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Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious and have the potential to spread very rapidly irrespective of the national borders, causing serious economic losses. These diseases cause high morbidity and mortality in susceptible animal populations. Furthermore, the extent of their consequences may significantly affect the food security...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... 30-35 million rural population is engaged in livestock raising having holdings of 2-3 cattle/buffaloes and 5-6 sheep/goat per family which help them to derive 30-40% of their income. The livestock population and their products (Govt. of Pakistan, 2004-05) are given in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. ...Citations
... FMDV is endemic in Pakistan with the prevalence of Asia I, Asia A, and Asia O serotypes. From 2002 to 2005, up to 1286 FMD outbreaks have been reported in both large and small ruminants in Pakistan [4]. Outbreaks are mainly reported throughout the year. ...
Background and Aim
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, including buffalo, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs, causing major economic losses to the local farmers and, overall, to the national economy of the country. This study aimed to detect FMDV serotypes in year-round FMD outbreaks, hematological and biochemical changes, and oxidative stress in FMDV-infected cattle and buffaloes in the district of Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan, and the socioeconomic impact of FMD outbreaks on farmers.
Materials and Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study in the district of Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan, where FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematological, biochemical, and oxidative analyses were performed by analyzing the blood of FMDV-infected and non-infected animals. Information on the associated risk factors was obtained through a structured questionnaire by interviewing farmers in each FMD-affected farm.
Results
Thirty-four out of 38 farms (89%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 75%–97%) were positive for FMD by ELISA. Higher FMD infection was detected in farms with a herd size of <50 animals (50%, 17/34), followed by >100 animals (32%, 11/34) and 51–100 animals (18%, 6/34). Fifty-seven percent (114/200, 95% CI: 50%-64%) of animals were positive for FMD. Of these, 61% (69/114) were cattle and 39% (45/114) were buffalo. FMD positivity was higher in females (86%, 98/114) than in males (14%, 16/114) and higher in animals older than 2 years of age (52%, 59/114). On average, farmers lose U.S. dollars 3000 annually due to FMD outbreaks. Animals infected with FMDV had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) white blood cell counts and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower hemoglobin and total protein concentrations in buffalo and cattle, whereas infected cattle showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower albumin levels. Globulin levels were lower in buffaloes infected. Alanine aminotransferase levels were lower in infected cattle (p ≤ 0.05). Creatinine levels were higher in infected buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Urea and phosphorus concentrations were higher in FMDV-infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Calcium levels were lower in infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Catalase enzyme activity in infected cattle and buffaloes was significantly lower (p < 0.05). Lipid peroxidation was significantly higher in FMDV-infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion
This study confirmed serotype O circulation among cattle and buffalo in year-long FMD outbreaks in the Quetta District of Balochistan. Blood analysis identified a parameter deviated from the normal level due to FMDV infection. In addition, the outbreak of FMD has a significant negative economic impact on livestock farmers.
... Tremendous economic damage to commercial cattle and buffalo farms suppresses the growth of livestock and its yielding (USDA et al. 2007). It is considered endemic in South Asian countries, inculcating serotypes O, A, and Asia 1 (Zahur et al. 2006;Tosh et al. 2002), and these serotypes are a consistent threat to these areas (Kesy et al. 2007). Hand, foot, and mouth are other names for diseases that affect humans, and hoof-and-mouth disease is another name for the disease that affects animals with cloven hooves (Coetzer et al. 1994). ...
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious ailment caused by a single-stranded RNA virus, belonging to the picornaviridae family. The virus exhibits seven distinct serotypes with multiple subtypes, affecting a wide range of animals, including cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, and various wild ruminants. While FMD is endemic in several countries, it remains a concern for global livestock due to its economic impact and rapid transmission. This comprehensive review explores the historical context, etiology, epidemiology, geographical distribution, and transmission modes of FMD. The disease's impact extends beyond animals, affecting humans through zoonotic transmission. The primary site of infection is the pharynx mucosa, with subsequent spread through the lymphatic system, causing vesicles in the mouth, feet, muzzle, and teat. Various factors contribute to the swift global dissemination of FMD, including its contagious nature, genetic adaptability, diverse transmission pathways, and host range. The study delves into the specific characteristics of different FMDV serotypes, highlighting the prevalence of serotype O and its significant role in outbreaks. It also discusses the pathogenesis of FMD, emphasizing the viral replication process and host interactions. The zoonotic potential of FMD is acknowledged, with historical instances of human cases linked to close contact with infected animals. Geographically, FMD plagues numerous nations in Africa, southern Asia, and the Middle East, impacting the livestock environment. The disease's economic repercussions are staggering, with global losses estimated between 10-20 billion US dollars in endemic regions. The review provides a detailed analysis of the economic impact in various regions, emphasizing both direct and indirect losses. Diagnostic methods for FMD, including clinical diagnosis, laboratory procedures, and serological testing, are elucidated. The paper concludes with insights into the challenges of controlling FMD and the ongoing efforts to manage and prevent its outbreaks. Understanding the complexities of FMD is crucial for implementing effective control measures and safeguarding animal and human health on a global scale.
