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The gall rusts on Acacia spp. and Paraserianthes falcataria are caused by species of Uromycladium. Morphology and a phylogenetic analysis of four loci from ribosomal (SSU, ITS, LSU) and mitochondrial (CO3) DNA, showed that the rust on P. falcataria differed from U. tepperianum. Uromycladium falcatarium sp. nov. is described to accommodate this taxo...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... specimens of Uromycladium on P. falcataria were collected from the Philippines and Timor Leste. Representative specimens of U. notabile, U. simplex, U. fusisporum, U. robinsonii and U. tepperianum were also collected from various locations in Australia (Table 1). All of these specimens were preserved in the Plant Pathology Herbarium, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Queensland (BRIP). ...
Context 2
... were made from sequence trace files with Sequencher 5.0 (Gene Codes Crop., Ann Arbor, Michigan), aligned with MAFFT 6.611 (Katoh and Toh 2008) and viewed using the MEGA5 software package ( Kumar et al. 2008). DNA se- quences were deposited in GenBank with the accession num- bers listed in Table 1 (Stamatakis 2006). GTRGAMMA was specified as the model of evolution for nucleotide sequence data. ...
Citations
... There has been a disparity between the demand and supply of F. moluccana wood; for example, in 2018, community forests in Java supplied only 299.892 m 3 (18.65%) of the F. moluccana wood required. One of the main contributing factors is the outbreak of gall rust disease caused by Uromycladium falcatarium (Doungsa-Ard et al. 2015). This fungus has been well known to infect a wide variety of hosts, including 57 distinct acacia trees in Australia (McAlpine 1990), with which it can at least associate or attack. ...
... The plantations affected were those of higher elevation of more than 152 m asl with spacing of 3 m 2 that could be considered to be a close gap between trees. The pathogens thrive in an environment with elevations ranging from 152 m asl to 975 m asl, in trees ages 1-year-old to 9-year-old, and spacing between 6 m 2 to 16 m 2 [14] and require fog or mist as well as high relative humidity to ensure infection [13] (m) ...
The planted forest area in Sarawak is the largest planted forest in Malaysia, which has been developed since 1997 to sustain the decline in the production of natural forests. As of December 2021, the total area of plantation forests reached 551,704 hectares (ha), dominated by fast-growing exotic species mainly Acacia species (55%), Falcataria moluccana (15%) and Eucalyptus (14%). The study showed Acacia was infected with red root rot disease of Ganoderma philippii and brown root rot of Phellinus noxius, Ceratocystis wilt disease caused by Ceratocystis. fimbriata sensu stricto (s.s) complex and pink disease caused by Erythricium salmonicolor, while F. moluccana was infected by gall disease namely Uromycladium falcatarium. Eucalyptus pellita diseases were infected namely by G. philippii red root rot disease, stem canker disease caused by Botryosphaeriaceae pathogen and bacterial wild disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Ceratocystis wilt disease of Acacia mangium shows disease incidence (DI) accounted at 68% (serious) as compared with other diseases observed in this study. This will be the first baseline study that is conducted to observe and assess the diversity of the present, new and emerging pathogens and the damage they cause to exotic planted species of Sarawak.
... At least in the last 15 years, gall rust attack by Uromycladium falcatarianum sp. nov (Doungsa-ard et al., 2015) in albizia is the main problem in farm forests in Indonesia and this outbreak was widespread throughout the country (Syakirin, 2014) . This disease started attacking Albizia stands in Java since 2005 (Diputra, Rahayu, & Baskorowati, 2015). ...
