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![Living and dry forms of Galla Rhois [76].](publication/330939496/figure/fig3/AS:723894491164673@1549601304584/Living-and-dry-forms-of-Galla-Rhois-76.png)
![Figure 4. Living and dry forms of Galla Rhois [76].](publication/330939496/figure/fig3/AS:723894491164673@1549601304584/Living-and-dry-forms-of-Galla-Rhois-76_Q320.jpg)
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Context 1
... laxative effect of Galla Rhois as a natural product containing high concentra- tions of tannin was investigated by Kim et al. [66]. Galla Rhois is an excrescence formed by parasitic aphids, primarily Schlechtendalia chinensis Bell, on the leaf of sumac, Rhus javanica (Anacardiaceae) (Figure 4) [67]. This product has been widely used for treatment of various diseases including diarrhea, seminal emissions, exces- sive sweating, boil, some skin diseases, bleeding, and chronic cough because of its ...
Citations
... For instance, Hasan et al., and Qnais et al. reported that aqueous extract of pomegranate peels and methanolic extract from pomegranate diminished diarrhea in a rat model [84,85]. Moreover, some studies reported positive effects of some natural products containing tannins on the treatment of constipation [86]. As clinical trial studies which reported side effects of pomegranate consumption were conducted on different populations and there was just one study available for healthy subjects, it seems that it is not possible to draw definitive conclusions and generalize these results to healthy subjects. ...
Objectives:
Numerous studies have shown the pharmacological effects of pomegranate, such as: anti-cancer, cholesterol-lowering, anti-diabetic, and antihypertensive features. Pomegranate consumption has also revealed some adverse effects. This systematic review aimed to explore the adverse effects of pomegranate reported in clinical studies.
Content:
The keywords "pomegranate", "Punica granatum", "side effect", "clinical trial", and "case report or case series" were searched for in valid databases. Reports about adverse effects of pomegranate were also collected from several international registries.
Summary:
This systematic review included a total of 66 clinical articles. Eleven articles have reported side effects of pomegranate. Twenty-one articles have recorded no side effects in the pomegranate group while 34 articles have not mentioned any side effects for this plant. The study also included 7 case report studies. The most common side effects included gastrointestinal problems, flu-like symptoms, and urinary problems. In case report studies, the most significant reported side effect was allergic reaction.
Outlook:
In summary, pomegranate and its extract seem to be safe according to the reported adverse effects. Meanwhile, conducting more robust controlled trials with pomegranate products and documentation of any probable side effect is warranted.
... 4 Added to that, recently, several natural products exerting laxative actions have honored highest consideration as new therapeutic approaches for constipation management and its combined disruptions, despite various researches required to investigate the potential mechanisms of pharmacological targets. 5 In this context, many studies have revealed the ability of bioactive compounds of natural products especially with great antioxidant power may relieve chronic constipation and its related symptoms. These bio-compounds are gaining a potent concern in the biopharmaceutical sector and encouraging the seeking for new important roots of bioactive components. ...
Ginger ( Zingiber officinale) rhizomes are commonly used in foods and employed for many ailments including gastrointestinal disorders. Our main objective was to evaluate the effect of Zingiber officinale aqueous extract (ZOAE) on gastrointestinal (GI) physiological motility and colonic dysmotility. Thereby, Wistar rats were given loperamide (LP, 3 mg/kg, b.w.) and ZOAE (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg, b.w.) or yohimbine (YOH, 2 mg/kg, b.w.). ZOAE-action on intestinal secretion was assessed using Ussing chamber technique and intestinal motility with isometric transducer. GI-transit (GIT) and gastric emptying (GE) were evaluated with the charcoal meal test and the red phenol methods. ZOAE-bioactive components were analyzed by liquid chromatography-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS). Constipation was induced with LP and the different indicators such as stool composition, GIT, oxidative stress biological parameters, and colonic mucosa histological alteration were performed. Anti-constipation effect of ZOAE was confirmed on stool composition, GIT (53.42% to 85.57%), GE (55.47% to 98.88%), and re-established oxidative balance. ZOAE induces an amplitude increase of spontaneous intestinal contraction with EC50 of 10.52 μg/mL. No effect of ZOAE was observed on electrogenic transport of intestinal fluid. These findings suggest that ZOAE-bioactive candidates might exert an anti-constipation action and spontaneous intestinal contraction modulation.