... Due to low literacy, lack of technology, the pitiable/ high-cost veterinary services and extension infrastructure, un-accessibility of grazing land, the obtaining of value animals are the vital constraint. The prim indicator of the farm is mortality rate and it is observed that the mortality animal is predominantly due to diseases affecting the alimentary system where goats with kids and adults are nearly likewise affected [11,12]. It is suggested that a state-level knowledge and inspiration of the people toward management development may also be accorded to the people. ...
Goat in Pakistan has been raised both for getting meat and milk with a total production of 748 tons of mutton and 965 tons of milk. In Pakistan, goat meat is the most preferred protein source among muttons. Goats possess a healthy alimentary canal and are mostly offered low-cost grazing land-grown roughage. A chain of tubular organs/tissues and allied glands are observed in the goat alimentary system. A healthy digestive system transforms the available nutrients after digestion and absorption into better growth performance. Only few reports available in literature focusing different local raising goat breeds, its feeding behavior, and the morphological structures of their guts. In this chapter, we tried to draw attention to the embryological development of the goat, the nutrition, and the gross/microscopic anatomy and physiology of gut, which is comprised of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas. The histology of the mucosal structures is focused for better understanding because this tunic is in contact with the ingested food particles and is playing a key role in the process of digestion and absorption. Furthermore, health and clinical issues that can occur with goat alimentary systems are also highlighted in this chapter.
... Thus, the young calves are unable to put on the necessary body weight, perform poorly, and become afflicted with various diseases. This disease may result in significant death rates in young calves who are susceptible as well as financial losses for the nation's cattle industry [103]. ...
Abdur Rahim (2023). Pneumonic Pasteurellosis: Role of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica in respiratory disease of cattle. Int J Res Adv Agri Sci, 2(1): 94-110. Abstract Pneumonic Pasteurellosis is an important economically significant infectious diseases of large animals specially ruminants, having a global distribution. It is an acute febrile condition having severe fibrinopurulent or fibrin bronchopneumonia, fibrinous pleurisy, and septicemia characterizes the disease. Many outbreaks has been reported around the World. The causative agent for this disease can be determined by the complex interaction of predisposing factors, the animal's immunological condition, and the causal agent. Animals with the infection may be passed away within a few days of exhibiting clinical symptoms, but those that survive the acute attack may develop a persistant infection. Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica are the causative agent for this disease that are the normally present in the upper respiratory tract of healthy animals. The etiological agent are opportunistic, hence cause disease in animals with immunocompromised pulmonary defense system. Therefore, the disease pathogenesis can be initiated by physical or physiological stress that can be caused due to many factors including extreme weather conditions, lack of management, overcrowding, transportation, or co-infection with other microbial agent. Feedlot animals and growing young ones are more susceptible to the disease resulting in huge economical losses.
... The sample size in the study area was determined on the basis of disease prevalence in District Dera Ghazi Khan [15], and was calculated as n = 138 farmers, according to [16] the non-probability convenience sampling method, because the list of farmers was not available and the study area was very large (11,922 km²). Each interviewed person was considered as the sampling unit. ...
... The sample size in the study area was determined on the basis of disease prevalence in District Dera Ghazi Khan [15], and was calculated as n = 138 farmers, according to [16] the non-probability convenience sampling method, because the list of farmers was not available and the study area was very large (11,922 km 2 ). Each interviewed person was considered as the sampling unit. ...
Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA) of Punjab-Pakistan are comprised of hilly mountains with small ruminants as the sole source of income. In this study, farming practices, their productivity, health and the economic value of sheep were evaluated in PATA through a survey of farmers (n = 138) holding 11,558 heads of sheep. Out of a total population, 87% were non-descriptive flocks, and nine percent and four percent were purebred flocks belonging to the Kajli and Thali populations, respectively. Sheep flocks were mainly (86%) reared under the traditional production system and had a delayed onset of puberty. There was low influence of season on the reproduction, and the majority of flocks (78%) were bred throughout the year. The lack of proper vaccination and poor management exposed the flocks to bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, which lead to high mortality in lambs (~22%) and adults (~32%). The share of sheep in farmers livelihood was 42%, and only 20% of producers’ living standard was improved with sheep farming, but the rise in rearing more sheep was quite low (20%). Although the livestock department arranged farmers’ training, the majority of farmers (83%) never participated in training and had no knowledge of modern technologies. Collectively, the traditional sheep production systems, poor management, lack of vaccination, marketing channels and farmers training hampered the sheep rearing and producers’ livelihood in the PATA of Punjab-Pakistan. However, developing model livestock farms, conducting farmer training, establishing a viable market for dairy products, and introducing subsidy policy interventions can improve the sheep farming in these areas.
... Despite of the vital importance of livestock and dependency of farmers the productivity is far below than the actual potential due to several factors including inadequate feed resources, finance shortage, limited health facilities and unawareness of artificial insemination. Majority of farmers have low adoption of recommended practices and remain unaware of new practices along with poor dissemination of information through information sources leads to reduced output (Zahur et al., 2006). ...
Livestock industry is an essential part of Pakistan’s economy, and a variety of ruminants (including sheep and goats) are reared for the increasing demand of milk, meat and hide products. Haemoparasitic illnesses such as theileriosis, anaplasmosis, and babesiosis are a significant health risk for small ruminants in our country. Information regarding distribution patterns, the tick species involved and effective strategies to control tick-borne diseases (TBD) in goats and sheep of Pakistan is limited. To this end, it is required to assess the present rank of TBDs in small ruminants of Pakistan with a note on their vector ticks in order to control and identify the gaps in the knowledge of TBDs. This will recommend areas for future research and will add to the understanding of these diseases and will draw attention to the need for better-quality tools for the diagnosis and control of TBDs in small ruminants of Pakistan.
... There are seven serotypes O, A, Asia-1, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and C of FMDV present across the world, whereas serotype O, Asia-1, and A are continuously circulating in Pakistan resulting in huge losses in cattle and buffaloes (Zahur et al., 2006). The exploitation of imported exotic germplasm for breeding purposes and extensive movement of animals in the country are responsible for a high incidence of FMDV (Klein et al., 2008). ...
Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the devastating transboundary animal diseases causing heavy losses to the livestock industry. Different vaccines based on the inactivated FMD virus are used against this disease, but lack of immunological memory and the need for high biocontainment are the major drawbacks of these vaccines. A novel vaccine comprising recombinant antigenic regions is effective, as they lack viruses for production. Considering the fact, capsid proteins vp4, vp2, vp3, and vp1 with 3C protease of FMDV serotype Asia-1 were analyzed through reverse vaccinology approaches in this study. The sequence and structural analysis of the proteins is carried out through various bioinformatic tools and the sequence analysis has figured out the acidic nature and thermal stability of the proteins, likewise, the phylogenetic analysis helped us to trace the FMDV isolates, elucidating that selected proteins belong to the strain (Group VII), which is currently circulating in Pakistan. Next, the B-cell and MHC Class-I epitopes are identified from the antigenic proteins by immunoinformatic tools. The highly conserved, antigenic, and non-allergenic epitopes are used to design the vaccine. Accordingly, the codon adaptation and in silico cloning of the corresponding genes is performed. Thus, the bacterial expression vector could be used for efficient expression and large-scale production of the vaccine.
... The FMD has seven major immunological serotypes Southern African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, A, O, C and Asia 3 . Foot and Mouth Disease is endemic in Pakistan and its neighboring countries, imposing a substantial negative impact on livestock industries 4 . Cattle and buffalo are a major part and occupy a premier place in the livestock industry, contributing significantly to the economy of the world. ...
The Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a very common disease which causes infection in almost all cloven-footed animals including cattle, camel, goat, and sheep. The objectives of the current study were to determine the prevalence of FMD in different breeds of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan and to evaluate and compare the potency of locally available trivalent vaccine against FMD in Achai (local breed of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and exotic pure breeds i.e. Holstein Friesian and Jersey. In addition, to observed the immune signaling pathway and the involvement of IL-17 cytokine response. A total of 135 sera samples were collected from Achai, Jersey and Holstein Friesian breeds to know the strains of Foot and mouth disease (FMD) circulating in different cattle breeds. The strain-based prevalence against O, Asia 1 and A antibodies against all three tested strains was found. In Holstein Frisian O strain (33.33%) was the highest circulating FMD viral strain followed by Asia1 and A. In Jersey breed, O strain (26.66%) was significantly higher followed by A and Asia 1. Whereas, in Achai breed, O strain (13.33%) was also found to be the highly prevalent FMD viral strain followed by Asia 1. Furthermore, potency of FMD vaccine, prepared at the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan besides Deccivac water-based, Germany were used in Cattle, and the potency of the vaccine was evaluated through Complement Fixation Test. The data revealed non-significant difference (p>0.05) among the three different groups when evaluated at day 30 and significant difference (p>0.05) at day 60 and 90 post vaccination. The difference in antibody titers was found non-significant difference (p>0.05) between FMD trivalent preparation of UVAS besides water-based Deccivac on the 90th day of immunization screening. A higher titer was recorded in Achai cattle breed followed by Holstein Friesian and Jersey of UVAS made vaccine and water base Desivac vaccine trialed. In addition, initial involvement of IL-17 immune response was observed among challenged groups and the result was supported by IgY antibodies, which showed a significantly higher ratio at day 30, 60, and 90.
... A number of lab-based diagnostic techniques are listed that can be used to detect viral pathogens and give a clinical diagnosis. Over the years, a range of these molecular biological tests have been modified to specifically detect FMDV: complement fixation test (CFT), virus neutralisation (VN), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [3][4][5]. ...
The development and evaluation of a Boc-AL(Boc)Q(Trt)-AMC fluorophore to detect 3C Protease, produced by Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is reported, with a view to a potential use as a rapid screen for FMDV infected livestock The peptide-linked conjugate fluorophore is evaluated in vitro for sensitivity, specificity, stability and rapidity and shows statistically significant increases in fluorescence when exposed to physiologically relevant concentrations of 3C Protease and selectivity when compared with other common proteases likely to be located, typically in the absence of FMDV. The stability of deprotected Boc-AL(Boc)Q(Trt)-AMC is reported as a limitation of this probe.
... FMD is a highly contagious disease, and despite the use of local and imported vaccines, it is the most prevalent disease of bovines in Pakistan (68)(69)(70). However, farmers ranked FMD second to hemorrhagic septicemia or blackleg because of low mortality rate, particularly in adult animals. ...
Systems to record the frequency of animal health events in Pakistan are limited. A participatory approach was used to address gaps in farmers' knowledge and understanding of bovine health and production issues in five agroecological zones (AEZs) of Pakistan. Participatory tools, including simple ranking, pairwise ranking, constraint impact scoring, and constraint profiling were used in group discussions with farmers and animal health professionals (AHPs) in six districts of two provinces, Punjab and Sindh. The results of the ranking activities showed that foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), clinical mastitis, ticks, hemorrhagic septicemia, reproductive disorders, blackleg, and endoparasites were the most important bovine health and production constraints for small-scale dairy farmers. Constraint impact scoring showed that the participants perceived that: (1) milk production was severely affected by FMD and mastitis; (2) blackleg and parasitism led to poor growth rates and reduced meat production; (3) reproductive disorders and mastitis caused major economic losses (due to the high cost of treatment); and (4) blackleg and hemorrhagic septicemia were the leading causes of mortality in cattle and buffaloes. Although there was strong agreement in responses and constraint impact scores between farmers and AHPs, farmers were more concerned about health issues that cause high mortalities, whereas AHPs emphasized the importance of disorders with a high economic impact. Despite socioeconomic differences among AEZs, farmers' knowledge about bovine health and production constraints was similar. The findings from this study revealed that farmers had limited understanding of the risk factors and routes of transmission of various infectious diseases of bovines, which emphasizes the need to develop and implement tailored extension programs in Pakistan to control contagious diseases of animals and to improve the profitability of small-scale dairy farmers.