The dynamics in forest management in general as well as in agroforestry are always associated with ecological and social changes. For more than 30 years, the common pattern of community forests especially in West Java applies a complex agroforestry pattern. Currently, one of the most popular trees is albizia (Falcataria moluccana). However, in the past years, gall rust attack becomes a serious problem for the farmers. By borrowing a resilience system approach, this paper describes how a complex agroforestry resilience system with albizia as the primary stand is working in relation to providing sustainable livelihoods so far for the complex agroforestry farmers with all the dynamics especially in the last 10-20 years particularly related to gall rust attack. By selecting a research site in the village of Kalijaya, Ciamis District, West Java Province, this paper aims to understand how the resilience system works in this landscape. The understanding will be a baseline propose some recommendations for the landscape of the villages of Kalijaya specifically and the same type community forests in West Java in general in order to make agroforestry landscapes remain capable or even improving the farmer livelihood by anticipating various threats that may occur in the future by taking into consideration the role that can be undertaken by agroforestry-related parties.
... The disease is caused by infection of the fungi Uromycladium falcatarium (Sacc.) McAlpine) (Doungsa-ard et al. 2015). Unlike the stem borer pest, the fungi infection usually starts at early age of sengon plants and can cause the death of sengon tree and seedlings as well . ...
Gall rust disease has severely attacked sengon tree (Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby & J.W. Grimes)) and it rapidly spread in tree plantations causing the decrease of wood productivity. Although sengon is widely cultivated in several areas in Indonesia, there are limited studies on secondary metabolite composition of its wood. This research was aimed to study differences on morphology, wood anatomy and secondary metabolites content of resistant and susceptible sengon tree trunk to gall rust disease. Both resistant and susceptible tree samples to gall rust were selected from the same plantation plots to minimize environmental effects. Structure of wood samples was observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) JSM-5310LV. Seven types of secondary metabolites, i.e., alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic hydroquinones, tannins, triterpenoids, and steroids were qualitatively analyzed from powdered wood samples. Based on field observations, the gall rust fungi changed the color, texture, pores of the tree surface and decreased wood density. In microscopic observations, sengon trunk, which is resistant to gall rust disease, showed organized and regularly structured wood anatomy and did not show hyphae of the infecting fungi inside the wood. The fungi damaged susceptible sengon trunk as indicated by the dispersed and irregular structure of wood tissue, while the presence of fungal hyphae among wood cells was detected. Phytochemical analyses indicated that trunk of sengon containing flavonoids, saponins, phenolic hydroquinones, tannins, triterpenoids, and steroids, except alkaloids. Sengon trunk, which is resistant to gall rust disease, had stronger reactions of flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, and steroids compared to that susceptible one. © 2019, Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. All rights reserved.
... Li et al. 2014) and rusts (e.g. Doungsa-ard et al. 2014). The need for sequence data linked to types is essential for a stable classification of rust and smut fungi. ...
A review of phylogenetic studies carried out together
with morphological ones shows that a major problem
with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques
and used material or strains of fungi that in most cases were
not carefully reference, and in a worrying number of cases
wrongly named. Most classical species, particularly of
microfungi, are not represented by adequate type material, or
other authoritatively identified cultures or specimens, that can
serve as DNA sources for phylogenetic study, or for
developing robust identification systems. Natural classifications
of fungi therefore suffer from the lack of reference strains
in resultant phylogenetic trees. In some cases, epitypification
and neotypification can solve this problem and these tools are
increasingly used to resolve taxonomic confusion and stabilize
the understanding of species, genera, families, or orders of
fungi. This manuscript discusses epitypification and
neotypification, describes how to epitypify or neotypify species
and examines the importance of this process. A set of guidelines for epitypification is presented. Examples where
taxa have been epitypified are presented and the benefits and
problems of epitypification are discussed. As examples of
epitypification, or to provide reference specimens, a new
epitype is designated for Paraphaeosphaeria michotii and
reference specimens are provided for Astrosphaeriella
stellata, A. bakeriana, Phaeosphaeria elongata, Ophiobolus
cirsii, and O. erythrosporus. In this way we demonstrate how
to epitypify taxa and its importance, and also illustrate the
value of proposing reference specimens if epitypification is
not advisable. Although we provided guidelines for
epitypification, the decision to epitypify or not lies with the
author, who should have experience of the fungus concerned.