... These functions are closely linked to the constituent components, such as carotenoids, fucoidan, sulfated polysaccharides, peptides, and tannins [8][9][10]. Of these, tannins have received great attention due to their multiple biological functions, including antioxidative, cardioprotective, antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and immune-modulatory effects [11,12]. Depending on the base unit or monomer, they are classified as phlorotannins (Pt), hydrolyzable tannins (HT), and condensed tannins (CT) [12]. ...
... Of these, tannins have received great attention due to their multiple biological functions, including antioxidative, cardioprotective, antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and immune-modulatory effects [11,12]. Depending on the base unit or monomer, they are classified as phlorotannins (Pt), hydrolyzable tannins (HT), and condensed tannins (CT) [12]. Pt consists of a phloroglucinol unit with various degrees of polymerization and is pro-duced as a secondary metabolite from marine brown algae such as Sargassum fusiforme, Fucus vesiculosus, Alaria esculenta, Laminaria digitata, and Ascophyllum nodosum [13][14][15]. ...
This study investigated the laxative effects of phlorotannins (Pt) derived from Ecklonia cava (E. cave) on chronic constipation by evaluating alterations in stool parameters, gastrointestinal motility, histopathological structure, mucin secretion, gastrointestinal hormones, muscarinic cholinergic regulation, and fecal microbiota in SD rats with loperamide (Lop)-induced constipation subjected to Pt treatment. Stool-related parameters (including stool number, weight, and water contents), gastrointestinal motility, and length of intestine were significantly enhanced in the Lop+Pt-treated group as compared to the Lop+Vehicle-treated group. A similar recovery was detected in the histopathological and cytological structure of the mid-colon of Lop+Pt-treated rats, although the level of mucin secretion remained constant. Moreover, rats with Lop-induced constipation subjected to Pt treatment showed significant improvements in water channel expression, gastrointestinal hormone secretions, and expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M2/M3 (mAChRs M2/M3) and their mediators of muscarinic cholinergic regulation. Furthermore, the Lop+Pt-treated group showed a significant recovery of Bifidobacteriaceae, Muribaculaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Eubacteriaceae families in fecal microbiota. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that exposure of SD rats with Lop-induced constipation to Pt improves the constipation phenotype through the regulation of membrane water channel expression, GI hormones, the mAChR signaling pathway, and fecal microbiota.
... The laxative effect was found same as that of sodium picosulfate. Thus Hwang proved the laxative effect of tannins (54). This shows that the plant extract enhances the gastric propulsive motility in the constipated mice. ...
Dryopteris ramosa(D. ramosa) is one of the most traded medicinally important plants of Himalayan region. Apart from other uses, D. ramosa is tradi-tionally also used to treat gastric ulcers and as a laxative. The present study was designed to investigate the role of methanolic crude extract of Dryopteris Ramosa
(MEDR) in acute toxicity, against loperamide induced constipated mice model, antiulcer effect of methanolic extract of D. Ramosa and cholinomimetic like effect
of methanolic extract of D. Ramosa. The crude extract was investigated for the presence of active compounds (secondary metabolites) such as alkaloids, flavonoids,
carbohydrates, glycosides, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, and tannins following the standard methods. The antiulcer effect was investigated in mice
using the ethanol induced ulcer model at various doses i.e. 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses. Constipation was induced in the mice via loperamide (3mg/
kg body weight). The control group received normal saline. Different doses of plant extracts (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day) were administered
for 7 days. Various parameters like feeding characteristics, gastrointestinal transit ratio, body weight, fecal properties and the possible mechanism of action of D.
