hybrid originating from a reduced and an unreduced parental gamete, respectively. Introgression from apomictic P. bauhini towards sexual P. officinarum was found in a hybrid swarm in one of the populations studied. Evolutionary potential of recent hybrids was evaluated with respect to their mode of reproduction; most of the recent hybrids were not apomictic. It seems impossible to predict the mode of reproduction from that of the parental species.
... However, P. bauhini exhibits major ploidy variation in Central Europe, ranging from tetraploid to heptaploid ploidy levels. The tetraploids are predominantly sexual and less frequently apomictic, whereas the other cytotypes are apomictic (Rotreklová 2004;Krahulcová & al. 2009a. Interestingly, the pentaploid and hexaploid apomictic biotypes of P. bauhini exhibit substantial genotypic diversity in Central Europe both within and among populations (Krahulcová &al. ...
The species-mixed Pilosella populations comprising diploid sexual and polyploid facultatively apomictic biotypes were studied in Bulgaria. Parentage of co-occurring recent hybrids was inferred from a combination of morphology and ploidy level that corresponded to simple/multiple crosses of basic species via either reduced or unreduced gametes. The flow cytometric seed screening illustrated the capacity for heteroploid hybridization both in open-pollinated plants in the mixed-ploidy populations and in crossing experiments. The diploid sexual species in Bulgaria have a limited impact on interspecific hybridization, and simple inter-cytotype hybrids are only sporadically formed. The origin of the most common hybrids in Bulgaria that are apomictic and retain the pentaploid/hexaploid ploidy level of a co-occurring putative apomictic parent remains unclear. The absence of stabilized hybridogeneous species and scarcity of commonly hybridizing polyploid sexual biotypes are crucial attributes that distinguish the Pilosella populations in Bulgaria from those in the Czech Republic and Germany. No recent high-polyploid hybrids of 2n + n origin that would potentially become drivers of ongoing hybridization in the mixed sexual-Apomictic Pilosella populations similar to those in Central Europe have been recorded in Bulgaria. The pattern of co-occurring cytotypes in Bulgaria likely limits interspecific hybridization due to stronger ploidy barriers.
... U nominátního poddruhu bauhini jsou lodyhy a přízemní listy lysé nebo řídce porostlé jednoduchými dlouhými, hvězdovitými i žláznatými chlupy. Květní stopky jsou hustě porostlé hvězdovitými trichomy (plstnaté), někdy i s trichomy žláznatými a jednoduchými (Rotreklová 2004). Tento poddruh se vyskytuje téměř v celé České republice s vyšší frekvencí v západní polovině státu (Chrtek l. c.). ...
Finds of 18 species of the genus Pilosella from the Dolní Poorličí area are published. Five basic species (Pilosella aurantiaca, P. bauhini, P. caespitosa, P. officinarum, P. piloselloides) and 13 hybridogenous species (hybrid P. bauhini × P. glomerata, P. brachiata, P. floribunda, P. glomerata, P. heterodoxa, P. iserana, P. macranthela, P. macrostolona, P. piloselliflora, P. polymastix, P. rothiana, P. stoloniflora and P. visianii) were found in the studied area. Thirteen taxa are new to Phytogeographic District 61 Dolní Poorličí. Most species were found at localities with vegetation in early successional stages. These were mostly pastures, markedly sparsely vegetated and regularly mowed relatively dry meadows, edges of forest trails, ruderal areas, surroundings of railway stations and sandpits, where vegetation disturbances and other types of disturbances regularly occur. Pilosella heterodoxa, P. macranthela and P. polymastix are the most significant finds in the studied area. Recently created hybrid swarms between the species P. fl oribunda and P. offi cinarum, and P. caespitosa and P. officinarum have also been found at a number of localities. These hybrid swarms were morphologically different from stabilized hybridogenous species of the known combinations. Morphotypes in these hybrid swarms could not be identified reliably.