This responsibility is to be taken seriously, as once a later
typification is made, it may not be possible to undo that,
particularly in the case of epitypes, without using the lengthy
and tedious formal conservation and rejection processes.
... There are 90 species of Aecidium and 53 species of Uredo in the list of taxa, and these will likely belong to other genera such as Puccinia (discussed by McTaggart and Shivas in MarinFelix et al. 2017). Further diversity may be expected from cryptic species, which have been found in multiple genera of rust fungi on hosts in the Annonaceae (Beenken 2014), Fabaceae (Doungsa-ard et al. 2015;McTaggart et al. 2015a) and Poaceae (Demers et al. 2017; Liu and Hambleton 2013). Doidge (1950) recorded one species of rust, Uromyces aloës, on 18 different host species, and this may represent a taxon with cryptic diversity. ...
Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are some of the most important plant pathogens that cause diseases of agricultural and tree crops. There are approximately 8,000 described species worldwide. The rust fungi of South Africa were extensively studied by Ethel M. Doidge (1887 - 1965), who listed 468 species. Many nomenclatural and taxonomic changes, together with the discovery of new species and incursions of exotic species, have subsequently outdated Doidge's monograph. To address this problem, we have developed an interactive Lucid key for the identification of 50 species of rust fungi in 17 genera from countries in southern Africa. The key is dynamic and may be updated in real-time. The Lucid key provides a platform to progressively provide descriptions and images for all rust fungi in southern Africa. Plant pathologists and mycologists are invited to participate in the development of this resource.
... 250 new species described since the turn of the century (Toome-Heller, 2016). Cryptic diversity is also believed to be high within the order: detailed studies of what were once considered single broadly distributed species demonstrated that they comprised numerous cryptic species (Beenken, Zoller, & Berndt, 2012;Bennett, Aime, & Newcombe, 2011;Doungsa-ard et al., 2015;Liu & Hambleton, 2013;McTaggart, Doungsa-ard, Geering, Aime, & Shivas, 2015). Their diversity is presently classified into approximately 125 genera and 11-15 families (e.g., Cummins & Hiratsuka, 2003;Kirk, Cannon, Minter, & Stalpers, 2008). ...
... However, translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF), β-tubulin (B-tub), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) have been successfully applied at the species level for discerning relationships within specific genera of Pucciniaceae (the largest family of rust fungi) (Liu & Hambleton, 2010, 2013van der Merwe, Ericson, Walker, Thrall, & Burdon, 2007;van der Merwe et al., 2008). The cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 (CO3) gene of mitochondrial DNA was investigated as a barcode for rust fungi (Vialle et al., 2009) and has been subsequently used in several phylogenetic studies (Beenken, 2014;Doungsa-ard et al., 2015;Feau, Vialle, Allaire, Maier, & Hamelin, 2011;McTaggart et al., 2015;McTaggart, Shivas, Doungsa-ard, et al., 2016;McTaggart, Shivas, van der Nest, et al., 2016). ...
Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are the most speciose and the most complex group of plant pathogens. Historically, rust taxonomy was largely influenced by host and phenotypic characters, which are potentially plastic. Molecular systematic studies suggest that the extant diversity of this group was largely shaped by host jumps and subsequent shifts. However, it has been challenging to reconstruct the evolutionary history for the order, especially at deeper (family-level) nodes. Phylogenomics offer a potentially powerful tool to reconstruct the Pucciniales tree of life, although researchers working at this vanguard still face unprecedented challenges working with nonculturable organisms that possess some of the largest and most repetitive genomes now known in kingdom fungi. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current status and special challenges of rust genomics, and we highlight how phylogenomics may provide new perspectives and answer long-standing questions regarding the biology of rust fungi.
