TABLE 1 - uploaded by Truc T Ngo
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List of reinforcing fibers (in form of fabric)
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Although fiberglass-reinforced composites play important roles in many industrial applications, the non-biodegradability of the fibers poses some environmental concerns. In this study, bamboo, cotton and hemp are used as natural reinforcing fibers for polyester and epoxy composites. A tertiary oil phase is also added to the matrix and its effect on...
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... marine-grade 109 hardener, containing aliphatic amines, was used to cure the epoxy resin after film formation. Reinforcing fibers, including fiberglass, bamboo, cotton and hemp, were purchased from various vendors, with properties as listed in Table 1. The reinforcing fibers were used in fabric form, with natural fibers being much lighter compared to fiberglass. ...
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Citations
... Compared to traditional inorganic fibers such as glass and carbon, the major disadvantages of natural fibers are their high moisture absorption and weak interfacial bonding to the thermoplastic matrix [10,11] and that is the reason that these fibers have not completely replaced conventional fiber materials in high-load applications. Recently, Ngo et al. performed an in-depth study on the compostability and mechanical properties of thermoset composites reinforced with natural fibers [12][13][14]. The results show that an addition of a tertiary oil phase can increase the material ductility and leads to the better adhesion between the fibers and the polymer matrix. ...
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of surface treatment on the morphology and thermo-mechanical properties of bamboo fibers. The fibers are subjected to an alkali treatment using 4 wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for 1 h. Mechanical measurements show that the present concentration has an insignificant effect on the fiber tensile strength. In addition, systematic experimental results characterizing the morphological aspects and thermal properties of the bamboo fibers are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. It is found that an alkali treatment may increase the effective surface area, which is in turn available for superior bonding with the matrix. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis reveals that the alkali treatment leads to a gradual removal of binding materials, such as hemicellulose and lignin from the bamboo fiber. A comparison of the curve of thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry for the treated and untreated samples is presented to demonstrate that the presence of treatment contributes to a better thermal stability for bamboo fibers.
... The first method involved adding plant-based oils, specifically pine oil and linseed oil, to the polymer resin mix before laminating the fabric. These oils were selected due to their ability to reduce the microhardness of the composite material surface, improve ductility, and increase the compostability of the material [5,19]. In the second method, the fabric was coated with a silane coating prior to integrating them into the polymer matrix. ...
... Sample preparations were divided into three different categories: unmodified resin with plain fibers, modified resin with plain fibers, and unmodified resin with coated fibers. When no modification was done to the resin or the fibers, the composite samples were prepared using a modified version of the hand lay-up method similar to those reported in previous studies [4,19]. ...
Two different thermoset biocomposite systems are experimented in this study with the hope to improve their mechanical properties. Fiberglass and hemp, in form of fabrics, are used to reinforce the thermoset polymer matrix, which includes a traditional epoxy resin and a linseed oil-based bioresin (UVL). The fiber/polymer matrix interface is modified using two different approaches: adding a plant-based oil (pine or linseed) to the polymer matrix or coating the fibers with 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) prior to integrating them into the polymer matrix. Epoxy resin is cured using an amine-based initiator, whereas UVL resin is cured under ultraviolet light. Results show that hemp fibers with APTES prime coat used in either epoxy or UVL matrix exhibit some potential improvements in the composite’s mechanical properties including tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and ductility. It is also found that adding oil to the epoxy matrix reinforced with fiberglass mostly improves the material’s modulus of elasticity while maintaining its tensile strength and ductility. However, adding oil to the epoxy matrix reinforced with hemp doubles the material’s ductility while slightly reducing its tensile strength and modulus of elasticity.
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... In a prior study, the compostability of several natural fiber-reinforced polyester composites with the inclusion of a tertiary oil phase in the polymer matrix was investigated [11] . Hemp, bamboo and cotton were used as alternative reinforcing fibers to the traditional fiberglass. ...
Previous study showed that adding linseed or pine oil to natural fiber-reinforced polyester composites significantly increased material biodegradability. However, it was not shown how the oils affected the composites' mechanical properties. This is the focus of this work. Hemp, bamboo and cotton are used as alternatives to the traditional fiberglass. Results show that the oil has more significant impact on the natural fiber-reinforced composites than ones reinforced with fiberglass. The oil mostly reduced surface microhardness and tensile properties, while increasing material ductility. Also, polymer matrix cracking behavior appears to depend on fiber type and oil presence inside the matrix.
Synthetic polymers often present increased life span, taking decades or even centuries to fully degrade in the environment. Due to the increasing demand for polymeric materials in the last decades, an overwhelming amount of waste materials are generated, creating a major pollution problem. The polymer composite industry consists of synthetic materials for matrices and reinforcements. Most of these are petroleum derivatives leading to major environmental issues. In this context, the use of renewable and biodegradable agro-based materials, such as lignocellulosic fibers, has recently increased. The lignocellulosic fiber reinforced polymer composites (LFRPC) are produced by the combination of the fibers with thermoset, thermoplastic or natural polymer matrices. Synthetic polymers are generally resistant to fungal and bacterial attack, however, vegetal fibers in the composite remains susceptible to biological degradation. Biodegradation is defined as the conversion of a material to CO2 or CH4 (under anaerobic conditions), H2O, trace inorganic products and biomass by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae…). To ensure LFRPC structural stability over its service life, biodegradation mechanisms have to be properly accessed and understood. The present chapter brings an overview of the studies focusing on the biodegradability of LFRPC and the current standards/methods utilized to evaluate this property. Biodegradation can be translated as changes in the material physical properties (mass, mechanical, visual, etc.), the evolution of CO2/CH4 generated by microorganisms and the incorporation of carbon-14 labeled polymers into their biomass. Since environmental factors influence the microbial population and the activity of the different microorganisms, the symbiotic effect of abiotic degradation (weathering) combined with biotic degradation is also addressed.
A new type of natural fiber (Phragmites Australis) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composite was prepared by injection molding. Composites prepared by Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene MAPP compatibilized and alkali treatment show good mechanical performance than virgin PP. In the case of MAPP treated, an increase in mechanical strength were obtained as compared with the virgin PP. A similar increase in tensile modulus(50%) and flexural modulus(17%) was observed. Similarly higher trends were observed with alkaline treated fibers reinforced PP composites. SEM analysis of the fractured specimens shows an improved adhesion between fiber and the matrix with the addition of MAPP and by alkali treatment. Thermal stability and melting behavior were studied using TGA and DSC. The fiber-matrix morphology of the impact fractured samples was also examined using scanning electron microscopy which shows better compatibility and dispersion between the fiber and the matrix.
This work characterizes biodegradation behavior and mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composites made from renewable sources. A linseed oil-based thermoset is used as the polymer matrix. Bamboo, cotton, hemp and fiberglass are used as the reinforcing fibers. Although tensile properties of comparable material systems have been reported in literature, characterization of their compostability has not been studied. Our experimental results show that the natural fibers degrade well under controlled composting conditions, whereas the thermoset polymer matrix did not. Tensile properties of the material are improved significantly with fiberglass reinforcement, whereas the natural fiber reinforcement is able to enhance the material's ductility.
