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Chilli pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.), being the most important remunerative vegetable of Pakistan is susceptible to a wide range of viruses which are the major constraints in its production resulting to heavy crop losses. Among these, Chilli veinal mottle Potyvirus (ChiVMV) is the major prevalent virus with an incidence range of 50% that reduce y...
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... the 44 different plants tested, 6 host species manifested characteristic systemic mottling symptoms, 7-14 days post inoculation. The hosts that developed systemic mottling on subsequent leaves of inoculation include Nicotiana tabacum (cv. Samsun (Fig. 2) white Burley (Fig. 3) & K-399, Nicotiana glutinosa developed severe vein mottling symptoms (Fig. 4), Chenopodium quinoa manifested localized chlorotic local lesion on inoculated leaves (Fig. 5). Solanum nigrum displayed mild to severe mosaic symptoms (Fig. 6), Nicotiana occidentalis induced mild mosaic symptoms initially but the ...
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... ChiVMV is a monopartite RNA virus known to be transmitted by sap and several aphid species in nature (Shah et al. 2008). The genome of ChiVMV is a positive-sense singlestranded RNA with the size of 9.7 kb, excluding the poly(A) tail, and it encodes a polyprotein that is cleaved into ten mature functional proteins (Yang et al. 2013). ...
Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) is a potyvirus known to cause havoc in many solanaceous crops. Samples from tomato plants exhibiting typical mosaic and mottling symptoms in two locations from farmers' fields were collected and tested using DAC ELISA for the presence of ChiVMV and other viruses known to infect tomato. ChiVMV Gauribidanur isolate from infected tomato was mechanically inoculated to Datura metel, Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana gluti-nosa, chilli, and tomato plants which exhibited systemic mosaic and mottling symptoms 10 days post-inoculation. This results were further confirmed by RT-PCR and DAC ELISA using CP gene-specific primers and ChiVMV antisera, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of long filamentous particles (800 × 11 nm) resembling viruses in the Potyviridae family. The complete genome of ChiVMV comprised 9716 nucleotides except for poly A tail, with a predicted open reading frame spanning 9270 nucleotides encoding polyproteins of 3089 amino acids. Comparative analysis revealed that ChiVMV-tomato isolates reported across the world shared maximum nucleotide identity (93-96.7%) with chilli isolates from India and Pakistan. These results were well supported by sequence demarcation analysis. Further, the Neibhor-Net network analysis of the complete genome of ChiVMV-tomato, along with other host isolates, formed a reticular network phylogenetic tree suggesting recombination events. Subsequently, RDP5 detected intra-specific recombination breakpoints at the positions 1656-5666 nucleotides with major parent ChiVMV (MN508960) Uravakonda and minor parent ChiVMV (MN508956) with a significant average p value of 1.905 × 10 −22. The LAMP assay using ChiVMV-specific primers resulted in ladder-like amplified products on electrophoresed gel and a distinct red colour pattern with hydroxy naphthalene blue, indicating a positive reaction for the presence of ChiVMV in infected tomato samples. To validate LAMP-designed primers , RNA extracted from ChiVMV-infected tomato, chilli, datura, and tobacco samples were subjected to LAMP assay and it accurately detected the presence of ChiVMV in infected plant samples. Overall, this study provides holistic information of ChiVMV infecting tomato, spanning diagnosis, transmission, genetic characterization, and detection of recombination events, which collectively contribute to effective disease management, crop protection, and informed decision-making in agricultural practices.
... The S. nigrum and P. minima are weed hosts commonly grown along with cultivated crops in the main field. These plants are medicinally essential and have widely been used as indicators or experimental host plants for transmitting many viruses worldwide [1,14,26]. Weeds and non-cultivated plants act as reservoirs or alternate hosts for many begomoviruses, potentially facilitating their transmission to a broader range of cultivated species and beneficial crops. A frequent occurrence of mixed infections in non-cultivated host plants leads to the emergence of new viruses [9,20]. ...
The numerous plants of Solanum nigrum L, and Physalis minima L, well-known weeds with medicinal properties in agriculture and horticulture crops exhibiting severe mosaic, enation and leaf curl symptoms, were collected from the Varanasi and Mirzapur districts of Uttar Pradesh, India. The begomovirus infection in S. nigrum and P. minima was validated by PCR using virus-specific primers. The whole genome of the represented isolate of S. nigrum (SN1), P. minima (PM1), and beta satellite was amplified, cloned and sequenced. The SDT analysis showed that the DNA-A of PM1 and SN1 isolate showed the highest nt identity of 87.4 to 99.1%, with several chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCuV) isolates from India and Oman, respectively. The betasatellite sequence (PM1β) obtained from the PM1 isolate showed a very low identity of 83.1–84.5%. A demarcation threshold of 91% for betasatellite species delineation has led to identifying a new betasatellite in the PM1 sample. This unique betasatellite has been named "physalis minima leaf curl betasatellite," indicating its novelty with the plant. Whereas, betasatellite sequence (SN1β) obtained from the SN1 sample showed 86.8–91.2% nucleotide identity with ChiLCB isolates infecting several crops in Indian subcontinents. The RDP analysis of the viral genome and betasatellite of SN1 and PM1 isolates revealed recombination in substantial portions of their genetic makeup, which appeared to have originated from pre-existing begomoviruses known to infect diverse host species. The present research also highlights the potential role of these plants as significant reservoir hosts for ChiLCuV in chili plants.
