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![Literate life expectancy at birth by age group of national male and female people of Bangladesh in 2008 versus 1981 [Colour online].](profile/Faisal-Ababneh/publication/299430068/figure/fig1/AS:562706627260416@1511171122541/Literate-life-expectancy-at-birth-by-age-group-of-national-male-and-female-people-of.png)
Literate life expectancy at birth by age group of national male and female people of Bangladesh in 2008 versus 1981 [Colour online].
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The Human Development Index (HDI) is an indicator that substantially captures the overall country level status on human welfare based on issues of equity, poverty, and gender. This study uses a proximity measure of simultaneous effect of literacy and life expectancy called literate life expectancy (LLE) as a measure of human quality. This study dis...
Citations
... The results depict that for Omani female population the life expectancies for each of the age groups are much higher than the Omani male population but the literate life expectancies are lower than the Omani male population as shown in Table 5. Our finding on gender gap in LLE is consistent with the findings in Bangladesh and India (Khan et al.,2016;Chattopadhyay and Sinha, 2010). The LLE at birth in 2014 for Omani's differs considerably by gender. ...
Measuring human quality and well-being by the human development index (HDI) is very challenging as it is a composite index of many socioeconomic variables. However, a simple index called literate life expectancy (LLE) by combining life expectancy and literacy only can be used as an alternative measure, which is less data intensive than HDI. LLE is the average life expectancy that a person lives under literate state. Length of life in literate state has many positive implications on social, economic and political aspects of life. In this paper an attempt has been made to construct LLE for Omani population with its gender differentials. The data for the study were extracted from the 2015 Statistical Year Book and the 2010 Population and Census report of Oman published by the National Centre for Statistics & Information. Despite socioeconomic progress, levels of education among women in Oman are not the same as men. The analysis shows the remarkable differences in the LLE between men and women for almost all age groups. The Omani female population is much lag behind in literate life expectancy than the Omani male population. The results underscore the need to take necessary steps for reducing gender gap in LLE in Oman.
... LE equals the average years a person is expected to live based on the overall mortality level of a population, hence, is a type of demographic data most commonly used to portray the social and health conditions, as well as well-being of a society. [1,2]. ...
... Since comprehensive Mortality Registration System in Shanghai dates back to 1973 [14], our study is intended (1) to investigate change in LE in Shanghai between 1973 and 2015; (2) to explore age-, and cause-specific difference in LE. ...
Background:
Life expectancy at birth (LE) is a comprehensive measure that accounts for age-specific death rates in a population. Shanghai has ranked first in LE in China mainland for decades. Understanding the reasons behind its sustained gain in LE provides a good reflection of many other cities in China. The aim of this study is intended to explore temporal trend in age- and cause-specific gains in LE in Shanghai and the probable reasons lay behind.
Methods:
Joinpoint regression was applied to evaluate temporal trend in LE and the long time span was then divided accordingly. Contributions to change in LE (1973-2015) were decomposed by age and cause at corresponding periods.
Results:
LE in Shanghai could be divided into four phases ie., descent (1973-1976), recovery (1976-1998), rapid rise (1998-2004) and slow rise (2004-2015). The growing LE was mainly attributed to reductions in mortality from the elderly populations and chronic diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, chronic lower respiratory disease, and gastrointestinal cancers (stomach, liver and esophageal cancer).
Conclusions:
The four-decade sustained gain in LE in Shanghai is due to the reductions in mortality from the elderly and chronic diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, chronic lower respiratory disease, and gastrointestinal cancers. Further growth momentum still comes from the elderly population.
The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effects in countries with high human development opportunities and where the gender inequality index is not very high. This study examines the effects of the Gender Inequality Index (GGI) and the Human Development Index (HDI) on Stock Returns (SR). To this end; Annual data on Gender Inequality Index (GGI), Human Development Index (HDI), Stock Returns (SR), Inflation and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) variables of 12 developed and developing countries between 2012 and 2023 are analyzed. In this research, the Panel Data Analysis method is applied for the interaction between the variables. Therefore, we analyzed to confirm that capital market investors of countries with high human development opportunities and low gender inequality index will earn higher returns in the medium and long term compared to stock markets of other countries. The findings show that countries can reap both social and economic benefits by promoting gender equality rather than just focusing on economic growth, and gender equality can be an important driver for a sustainable global economy.
Background
Inequality in life expectancy (ILE) is defined as inequality in the distribution of expected span of life-based on data from survival tables estimated using the Atkinson inequality index. ILE can be influenced by socio-ecological indicators including the Gini coefficient, secondary education, output per worker, and old age pension. This study examined the effects on ILE from a social ecology perspective. Methods
This analysis is based on ILE data from 108 countries obtained from the United Nations Development Programme. Data on socio-ecological indicators were obtained from the United Nations database. The associations between socio-ecological indicators and ILE were assessed using correlation coefficients and multiple regression models. ResultsSignificant correlations were evident between ILE and the following indicators from a socio-ecological perspective: Gini coefficient (GC: r = 0.335, p = 0.001) as an indicator of income inequality, female population with at least some secondary education (FSE: r = − 0.757, p = 0.001), male population with at least some secondary education (MSE: r = − 0.741, p = 0.001), output per worker as a measure of labor productivity (OPW: r = − 0.714, p = 0.001), and number of old age pension recipients (OPR: r = − 0.641, p = 0.001). In multivariate regression, the ILE predictors were higher GC and lower levels of FSE, MSE, OPW, and OPR (R2 = 0.648, p < 0.001). Conclusions
Socio-ecological factors have an important effect on ILE. Policies that address ILE should consider targeted socio-ecological factors, such as the Gini coefficient of income inequality, that give a personal perspective of economic deprivation, attainment of at least a secondary education by both females and males that gives a social environment perspective, output per worker that indicates labor productivity, and the number of old age pension recipients that indicates social security from a public policy perspective.