... 250 new species described since the turn of the century (Toome-Heller, 2016). Cryptic diversity is also believed to be high within the order: detailed studies of what were once considered single broadly distributed species demonstrated that they comprised numerous cryptic species (Beenken, Zoller, & Berndt, 2012;Bennett, Aime, & Newcombe, 2011;Doungsa-ard et al., 2015;Liu & Hambleton, 2013;McTaggart, Doungsa-ard, Geering, Aime, & Shivas, 2015). Their diversity is presently classified into approximately 125 genera and 11-15 families (e.g., Cummins & Hiratsuka, 2003;Kirk, Cannon, Minter, & Stalpers, 2008). ...
... However, translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF), β-tubulin (B-tub), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) have been successfully applied at the species level for discerning relationships within specific genera of Pucciniaceae (the largest family of rust fungi) (Liu & Hambleton, 2010, 2013van der Merwe, Ericson, Walker, Thrall, & Burdon, 2007;van der Merwe et al., 2008). The cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 (CO3) gene of mitochondrial DNA was investigated as a barcode for rust fungi (Vialle et al., 2009) and has been subsequently used in several phylogenetic studies (Beenken, 2014;Doungsa-ard et al., 2015;Feau, Vialle, Allaire, Maier, & Hamelin, 2011;McTaggart et al., 2015;McTaggart, Shivas, Doungsa-ard, et al., 2016;McTaggart, Shivas, van der Nest, et al., 2016). ...
Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are the most speciose and the most complex group of plant pathogens. Historically, rust taxonomy was largely influenced by host and phenotypic characters, which are potentially plastic. Molecular systematic studies suggest that the extant diversity of this group was largely shaped by host jumps and subsequent shifts. However, it has been challenging to reconstruct the evolutionary history for the order, especially at deeper (family-level) nodes. Phylogenomics offer a potentially powerful tool to reconstruct the Pucciniales tree of life, although researchers working at this vanguard still face unprecedented challenges working with nonculturable organisms that possess some of the largest and most repetitive genomes now known in kingdom fungi. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current status and special challenges of rust genomics, and we highlight how phylogenomics may provide new perspectives and answer long-standing questions regarding the biology of rust fungi.
... These novelties were from 41 different genera, ten of which represent new genera, and therefore entirely new genetic lineages. Most of the new rust fungi species were described in the genera Puccinia (66 new species; Abbasi et al. 2002;Abbasi and Darvishnia 2015;Afshan and Khalid 2008Aliabadi and Abbasi 2012;Bahcecioglu andGjaerum 2003, 2004;Bahcecioglu et al. 2005Bahcecioglu et al. , 2009Berndt 2007Berndt , 2009Berndt , 2010Berndt , 2013aBerndt and Freire 2004;Berndt and Hüseyin and Kirbag 2003;Iqbal et al. 2009;Kabaktepe 2015;Khalid and Afshan 2009;Kirbag et al. 2001Kirbag et al. , 2011Liu and Hambleton 2012;McKenzie 2008;McKenzie and Johnston 2004;Mennicken and Oberwinkler 2004;Okane et al. 2014;Perdomo-Sanchez and Piepenbring 2008;Sotao et al. 2007;Thaung 2011;Wei 2001, 2011), Uromyces (28 new species ;Agarwal 2003;Bahcecioglu 2014;Bahcecıoglu and Gjaerum 2004;Berndt 2002aBerndt , 2004Berndt , 2009Berndt , 2013bBerndt and Baiswar 2009;Berndt and Uhlmann 2006;Berndt et al. 2007;Doungsaard et al. 2014;Hernandez et al. 2005;Mennicken and Oberwinkler 2004;Perdomo-Sanchez and Piepenbring 2014;Rezende and Dianese 2003;Thaung 2009;Walker and van der Merwe 2009;Wood and Scholler 2005;Zhuang and Wei 2003), Uredo (16 new species ;Berndt 2002bBerndt , 2004Berndt , 2009Berndt and Freire 2004;Berndt and Uhlmann 2006;Berndt and Wood 2012;Berndt et al. 2007;Cao et al. 2000;Hernandez et al. 2005;Mennicken and Oberwinkler 2004;Wei 2011, 2012), Prospodium (12 new species; Berndt 2002b; Berndt et al. 2007;de Carvalho and Hennen 2010), and Phakopsora (11 new species; Bagyanarayana et al. 2001;Beenken 2014;Berndt and Wood 2012;Berndt et al. 2008;Ferreiea et al. 2001;Maier et al. 2015;Ono 2000;Ono et al. 2012;Ritschel et al. 2007). Interestingly, species descriptions for rust genera follow the same trend as was seen for classes, i.e. the most species-rich genera (Puccinia, Uredo, and Uromyces) had the highest number of new species discovered. ...