... Vectors play vital roles in viral long-distance transmission and prevalence [30]. This study identified aphid-borne viruses CMV [31], ChiVMV [32], TVDV [33], and PLRV [34], as well as thrips-borne TSWV [35], infecting A. carmichaelii plants. Potyviruses [36], certain cheraviruses [19], and the majority of carlaviruses [37] are transmitted by aphids. ...
Aconitum carmichaelii is a herbaceous herb indigenous to China that has been cultivated for traditional medicine for centuries. Virus-like symptoms of A. carmichaelii plants were observed on leaves in some A. carmichaelii plantations in Zhanyi and Wuding Counties, Yunnan Province, southwest China. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) was performed on 28 symptomatic plants, and the results revealed infection with 11 viruses, including 2 novel viruses and 9 previously described viruses: Aconitum amalgavirus 1 (AcoAV-1), aconite virus A (AcVA), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), currant latent virus (CuLV), apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV), tobacco vein distorting virus (TVDV), and potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Two novel viruses tentatively named Aconitum potyvirus 1 and Aconitum betapartitivirus 1, were supported by sequence and phylogenetic analysis results of their genomes. We proposed the names Potyvirus aconiti and Betapartitivirus aconiti. RT-PCR assays of 142 plants revealed the predominance and widespread distribution of CMV, AcVA, and AcoPV-1 in plantations. The detection of isolates of CuLV, ASGV, ChiVMV, TSWV, TVDV, and PLRV infections for the first time in A. carmichaelii expands their known host ranges.
... Among these, Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) is the major prevalent virus with the incidence of 50 per cent that reduce yield by 50 per cent worldwide (Hussain et al., 2008). Further, the ChiVMV is transmitted mechanically and also through aphid vector (Aphis gossypii) and found to infect several plant species and induces characteristic systemic mottling symptoms within 7 to 14 days of inoculation. ...
The survey was conducted during rabi season (2021) to determine the incidence of mosaic disease of capsicum in major capsicum growing districts namely, Chikkaballapura, Kolar, Bengaluru rural and Ramanagar. The per cent incidence of mosaic disease based on symptoms in field was recorded, highest in Ramanagar (54.85%) and the least incidence of mosaic disease was observed in Chikkaballapura (26.85%). Transmission and host range studies under glasshouse conditions revealed that ChiVMV is transmitted mechanically. Among 16 host plants tested, 7 plant species (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun, N. glutinosa, N. occidentalis, Datura metel, Physalis floridana, S. nigrum, Capsicum annum) were infected with the Chilli veinal mottle virus disease and the symptom could be seen in 20-25 days. The per cent transmission of ChiVMV by aphid Aphis gossypii was studied. The results showed that ChiVMV can be transmitted by A. gossypii. However, five aphids per plant showed highest per cent transmission (100%). The effect of different dates of inoculation on different plant growth parameters was also studied, the highest per cent disease transmission was observed in T1: Inoculation 15 days after sowing (100.00%).
... of 63.6000 hectares, 52.8000 hectares in Sindh, and an annual production of 171.8000 tonnes (Fayyaz et al., 2019). Chili accounts for 19% of the total vegetable cultivation area and is cultivated on 38.4 thousand hectares with a yield of 90.4 thousand tonnes (Shah et al., 2008). Different varieties of sweet peppers and pungent chili peppers are cultivated and widely used around the world (Ur-Rahman, 2018) as dried powders of various colors, but they suffer significant losses due to virus infection (Amelia et al., 2020). ...
... Different varieties of sweet peppers and pungent chili peppers are cultivated and widely used around the world (Ur-Rahman, 2018) as dried powders of various colors, but they suffer significant losses due to virus infection (Amelia et al., 2020). 45 diverse virus species have been identified to infect chilies/ peppers worldwide (Shah et al., 2008). ...
