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With strongly decreasing prices of battery energy storage systems (BESS) and the stepwise reduction of remuneration for photovoltaic grid feed-in power in Germany, ‘home storage’ battery usage for buffering of surplus PV generation and subsequent self-consumption is a field of growing interest and market activity. In this paper we use a multi-param...
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Context 1
... approach is similar to quantifying mechanical stress with Wöhler-curves presented in [2]. Ageing parameters shown in Table 2are based on [18][19] [20][21] [22][23]and consideration of various in house experiments undertaken on lithium-ion battery cells. Taking into account strong dependence of ageing characteristics on the type of lithium-ion chemistry, we consider two scenarios reflecting the potential ageing behavior: ...
Context 2
... the 5 minutes values represent mean values of the original 1 minute sample time. We consider the PV-household with a BESS as defined by the input data described in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4 as the baseline for the following calculation scenarios. All simulations cover a time of 20 years as this is the assumed depreciation period of the PV system. ...
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Citations
... Production at the breakeven point indicates that the investment revenue covers the cost of production (the profit at the breakeven point is zero; revenue is equal to cost). Production, above or below breakeven levels, indicates that the enterprise is operating at a profit or loss, respectively [17]. The breakeven prices, which represent prices that cover costs at specific sales volumes, were estimated. ...
Water scarcity has necessitated the adoption of water-saving techniques in both protected and non-protected farming. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a water-saving soilless cultivation technique and compare it to conventional soil-based cultivation in protected farming. The soilless technique utilized local gravel and a mixture of peat moss, humin-substrate, and perlite in a 4:3:1.5 ratio. During the tomato growth cycle, three irrigation regimes were imposed using drip irrigation: 8 Lh−1 design discharge (D1) emitters, 6 Lh−1 design discharge (D0.75) emitters, and 4 Lh−1 design discharge (D0.5) emitters for both cultivation methods. Vegetative growth, fruit yield, and water consumption were measured and water productivity was determined. Additionally, an economic assessment was conducted by estimating and comparing economic coefficients for both cultivation methods. Estimated coefficients included revenues, net profit, benefit–cost ratio, breakeven levels of production and prices, revenues over variable cost, and revenues on investment. The tomato fruit yield under soil-based cultivation surpassed the yield under soilless cultivation. Water productivity under soilless cultivation was nearly double (24.3 kg m−3) that of soil-based cultivation (15.5 kg m−3). Soilless cultivation saved 50% of the irrigation water applied by the conventional soil-based method, conserving energy and protecting the soil from deterioration. Revenues and net profits, driven by higher yield and lower variable costs, favored soil-based cultivation. The economic assessment demonstrated that both cultivation methods were economically viable. However, the soil-based cultivation method was more profitable due to its higher fruit yield. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the soilless cultivation technique is a feasible option for water-saving cultivation. However, the soil-based cultivation method remains more profitable due to its superior fruit yield. The soilless cultivation technique offers significant water savings but needs further improvements to achieve comparable economic returns to traditional farming.
... They are legal entities composed of citizens, local governments, and small-medium enterprises, which share generation, consumption, and storage resources to maximizing the selfconsumption at DSO level, reduce unexpected reverse power flow on primary cabins and share the RES economic benefit among the community members. At current incentives and costs, RECs that share the energy produced by PV/battery systems are expected to take the lion's share of distributed generation [1,2,3]. In Italy, in addition to the incentives for the installations of rooftop PV/batteries energy storage systems (BESS), current draft legislation is going in the direction to incentive RECs by a feed-in-tariff on renewable energy shared among REC members. ...
... Production at the breakeven point indicates that the investment revenue covers the cost of production (the profit at the breakeven point is zero; revenue is equal to cost). Production, above or below breakeven levels, indicates that the enterprise is operating at a profit or loss, respectively [17]. The break-even prices, which represent prices that cover costs at specific sales volumes, were estimated. ...