Pucciniomycotina, one of the three subphyla of Basidiomycota, contains a range of microfungi from various habitats and with different lifestyles. In addition to familiar plant pathogenic rusts and anther smuts, the group also contains saprobic and pathogenic yeasts, minute sporocarp-forming fungi, and anamorphic moulds among others. Our knowledge of this group is still improving; over the last 16 years alone, researchers have described 375 new species of Pucciniomycotina, most of which were isolated from less documented areas such as Asia, South America, and Africa. While the majority of these new species belong to the species-rich rust fungi (Pucciniales), exploration in extreme environments such as deep-sea sediments and psychrophilic habitats is uncovering a variety of Pucciniomycotina species, especially yeasts. Molecular phylogenetic studies have greatly improved our understanding of the relationships between these taxa over the last 10 years. As presently circumscribed, the subphylum contains nine classes and 20 orders, the relatedness for most of which was not suspected until recently. Genomic data from members of the subphylum have been scarce but increasing over the last 5 years. We now know, for example, that Pucciniomycotina contains both fungi with the largest known genomes (rust fungi, up to 900 Mb) as well as a fungus with the smallest genome in Basidiomycota (Mixia osmundae, 13 Mb). This chapter discusses these latest developments in Pucciniomycotina research and highlights some challenges still to overcome in order to improve our understanding of this enigmatic group of fungi.
... Berndt (2010) regarded the absence of uredinia (microcyclic lifecycle) as the main characteristic to distinguish U. naracoortensis from taxa with morphologically similar teliospores, such as U. alpinum McAlpine and U. maritimum McAlpine. Doungsa-ard et al. (2015) used a combined morphological and molecular approach to determine U. tepperianum was a species complex, and U. falcatarium represented a host jump from Acacia to Falcataria. There are currently ten accepted species of Uromycladium. ...
... Reference sequences for U. alpinum and U. maritimum were not available. Ravenelia neocaledoniensis and Tranzschelia discolor were included as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses, based on the relationship shown by Doungsa-ard et al. (2015). ...
A severe rust disease has caused extensive damage to plantation grown Acacia mearnsii trees in the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa since 2013. The symptoms are characterized by leaf spots, petiole and rachis deformation, defoliation, gummosis, stunting of affected trees and die-back of seedlings. The cause of this new disease was identified using a combined morphological and DNA sequence approach. Based on morphology, the rust fungus was identified as a species of Uromycladium. It formed powdery, brown telia on petioles, stems, leaves, seedpods and trunks of affected trees. The teliospores were two per pedicel and either lacked or had a collapsed sterile vesicle. Sequence data and morphology showed that the collections from South Africa were conspecific, however telia were not produced in all provinces. Uromycladium acaciae is the most suitable name for this rust fungus, based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit regions of ribosomal DNA. The rust was first identified as U. alpinum in 1988, from minor symptoms on the leaflets caused by its uredinial stage on A. mearnsii in South Africa. It has now become a threat to plantations of A. mearnsii, with an altered life cycle and increased disease severity.