Ramosaon intestinal motility were monitored. Various Phytochemicals like saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, carbohydrate, alkaloids and triter-penes were found in D. Ramosa. The acute toxicity study showed that MEDR was associated with no mortality except mild and moderate sedation at the highest
tested doses (1500 and 2000 mg/kg). MEDR also showed significant antiulcer activity against ethanol-induced ulcerogenesis. The extract enhanced the intestinal
motility, normalized the body weight of constipated mice and increased the fecal volume which are indications of laxative property of the herb. The 200 mg/kg
body weight dose of the extract was found effective. The presence of various Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, glycosides and tannins might be responsible for
the antiulcer activity of D. Ramosa. This study provides the scientific background for the folkloric use of D. Ramosaas antiulcer agent. The laxative action of the
extract compares positively with Duphalac, (standard laxative drug). These findings have therefore evidence scientific background to the folkloric use of the herb
as a laxative agent.
Hidden hunger is a worldwide problem that is characterized by insufficient intake of micronutrients, which are necessary for optimal human health. Biofortification of food crops is an effective and efficient strategy to alleviate human nutrient deficiencies. It has the ability to increase the nutrient content in the edible parts of the plants. This potent agronomic tool is employed to increase the accumulation of nutrients such as mineral elements, amino acids, and vitamins among others. The main factors that determine the success of biofortification are plant-/crop-dependent, such as the genotypes’ nutrient accumulation mechanisms, and others, namely environmental conditions, and consumer or public acceptance. In general, two complementary approaches of plant biofortification, the agronomic and the biotechnological tools, are adopted. In the agronomic approach, the nutrients accumulation is enhanced through the application of fertilizers and biostimulants or the management of cultivation conditions. Alternatively, in the latter, crops with higher nutrient concentration or bioavailability are developed using breeding (including molecular) or genetic engineering techniques. Indeed, novel gene or genome editing tools are gaining prominence in the generation of biofortified crops. Application of these strategies has enabled enhancement of biosynthetic pathway of organic nutrients or decreased the concentration of antinutrients or increased nutrient transport to the edible parts. Thus, plant transporters are crucial targets for attaining optimal nutrient movement to and within the plant. Also, it is pertinent to continue to deepen our knowledge about the mechanisms of nutrients accumulation in the plant and their bioavailability for humans and animals and identifying ways and means to modify them to obtain plants with higher nutritional quality.
Antinutrients are naturally occurring substances in plants, well known to block the absorption of beneficial or essential organic nutrients and inorganic minerals. Major antinutrients such as enzymes (lipase, amylase, and protease), trypsin inhibitors, phytate, polyphenols, lectins, glucosinolates, oxalates, and saponins have been characterized in different plant species. In general, these antinutrients are reported to have bitter taste and are unpalatable with bad odor and have a role in plant defenses. Antinutrients, which are known to bind the nutrients, severely affect the latter’s bio-accessibility and ultimately bioavailability. The current chapter briefly summarizes the various kinds of antinutrients and their role in limiting bioavailability of nutrients. Eventually, these antinutrients cause mineral deficiency and micronutrient malnutrition in humans.Hence, it is indispensable to reduce their contents in foods to a safe level for human consumption. Further, various strategies and concepts to tackle the deleterious effects of antinutrients are discussed. Many processing methods namely decortication, roasting, boiling, microwave heating, soaking, germination, autoclaving, fermentation, and extrusion technique are reported to decrease the antinutrient content in food crops. Further, the current understanding of the antinutrient’s health promoting effects such as reduction of blood glucose, cholesterol levels, prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancer are also discussed.