Water scarcity challenges have necessitated the adoption of water-saving techniques in protected and nom-protected farming. This study aimed to assess the performance of a water-saving soil-less cultivation technique and to compare it with conventional soil-based cultivation in protected farming. The soilless technique used local gravel and a mixture of peat-moss, humin-substrate, and perlite in ratios of 4:3:1.5. Three irrigation regimes were imposed using emitters 8Lh-1 design discharge (D1) emitters with 6Lh-1 design discharge (D0.75) and 4Lh-1 de-sign discharge (D0.5) for the two cultivation methods during the growth cycle of tomato by drip irrigation. The vegetative growth, fruit yield and water consumption were measured and water productivity was determined. Moreover, an economic assessment was carried out by estimating and comparing economic coefficients for the two cultivation methods. Estimated coefficients include revenues, net profit, benefit-cost ratio, break-even levels of production and prices, revenues over variable cost, and revenues on investment. The tomato fruit yield under soil-based cultivation overtopped the yield under soilless cultivation. The water productivity under the soilless cultivation was almost twice that (24.3 kg m-3) of the soil-based cultivation (15.5 kg m-3). The soilless cultivation saved 50% of irrigation water applied by the conventional soil-based method, saving energy and soil from deterioration. Revenues and net profits stimulated by higher yield coupled with lower variable cos supported the soil-based cultivation. The economic assessment showed that both cultivation methods were economically viable. However, the soil-based cultivation method was more profitable due to its higher fruit yield. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the soilless cultivation technique is a viable option for wa-ter-saving cultivation. However, the soil-based cultivation method is still more profitable due to its higher fruit yield
... If in 2005 batteries cost an average of USD 1300-1500 per kWh, then by 2015 the price had fallen by almost 3 times, to USD 500. According to optimistic forecasts [5], in 2025 the price may approach USD 100 per kWh. At the same time, another key disadvantage of electric vehicles, related to the cost of batteries, is gradually becoming a thing of the past ( Figure 2). ...
... If in 2005 batteries cost an average of USD 1300-1500 per kWh, then by 2015 the price had fallen by almost 3 times, to USD 500. According to optimistic forecasts [5], in 2025 the price may approach USD 100 per kWh. Comparing these figures with the data that we have by 2022, we can safely say that the main drawback of electric vehicles associated with their low autonomy has not yet been eliminated. ...
... If in 2005 batteries cost an average of USD 1300-1500 per kWh, then by 2015 the price had fallen by almost 3 times, to USD 500. According to optimistic forecasts [5], in 2025 the price may approach USD 100 per kWh. Certain grounds for optimism are provided by the improvement in battery technology. ...
Currently, the estimated range of an electric vehicle is a variable value. The assessment of this power reserve is possible by various methods, and the results of the assessment by these methods will be quite different. Thus, building a model based on these cycles is an extremely important task for manufacturers of electric vehicles. In this paper, a simulation model was developed to determine the range of an electric vehicle by cycles of movement. A mathematical model was created to study the power reserve of an electric vehicle, taking into account four driving cycles, in which the lengths of cycles and the forces acting on the electric vehicle are determined; the calculation of the forces of resistance to movement was carried out taking into account the efficiency of the electric motor; thus, the energy consumption of an electric vehicle is determined. The modeling of the study of motion cycles on the presented model was carried out. The mathematical evaluation of battery life was based on simulation results. Simulation modeling of an electric vehicle in the MATLAB Simulink software environment was performed. An assessment of the power reserve of the developed electric vehicle was completed. The power reserve was estimated using the four most common driving cycles—NEDC, WLTC, JC08, US06. Studies have shown that the highest speed of the presented US06 cycle provides the shortest range of an electric vehicle. The JC08 and NEDC cycles have similar developed speeds in urban conditions, while in NEDC there is a phase of out-of-town traffic; therefore, due to the higher speed, the electric vehicle covers a greater distance in equal time compared to JC08. At the same time, the NEDC cycle is the least dynamic and the acceleration values do not exceed 1 m/s2. Low dynamics allow for a longer range of an electric vehicle; however, the actual urban operation of an electric vehicle requires more dynamics. The cycles of movement presented in the article provide a sufficient variety and variability of the load of an electric vehicle and its battery over a wide range, which made it possible to conduct effective studies of the energy consumed, taking into account the recovery of electricity to the battery in a wide range of loads. It was determined that frequent braking, taking into account operation including in urban traffic, provides a significant return of electricity to the battery.