... The yield losses of more than 50 percent have been recorded in Pakistan due to this disease virus (Hameed et al. 1995).It is a ssRNA virus belongs to the family Potyviridae and the genus Potyvirus (Lee et al. 2017;Fei et al. 2019;Jiao et al. 2020;Adediji et al. 2020). This virus is transmitted from one plant to another through a vector aphid(Aphis gossypii) in a non-persistent manner, through grafting, mechanically and did not transfer through seed (Shah et al. 2008).The infected chilli plant could not survive happily and have shown the symptoms of vein mottling, stunting in an early stage of infection, dark-green streaks on branches and on the stem, flowers dropping and fruit deforming is the characteristic symptoms of ChiVMV (Wang et al. 2006;Nono-Womdim et al. 2001;Ahmad and Ashfaq 2018;Gao et al. 2016). To overcome this viral disease in a short time, the production and development of resistant varieties of chilli is a durable strategy. ...
... The healthy control untreated plant showed zero percent disease in cage. (Shah et al. 2008) conducted an experiment to check the host range and transmission study of Potyvirus ChiVMV through mechanically, grafted and by vector method. They wereconcluded that the ChiVMV is a mechanically transmitted virus and produce characteristics veinal mottling symptoms on host pepper plant with 50% disease incidence. ...
... It encodes a polyprotein, which is then cleaved by virus-encoded proteases into 10 mature functional proteins (Yang et al., 2013;Gao et al., 2016). Aphis gossypii has been reported to transmit the virus in a non-persistent manner in solanaceous crops (Shah et al., 2008). ...
Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) is an important plant pathogen with a wide host range, causing serious yield losses in pepper production all over the world. Recombination is a major evolutionary event for single-stranded RNA viruses, which helps isolates adapt to new environmental conditions and hosts. Recombination events have been identified in multiple potyviruses, but so far, there have been no reports of recombination events among the ChiVMV population. We here detected ChiVMV in pepper samples collected from Guangxi and Yunnan provinces for the first time and amplified the nearly full-length sequences. Phylogenetic and recombination analysis were performed using the new sequences and the 14 full-length and 23 capsid protein (CP) sequences available in GenBank. Isolates tend to cluster on a geographical basis, indicating that geographic-driven evolution may be an important determinant of ChiVMV genetic differences. A total of 10 recombination events were detected among the ChiVMV sequences using RDP4 with a strict algorithm, and both the Guangxi and Yunnan isolates were identified as recombinants. Recombination appears to be a significant factor affecting the diversity of ChiVMV isolates.
... The virus is not transmitted through seeds but is acquired mechanically and is transmitted by several species of aphids in a non-persistent manner. These vectors (Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis craccivora, Aphis spiraecola, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Toxoptera citricida and Hysteroneura setariae) retain the virus for not more than1 hour after virus acquisition [20]. The winged aphids are generally the most efficient vectors to transmit the virus from field to field and are the most difficult to control [21]. ...
Increasing outbreaks of virus species infecting pepper (Capsicum spp.) is a
major problem for growers in Africa due to a combination of factors, including
expansion of pepper cultivation, abundance of insect vectors and climate change.
More than 45 viruses have been identified to infect pepper crops causing economic
loss in terms of reduced quality and marketable yield, sometimes up to 100%. The
Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV), Potato virus Y (PVY) and Cucumber mosaic
virus (CMV) are endemic in many countries including Uganda, Mali, Cameroon,
Morocco and Nigeria. Current management options for virus infection in Capsicum
spp. is by the integration of several approaches. More importantly, eradication of
infected plants, cultivation of disease resistant varieties, improved cultural practices
and judicious use of insecticides especially when plants are young and easily
colonized by vectors. In recent years, eco-friendly control measures are needful to
reduce occurrence of virus diseases in Capsicum spp.
Keywords: climate change, economic loss, outbreaks, management options, virus
infection
... A total of 135 samples (leaves, papaya rind, and seeds) were obtained from 9 papaya plantations (Table 1). Based on the DAS ELISA test, papaya leaf samples and papaya rind at all study sites showed positive results against the PRSV-P antibody, this indicates that they were infected with PRSV-P According to [17], virulence is one of the factors that influence the development of pathogens and symptoms, isolates with high virulence can cause very severe symptoms in infected plants, whereas isolates with low virulence often do not cause symptoms or only cause mild symptoms. ...
This study aimed to detect the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) in papaya plants in papaya plantations in North Sumatra with the Double Antibody Sandwich-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (DAS-ELISA) method. Research activities began with a survey to several locations of papaya plantations by observing the symptoms of PRSV-P, and carrying out virus detection with DAS-ELISA. The results showed that there were several types of symptoms of PRSV-P disease, namely ring-shaped spots; stripes, mosaics and leaf malformations; stripes symptoms; dark green streaks on stems and stems.
... White Burley and Samsun. Shah et al. (2008) [6] reported that among 44 host plants tested against Chilli veinal mottle virus (Chi VMV), plant species viz., Nicotiana. tabacum cv. ...
... White Burley and Samsun. Shah et al. (2008) [6] reported that among 44 host plants tested against Chilli veinal mottle virus (Chi VMV), plant species viz., Nicotiana. tabacum cv. ...
