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Identification of adaptive traits associated with flash flooding tolerance during the initial growth stages is one approach to enhance seedling establishment in direct-seeded rice. To identify these traits, dry seeds of 53 contrasting genotypes were sown in soil and watered normally (control) or submerged with 10 cm of water for 17 days. Subsequent...
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... the coleoptile and mesocotyl of genotypes in clusters 3 and 4 elongated more slowly, and the lengths of both parts were also much lower as compared with IR06F561genotype (Fig. 1). It is interesting to note that the initial dry seed weight of IR06F561genotype, which produced the longest coleoptile and mesocotyl lengths, was much lower than the other genotypes (Table 1). This result suggests that the rapid elongation of coleoptile and mesocotyl did not depend just on the total amount of food reserve in seed. ...
Context 2
... study was conducted in 2012 using 53 rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.). The name of genotypes, their sources of origin and initial dry seed weight are listed in Table 1. These genotypes were chosen based on a wide diversity of origins and their representation of a wide range of variability. ...
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... The highest significant positive correlation was observed between the seedling length and seedling vigour index (0.93**) followed by germination % and seedling vigour index (0.88**) as shown in figure 6. Seedling vigour index calculated by multiplying both seedling length (root + shoot) and germination % is the most important parameter assessing the performance of anaerobic germination and growth in rice. [36] detailed the important traits associated with submergence tolerance during the initial growth stages for seedling establishment in direct-seeded rice. Germination and early seedling growth are the two major parameters for rapid shoot elongation during anaerobic conditions [37]. ...
... Germination and early seedling growth are the two major parameters for rapid shoot elongation during anaerobic conditions [37]. According to El-Hendawy et al. [36] genotypes showing rapid elongation of coleoptile under anaerobic conditions can be characterized as tolerant to escape or avoid submergence during initial stages [38]. ...
The present study was planned using portray method to screen rice germplasm lines for anaerobic germination (AG) by assessing seedling parameters. Among 266 lines studies, 121 exhibited variable germination % of 100‒17 under AG condition. Germplasm lines viz., RDR 7555, WGL 915, CSR 27, RGP 103, IRTON 103, IET 23993, RGP 60 and MTU NS1 were with highest germination capability (100%). Longest seedling length was recorded in WGL 915 (33.1 cm), RGP 57 (31.8 cm) and CSR 27 (31.2 cm). Seedling vigour index was maximum in lines WGL 915 (3310), RGP 57 (3180) and CSR 27 (3120). Genotypes CSR 27 (22.5 cm), WGL 915 (23.3 cm), RGP 57 (23.1 cm), RGP 103 (21.5 cm) and IRTON 103 (20.7 cm) are possessing highest tolerance to AG conditions with elongated shoot length. Highest root length was recorded in WGL 915 (9.8 cm), CSR 27 (8.7 cm), RGP 57 (8.7 cm), Indursamba (8.5 cm) and RGP 103 (8.1 cm). Highest heritability, genetic advance, PCV and GCV were recorded for seedling vigour index clearly highlights the importance of trait for simple selection. Highest significant positive correlation was observed between the seedling length and seedling vigour index (0.93**) followed by germination % and seedling vigour index (0.88**). Seedling length and germination % are important traits for seedling establishment in direct seeded rice under AG conditions. The 121 Germplasm lines were grouped into four clusters, cluster 3 and 4 has genotypes with above standard germination % (80%), highest seedling length (33.1‒20.3 cm) and high vigour index (3310‒2030). Present day task for plant breeders is to identify rice germplasm lines tolerant for anaerobic germination and to introgress the trait into the superior variety for development of rice pre-breeding lines with tolerance to anaerobic conditions and high yield [1].
... Submergence promotes shoot extension in many aquatic and amphibious plants (Hattori et al., 2011). Rapid petiole and internode extension during submergence shortens the duration of submergence and reduces the period of oxygen and CO2 shortage (El-Hendawy et al., 2014;Kato et al., 2019). Quiescence strategy (metabolism): Submergence tolerance mechanism is also known as quiescence mechanism and is associated with changes in metabolic activities (Miro and Ismail, 2013;Barik et al., 2019). ...
Global climate change affects the frequency and magnitude of hydrological changes, resulting in catastrophic events like floods and drought. Extremes in precipitation, both high and low, are limiting food, fiber, and forest production across the globe. Rice (Oryza sativa) productivity on rain-fed farmlands is hampered by submergence and drought, both of which may occur simultaneously within a single crop cycle. With the successful introduction of flash flood-tolerant rice varieties to farmers over the past decade, molecular mechanisms of flood tolerance in rice have been uncovered. Despite intensive study, the breakthrough in drought tolerance has yet to be achieved. SUB1A, an ERF transcription factor identified in a small number of rice accessions, reduces ethylene synthesis and gibberellic acid response during submergence, conserving glucose stores and extending endurance greatly. SUB1A improves drought recovery during the vegetative stage by reducing leaf water loss and lipid peroxidation, as well as increasing the expression of genes linked with adaptation to dehydration, according to recent research. SUB1A overexpression increases ABA responsiveness, resulting in the activation of stress-inducible gene expression. During drought and de-submergence, SUB1A also prevents the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aerial tissue. SUB1A increases the number of transcripts encoding ROS scavenging enzymes on a consistent basis, resulting in improved oxidative stress tolerance. Thus, this review provides a detailed information about the effect of submergence and drought stress in rice and role of SUB1A in improving the survival of plants after rapid dehydration following de-submergence and water deficit during drought.