... The Li-ion battery has a wide range of applications. It not only has had a huge impact on the automotive industry [3], but it also has expanded to other different areas such as aerospace [4] or photovoltaic [5] applications having more optimal performance. The main weakness is that Li-ion batteries cannot offer the high charge capacities demanded by other concrete applications like transportation and stationary energy storage [6]. ...
Lithium-ion batteries have emerged as a prevalent power source in a variety of industries, including the electric vehicle sector due to their higher energy density and low self-discharge. With the use and passage of time, batteries degrade and eventually die, endangering the integrity of the objects they power. The ability to accurately predict the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of lithium-ion batteries is crucial for optimizing their utilization and ensuring their safe operation. For this purpose, a deep learning-based approach trained on the widely used Oxford battery degradation dataset with the help of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) has been implemented. The designed network consists of a Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architecture with the implementation of a stratification strategy and a custom loss function. The illustrative results show that the suggested approach can produce adaptable and reliable predictions of the RUL.
... Operating at the break-even point indicated that the enterprise revenue covers the cost of production (revenue is equal to cost; the profit at the break-even point is zero). Production, below or above break-even levels, indicated that the enterprise is operating at a loss or profit, respectively [23]. ...
The current study is aimed to assess water use efficiency and evaluate economic viability of hydroponic and conventional production of barley green fodder by keeping in view the water scarcity challenges in Saudi Arabia. A hydroponic system and open field experimental plot was used to evaluate the water use efficiency for different irrigation regimes. Economic indicators for both production systems are estimated and compared to accomplish economic assessment. Estimated indicators include returns from inputs and net profit; benefit-cost ratio; break-even levels of prices, production, and yield; returns over variable cost; and returns on investment. Results indicated that the yield of barley green fodder produced under hydroponic conditions overtopped the yield under conventional cultivation. Under hydroponic and conventional conditions, WUE was decreased with increasing the harvesting date. However, WUE for the hydroponic technique was much higher than the conventional one. The returns and net profits supported the conventional cultivation methods, where lower dry matter content coupled with higher fixed and variable costs incurred by the hydroponic technique outweighed returns leading to economic loss. Cost-benefit ratios, returns over investment, and break-even prices and yield suggested that growing barley fodder under the hydroponic technique is economically not suitable for small-scale farming. However, regarding water conservation, hydroponic barley cultivation showed superiority over conventional field cultivation. Further research on the adoption of hydroponic fodder cultivation is highly recommended for water-scarce arid regions, such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
... BESSs have experienced advances in terms of robustness and reliability, but the battery bank useful life and the costs of this technology are still decisive factors for the economic viability in the power system context [5,6]. For a particular peak load shaving application, the proper sizing of the BESS components plays a fundamental role in the system lifespan [7,8], but the effective management of battery charging and discharging processes play a decisive role in the performance of the energy storage system [9,10]. ...
... The total energy-throughput Q th is the total electrical charge passing through the battery during its useful life. Dividing this value by the rated capacity Q r of the battery results in the total expected number of cycles N, as shown in (6). Figure 4 shows the capacity fade curves versus cycles for lead-acid batteries using this approach. ...