Background and Objective: The plant, Telfairia occidentalis Hooker fil. contains the varying composition of phytochemicals and has been grown mostly in geoponic media. The study aimed at evaluating the anti-nutrient composition of T. occidentalis leaf grown in different urea hydroponic solutions. Materials and Methods: The Urea solutions varied in the number of Urea granules (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 g, respectively) dissolved in water containing micronutrients and designated as M 25 U, M 50 U, M 75 U, M 100 U, M 125 U, M 150 U and control. The hydrogen cyanide, oxalate, phytate, tannin, saponin, trypsin-inhibitor, alkaloid and flavonoids contents of T. occidentalis were determined 5 weeks after planting (WAP) following standard procedures. Results: The study showed that the proportion of phytochemicals in T. occidentalis ranged thus: Phytate (4.07-16.88%), tannin (0.80-1.96%), oxalate (3.61-8.80%), trypsin-inhibitor (1.12-2.73%), saponin (6.12-8.58%) and hydrogen cyanide (0.014-0.020 ppm). Higher values of phytochemicals in the leaves were recorded at M 25 U medium (for tannin, oxalate and trypsin-inhibitor), M 100 U treatment (for phytate) and M 125 U treatment (for saponin). The group of alkaloids ranged thus: Purine (0.225-0.988 g/100 g), colchicine (0.185-0.220 g/100 g), quinoline (0.313-0.801 g/100 g), tropane (0.217-0.295 g/100 g), vinca (0.025-0.084 g/100 g), indole/benzopyrrole (0.258-0.413 g/100 g), isoquinoline (0.468-1.054 g/100 g), pyridine (1.436-9.262 g/100 g), imidazole (0.099-0.212 g/100 g), piperidine (0.919-2.350 g/100 g), acridine (0.009-0.017 g/100 g) and β-phenylethylamine (0.198-0.257 g/100 g). Among the growth media, the highest total flavonoids (45.35 g/100 g) of the leaves were recorded at the M 50 U medium while the lowest (21.343 g/100 g) was obtained at the M 150 U medium. The abundant flavonoid was luteolin (7.232 g/100 g) at the M 75 U medium, followed by eriodictyol (5.746 g/100 g) at the M 25 U medium. Conclusion: The growth media with lower urea content (M 25 U growth media) had higher tannin, oxalate, saponin, trypsin-inhibitor and T. occidentalis.
The objective of this study was to determine the phytochemical compounds present in methanolic root and leaf extracts of Tephrosia vogelii. The plant species is found in the genus Tephrosia and family Fabaceae. Phytochemical screening was conducted to determine the nature of secondary metabolites while Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, (GC-MS) was conducted to determine the specific phyto-compounds present in the methanolic root and leaf extracts. Phytochemicals were ascertained based on molecular weights (m/z) acquired from GC-MS chromatograms. Phytocompounds were established through interpretation of spectral peaks and comparing data with stored databases from the National Institute Standard and Technique (NIST) library. Phytochemical screening revealed terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins and saponins. GC-MS analysis furnished ten phytocompounds. These were; demethylmunduserone (1), sumatrol (2), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (3), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one (4), (4R,5R,8S,8aS)-5-isopropyl-8-methyl-3-methylene-decahydroazulene-4,5,8-triol (5), deguelin (6), hexadecanoic acid (7), munduserone (8), tephrosin (9), and 7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-8-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one (10). This study reports compounds 1, 2, 3, 7 and 8 for the first time from this species. Evidently, the reported pharmacological properties of these phytochemicals support the ethnomedical use of T. vogelii for the traditional health care exclusively in the treatment of diseases such as fungal and bacterial, inflammatory, and cancer diseases, as well as the management of pests and ecto-parasites. Phytochemical components identified in this study advocate the presence of ethnomedical and phytopharmaceutical versality of T. vogelii that could be used in the antimicrobial drug formulation studies.
From the beginning of lives on earth, nature is contributing different products to the system constantly and endlessly. Plants synthesize a large number of organic compounds, which are commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites with various applications. Tannins are one of the secondary metabolites solely obtained from the natural or plant sources where it present in the woods, barks, leaves, fruits, cell sap or in vacuoles. Chemically, they are polyphenolic colloidal solutions with complex astringent properties and it has the ability to tan or convert the skin of animals into leather. Depending on the complexity of chemical nature, tannins are classified into two types i.e., hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins. More than 8000 different tannins of free or bound forms have been detected which can be used in various sector. Despite of its astringent property, tannins and polyphenols can show their identity with different applications with properties like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-aging, stomachic, cardio-tonic, diuretics, laxatives, hypoglycemic, anti-corrosive or in photography, food, neutraceuticals or cosmeceuticals. In this review, we discuss about different tannins and polyphenols obtained from different sources, their types, about important chemicals and their remarkable applications in different fields of the system.