... Importantly, this intriguingly concordant pattern has been detected in at least six different polyploid complexes (Fig. 5, lines 1?6): in the Campanula rotundifolia complex (where mostly 2x populations are confined to the Bohemian Massif, whereas predominantly 4x populations treated as Campanula moravica mostly occur in Pannonia and the Western Carpathians; Kovanda, 1977); in the Centaurea phrygia group (Asteraceae; with 2x populations in the Bohemian Massif and the Eastern Carpathians vs. mostly 4x populations in the Western Carpathians; Kouteck y et al., 2012); in Knautia arvensis s.s. (with 4x populations occurring predominantly in the Bohemian Massif vs. 2x populations in the Western Carpathians; Kol a r et al., 2009 ); in Pilosella bauhinii (mostly 5x and less common 6x populations in the Bohemian Massif vs. mostly 4x populations in the Western Carpathians and Pannonia; Rotreklov a, 2004); in P. officinarum (with predominantly 4x populations in the Bohemian Massif vs. 5x and 6x populations in the Western Carpathians and Pannonia; Mr az et al., 2008); and in Vicia cracca (Fabaceae; with 4x populations predominantly in the Bohemian Massif vs. 2x populations in the Western Carpathians; Chrtkov a- Zertov a, 1973; Tr avn ? cek, Eli a sov a & Suda, 2010). ...
The Carpathians are the largest mountain range in Central Europe. Their geographical position, extent, isolation, landscape heterogeneity, well-preserved environment, and relatively low impact of Quaternary glaciations make them of utmost importance for studies on European biodiversity and biogeography. In this review, introducing a Special Issue of the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, we provide an overview of current research and focus on three main aspects: (1) distribution patterns and species richness including endemism; (2) phylogeographical patterns, inference of major barriers, and divergence areas; and (3) cytological studies and cytogeography inferred from vascular plant polyploid complexes. Our survey shows that, although accurate estimation is not possible for several important taxonomic entities because of unavailable or dispersed data, the Carpathians are a clear hotspot of European diversity for many groups of organisms, such as mammals, breeding birds, amphibians, lichens, and vascular plants. Certain groups, not necessarily those with high species richness, are rich in endemic taxa. This holds mainly for subterranean invertebrates, molluscs, grasshoppers, beetles, spiders, and vascular plants. Distribution patterns of endemic richness vary across taxonomic groups, as well as geographically, reflecting both history and habitat features. In general, the SouthEastern Carpathians have a significantly higher proportion of endemic taxa than the northerly-situated Western Carpathians. Molecular clock-based estimations have provided some insight into the diversification age of the Carpathian biota, including a Tertiary origin for some endemic taxa and lineages, especially those confined to environmentally stable habitats. Distribution patterns, as well as phylogeographical and phylogenetic data, corroborate the persistence of many high-mountain and forest taxa during the Quaternary climatic oscillations, often in multiple spatially delimited areas isolated by physical barriers. Several studies show that the Carpathian massifs played an important role as refugia for rare lineages and/or as stepping stones in migrations. Phylogeographical analysis reveals clear patterns of biogeographical breaks, as well as links, although clear exceptions also confirm that extant distribution patterns are often shaped more by idiosyncratic processes acting at different geological times. Cytogeographical data also uncover several consistent patterns, which probably reflect a deeper evolutionary history. In conclusion, the available data highlight the unique position of the Carpathians in the evolution and preservation of European biota within the European Alpine System.
... This is the first record of a sexual reproduction mode in P. bauhini, the ploidy level of which exceeds the tetraploid one. On the other hand, the presence of a tetraploid sexual plant in not surprising, because such types are known from Western Carpathians and Pannonia region, both from Slovakia and Hungary (Rotreklová 2005). In the plant from locality close to our Ro 12 (summit area of Mt Trescâvât) was recorded the tetraploid chromosome number (Mráz & Szeląg 2004, under Additionally, a hexaploid (2n = 6x) plant was sampled (Bu 1: 1 plant 1864B), which perished before the reproductive system could be determined. ...