Peak load shaving using energy storage systems has been the preferred approach to smooth the electricity load curve of consumers from different sectors around the world. These systems store energy during off-peak hours, releasing it for usage during high consumption periods. Most of the current solutions use solar energy as a power source and chemical batteries as energy storage elements. Despite the clear benefits of this strategy, the service life of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is a driving factor for economic feasibility. The present research work proposes the use of storage systems based on actively connected batteries with power electronics support. The proposed scheme allows the individualized control of the power flow, enabling the use of batteries with different ages, technologies or degradation states in a same BESS. The presented results show that overcoming inherent limitations found in passively connected battery banks makes it possible to extend the system’s useful life and the total amount of dispatched energy by more than 50%. Experimental tests on a bench prototype with electronified batteries are carried out to proof the central concept of the proposed solution. Computational simulations using collected data from a photovoltaic plant support the conclusions and discussions on the achieved benefits.
... The investment cost parameters are based on [41][42][43]. The values for maintenance cost are taken from [44][45][46]. The values for manufacturing emissions are based on [47,48]. ...
The success of incentives for investments in sustainable residential energy technologies depends on individual households actively participating in the energy transition by investing in electrification and by becoming prosumers. This willingness is influenced by the return on investments in electrification and preferences towards environmental sustainability. Returns on investment can be supported by a preferential regulation of Citizen Energy Communities, i.e. a special form of a microgrid regulation. However, the exact effect of such regulation is debated and therefore analyzed in this study. We propose a multi-periodic community development model that determines household investment decisions over a long time horizon, with heterogeneous individual preferences in regards to sustainability and heterogeneous energy consumption profiles. We consider that investment decisions which increase individual utility might be delayed due to inertia in the decision process. Decisions are determined in our model based on individual preferences using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm embedded in an energy system simulation. In a case study, we investigate the development of a neighborhood in Germany consisting of 30 households in regards to community costs and community emissions with and without Citizen Energy Community regulation as proposed by the European Union. We find that Citizen Energy Community regulation always reduces community costs and emissions, while heterogeneous distributions of economic and ecologic preferences within the community lead to higher gains. Furthermore, we find that decision inertia considerably slows down the transformation process. This shows that policymakers should carefully consider who to target with Citizen Energy Community regulation and that subsidies should be designed such that they counterbalance delayed private investment decisions.
... However, when investment capital is limited, projects should be evaluated by a profitability index, which relates the discounted benefits to the cost [23]. Many energy storage studies, therefore, investigate energy storage by the profitability index [23], which is also termed cost-benefit ratio [35,36], NPV-ratio [37], return of investment (ROI) [38], return on equity (ROE) [28], all giving the signal of how much money can be achieved per investment. Another common metric in the context of energy storage is the payback period [34,39,40], which [23] judges to be an illustrative but not useful factor for investment decisions. ...
From a macro-energy system perspective, an energy storage is valuable if it contributes to meeting system objectives, including increasing economic value, reliability and sustainability. In most energy systems models, reliability and sustainability are forced by constraints, and if energy demand is exogenous, this leaves cost as the main metric for economic value. Traditional ways to improve storage technologies are to reduce their costs; however, the cheapest energy storage is not always the most valuable in energy systems. Modern techno-economical evaluation methods try to address the cost and value situation but do not judge the competitiveness of multiple technologies simultaneously. This paper introduces the ‘market potential method’ as a new complementary valuation method guiding innovation of multiple energy storage. The market potential method derives the value of technologies by examining common deployment signals from energy system model outputs in a structured way. We apply and compare this method to cost evaluation approaches in a renewables-based European power system model, covering diverse energy storage technologies. We find that characteristics of high-cost hydrogen storage can be more valuable than low-cost hydrogen storage. Additionally, we show that modifying the freedom of storage sizing and component interactions can make the energy system 10% cheaper and impact the value of technologies. The results suggest looking beyond the pure cost reduction paradigm and focus on developing technologies with suitable value approaches that can lead to cheaper electricity systems in future.
Graphical Abstract
... In [13] has been used a multicriteria economic model, which allows to assess the economic efficiency of a PV installation with Li-Ion batteries at a residential building. Considering the lifetime of the batteries, the aging processes, the price of electrical energy and the investment expenses in Germany, the authors suggest scenarios, which could be economically profitable. ...