... (2014) emphasized the role of adaptive traits associated with submergence tolerance at the initial growth stage to enhance seedling establishment of direct-seeded rice. Germination and early seedling growth have been identified as the two major traits associated with rapid shoot elongation during submergence (Cui et al. 2002) which depend on genetic architecture and are affected by the state of seedling growth before submergence (El-Hendawy et al., 2014). According to El-Hendawy et al. (2014), a rapid elongation of coleoptile under submerged conditions can be targeted in tolerant genotypes to escape or avoid complete submergence during the initial growth stage. ...
... Germination and early seedling growth have been identified as the two major traits associated with rapid shoot elongation during submergence (Cui et al. 2002) which depend on genetic architecture and are affected by the state of seedling growth before submergence (El-Hendawy et al., 2014). According to El-Hendawy et al. (2014), a rapid elongation of coleoptile under submerged conditions can be targeted in tolerant genotypes to escape or avoid complete submergence during the initial growth stage. ...
... Such differential expression of AG potential among submergence tolerant genotypes was also suggested by Doley et al. (2018). The studies of Vu et al. (2010), Sarkar & Bhattacharjee (2011) and El-Hendawy et al. (2014) also established that the presence of Sub1A does not always restrict shoot elongation under submergence at the early seedling stage of rice. Further, the expression of the specific adaptive traits of a genotype also depends on the growing environment to which it is exposed. ...
Ten selected rice genotypes adapted to rainfed lowland ecosystem of Assam was evaluated for their ability to germinate and grow underwater (anoxic condition) in comparison to the aerobic condition. Anaerobic germination was allowed 10 cm water depth in pots partially filled with soils inside the net house, while Petri dishes lined with filter papers were used for aerobic germination. A general trend in reduction of germination and seedling traits were observed for all the genotypes. Three of the tolerant genotypes namely Badal, Swarna Sub 1 and Solpuna showed germination enhancement under anaerobic condition, the highest significant increase (24.3%) being registered for Badal, a cultivar adapted to semi-deep water (42-75 cm) situation indigenous to Assam followed by Swarna Sub 1 (11.6%) and Solpuna (2.1%). Both Badal and Swarna Sub 1 are tolerant to submergence at vegetative stage. Solpuna, another local cultivar adapted to the lowland ecosystem with no known submergence tolerance recorded the highest shoot length under the anoxic condition which was significantly superior to its aerobic performance. The reduction in root length was the minimum for Solpuna followed by Swarna Sub 1 and Manohar Sali. The landrace Solpuna exhibited statistically at par performance with respect to seedling length and seedling vigour index under both the environments. Seedling vigour index proved to be a reliable character for desirable improvement in rice anaerobic germination and growth. Cluster analysis grouped Solpuna separately which might be due to its unique performance under anaerobic condition. Solpuna proved its superiority over the other nine genotypes in its ability to germinate and grow under anoxic condition. The present study further indicated that AG tolerance might be independent of the submergence tolerance at the vegetative stage conferred by SUB 1A gene or gene (s) with similar effects.
... II 110-9-1-1-1-1, tallest entry expressed higher pant survival (>75 %) by virtue of its elongation under submergence. Hendawy et al., 2014 andSamal et al., 2014 reported better plant survival of Sub1 lines and their unraveled mechanism might be responsible for non Sub1 lines for better survival. ...
Rice crop in coastal areas is very often subjected to major abiotic stresses like submergence, lodging of the crop caused by
heavy rains or cyclones and salinity. Identification of genotypes tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses is needed to sustain
under climate changed conditions. NILs of Pushyami (MTU 2336-62-25-38-16, MTU 2336-70-46-25-44) with Sub1 locus
expressed tolerance to flash floods and also stagnant flooding and lodging resistance. NILs of Amara (MTU 2244-119-59-
63-40, MTU 2244-119-83-65, MTU 2244-39-10-44-1) having sub1 expressed tolerance to stagnant flooding, lodging
resistance and moderate tolerance to salinity along with targeted trait of flash flood tolerance. NILs of Swarna (MTU 2546A-
13-1-6-1, MTU 2546A-12-18-1, MTU 2546A-34-1-9-1) expressed moderate tolerance to anaerobic germination along with
its targeted lodging related traits. NILs of Cottondora sannalu (DST 8-162-4, DST 9-157-7, DST 8-4-4) expressed lodging,
flash flood, anaerobic germination along with targeted trait of seedling stage salinity tolerance. The results showed that NILs
possessing multiple abiotic stress tolerance would sustain even under climate changed conditions.
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important crop around the world, but its growth and production can be severely limited by waterlogging. In response to waterlogging stress, elaborate regulatory mechanisms have evolved in maize under both natural and artificial selection. Some research efforts involving genetic, genomic, and molecular strategies have focused on waterlogging stress biology in maize. Waterlogging affects the morphology, anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of maize. The ability to improve waterlogging tolerance in maize breeding programs hinges on a detailed understanding of the genetic basis for waterlogging tolerance in some maize lines. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of this genetic basis.