... Pilosella ×byzantina has been described from the European part of Turkey (Boissier 1875;Zahn 1922Zahn -1930Sell & West 1975 gave list of specimens seen), and subsequently has been reported from Morocco (Jahandiez & Maire 1934) and Spain (Zahn, l.c., as Hieracium pseudopilosella subsp. albarracinum;Mateo Sanz 1988, 2005 as P. macrantha, but the name was missapplied). Undoubtedly, Mateo Sanz means P. ×byzantina and subsequently (Mateo Sanz 2007) he used this name. ...
Chromosome numbers and breeding systems are given for a set of Pilosella species occurring in Bulgaria and SW Romania (Banat). All diploids and tetraploid accessions of P. bauhini and P. cymosa subsp. sabina were found sexual, and tetraploid P. pavichii both sexual and apomictic. One hexaploid accession of P. bauhini was found sexual, but semisterile. Other polyploids were apomictic. Ploidy levels are published for the first time for the following taxa: P. ×bodewigiana (3x), P. ×georgieffiana (5x, 6x), P. ×byzantina (2x), P. ×pintodasilvae (4x), P. ×pavichiodes (5x), and for an undescribed hybrid P. bauhini × P. onegensis (2x, 6x). Pilosella ×byzantina and P. ×pavichiodes are given for the first time for Bulgaria, and P. ×pintodasilvae is reported for the first time from the Balkan Peninsula.
... A, Au Hybridogenetic Widespread Widespread Gustafsson, 1953;Rotreklova, 2004;Fehrer & al., 2005Fehrer & al., , 2007aRotreklova & al., 2005;Mraz & al., 2008b. Richards, 1973;Kirschner & Stepanek, 1996;Štorchová & al., 2002;Kirschner & al., 2003 Orchidaceae Nigritella spp. ...
... High reproductive fitness revealed in the plants with the LLS (but also LLSS) genome composition could also be achieved by another reproductive mechanism, apomixis, although this has not yet been tested in Onosma. A mixed reproductive system, as shown, for example, in tetraploid Hieracium (Rotreklová, 2004), might occur also in Onosma allopolyploids, with hemisexuality prevailing in some populations, and with sexuality or apomixis in the other. Future crossing experiments, as well as embryological and populations genetic analyses, are needed to address this hypothesis. ...
Interspecific hybridization is an important evolutionary force promoting plant speciation. In the genus Onosma, one of three main evolutionary lineages presumably evolved by hybrid speciation. The assumed hybrid lineage (Heterotricha) consists of two species complexes with bimodal karyotypes containing different numbers of large (L) and small (S) chromosomes, the tetraploid Onosma pseudoarenaria (2n = 12 L + 14S) and the triploid Onosma arenaria (2n = 12 L + 8S). The latter represents a rare case of hemisexual, asymmetrically compensating allopolyploids. Representatives of the other two lineages of the genus, Haplotricha (2n = 12 L) and Asterotricha (2n = 14S), have been considered to be the ancestral taxa of O. pseudoarenaria and O. arenaria, although this has yet to be investigated critically. In the present study, we examined genetic [amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) , and chloroplast (cp)DNA)], reproductive (pollen viability and seed production) and cytogenetic (chromosome counts, genome size assessment) patterns to resolve the hypothesized allopolyploid formations in the Heterotricha group, single or polytopic allopolyploid origins, as well as ongoing interspecific gene flow as one piece of evidence for understanding past hybrid speciation events in the genus. Discordant patterns in maternally inherited cpDNA (Heterotricha accessions bearing the haplotypes related to asterotrichous species) and the nuclear ITS and AFLP markers (Heterotricha clustering with haplotrichous Onosma fastigiata), as well as karyological features, support the hybrid origin of the stabilized Heterotricha lineage. Genetic variation that is both large and geographically correlated indicates multiple origins of Heterotricha allopolyploids or, less likely, a single origin with recurring introgression from the progenitor species. The nuclear markers and cytogenetic features also provide evidence for the ongoing hybridization between O. arenaria and Onosma echioides (2n = 14S), which gives rise to sterile triploids of 2n = 6 L + 15S. We contrast the two cases of triploids with LLS (hemisexual O. arenaria from the stabilized Heterotricha lineage) and LSS (recent sterile hybrids) karyotypes, which could help to understand the mechanisms ensuring the establishment and reproductive fitness of the odd allopolyploids in Onosma. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 112, 89–107.
... Then we performed canonical discriminant analyses (CDA) and classificatory discriminant analyses following the methodology provided by Klecka (1980). Prior to these Table 1 Basic biosystematic features of the taxa studied (according to Gadella 1984Gadella , 1987Rotreklová 2004;Rotreklová et al. 2005;Mráz et al. 2008;Krahulcová et al. 2009 discriminant analyses, we defined groups corresponding to the four maternal taxa identified using key morphological and biosystematic characters, e.g., the number of capitula per stem (not used further due to high correlation with the density of stellate trichomes) supported by information about the plants' ploidy level and mode of reproduction (e.g., P. officinarum characterized by a single capitulum stem, 4x or 5x, and sexual reproduction). Individual plants were used as operational taxonomic units (OTUs). ...
We traced hybridization processes taking place within a mixed population of Pilosella piloselloides subsp. bauhini and P. officinarum by means of a morphometric analysis of plants sampled in the field. Our results show that hybridization is frequent between the two taxa as well as between their two stabilized hybrids (P. brachiata and P. leptophyton). Plants utilizing three different modes of reproduction (sexual, facultatively apomictic and variable) participated in these hybridizations, Pilosella brachiata being the most important player. We identified several trends in progeny morphology, which evidently reflect different reproductive pathways, namely sexuality, apomixis and haploid parthenogenesis, occurring within the population under study. Introgression into sexual P. officinarum is commonplace.
... This plant belongs to the most common (in Bohemia) subspecies and most common apomictic pentaploid cytotype and was previously recorded at Dolní Malá Úpa, another locality in the Krkonoše Mts (Krahulec et al. 2000: 236, 241). Three other cytotypes are reported from the Czech Republic, namely tetraploid, hexaploid and heptaploid (Chrtek 2004, Rotreklová 2004, Křišťálová et al. 2010. All data reported for plants from the Czech Republic cover P. bauhini subsp. ...
Chromosome counts/DNA ploidy level (DNA-PL) and modes of reproduction of the following species, hybridogenous species and hybrids of Pilosella from the Krkonoše Mts (Czech Republic) are reported: P. aurantiaca (2n = 36,2n = 45, DNA-PL tetraploid, pentaploid, all apomictic); P. bauhini subsp. bauhini (2n = 45, with a long hemizygous marker chromosome - MC, apomictic); P. caespitosa (2n = 36,2n = 45, apomictic, both cytotypes MC); P. cymosa subsp. vaillantii (2n = 45, MC); P. lactucella (2n = 18, DNA-PL diploid); P. officinarum (2n = 36, sexual); P. blyttiana (2n = 36); P. floribunda (2n = 36, MC); P. glomerata (DNA-PL tetraploid, 2n = 45, MC, apomictic, 2n = 46, MC); P. iserana (2n = 35 + fragment, MC, 2n = 36, MC, DNA-PL tetraploid, apomictic); P. piloselliflora (2n = 36, DNA-PL pentaploid); P. rubra (2n = 54); P. schultesii (2n = 36); P. rothiana (2n = 36, apomictic); P. scandinavica (2n = 36, MC, apomictic). In addition, a heptaploid plant (2n = 63, apomictic), probably a hybrid between P. rubra (2n = 54, reduced gamete) and P. aurantiaca (2n = 36, unreduced gamete) and a rare hybrid corresponding morphologically to P. fusca (2n = 36, apomictic), which is probably a hybrid between P. aurantiaca and P. blyttiana, were found. The latter hybrid has not been previously reported from the Krkonoše Mts or the Czech Republic. New data for P. cymosa subsp. vaillantii, P. fusca, P. rothiana and P. scandinavica for this mountain range are presented. It is shown that tetraploid and pentaploid P. aurantiaca differ in the number and shape of their stem leaves, which makes it easier to identify them in the field.
