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List of parasites included in the molecular analysis, their host species, country of origin and GenBank accession numbers.
Source publication
Polystoma nacialtuneli n. sp. is described from the urinary bladder of the eastern spadefoot, Pelobates syriacus from Turkey. This is the fifth polystome species known from Turkey and the third species in Pelobates. We show that this new parasite species can be distinguished from other polystome species in the area by a combination of characteristi...
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In the course of a parasitological survey carried out on Greenland halibut, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Pleuronectiformes) from the eastern part of the Bering Sea (north Pacific) a single specimen of a monogenean fluke was found. The parasite, later identified as Pseudacanthocotyla williamsi (Price, 1938) Yamaguti, 1963 has never been found on a...
This paper summarises the results of parasitological examinations of the European eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus) in the Czech Republic, carried out at the Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences (previously the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) within the period of 50 years (1958-2008). Even though this survey is limited to the Czech...
Polystoma channingi is described as a new species of polystomatid flatworm (Monogenea) parasitic in the urinary bladder of Cacosternum nanum in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. In a locality where C. nanum and C. boettgeri occur sympatrically the parasite has been found in both species. This finding of a Polystoma sp. in two closely related...
Dioncopseudobenedenia Yamaguti, 1965 (Monogenea: Capsalidae) is redefined. Dioncopseudobenedenia kala Yamaguti, 1965 (type species) is redescribed from type material from Hawaii and from new specimens from Heron Island, Queensland, Australia and New Caledonia. We made detailed observations on D. macracantha Yamaguti, 1968 from type material from Ha...
We describe herein the first occurrence of the monogenean Urocleidoides vaginoclaustrum in the wild. This monogenean was originally described from an aquarium neotropical fish examined in India. Worms were collected from the gills of Xiphophorus hellerii, a species native to tropical Mexico but introduced to the Los Berros Spring in the State of Du...
Citations
... As an outcome, the first molecular phylogenies on polystomes were published in the early 2000s with Sinnappah et al. (2001), Bentz et al. (2001Bentz et al. ( , 2006 and Verneau et al. (2002Verneau et al. ( , 2009, providing a phylogenetic framework for discussion of both their evolution since their origin in the Paleozoic period and dispersal in more recent times. Though other publications contributed later to a better understanding of their evolution through time and space (Badets et al., 2011;Héritier et al., 2015), molecular phylogenies also proved to be an essential tool to the taxonomy of amphibian polystomes (Berthier et al., 2014;Chaabane et al., 2019;Du Preez et al., 2007, 2010Fan et al., 2020;Landman et al., 2018Landman et al., , 2021Raharivololoniaina et al., 2011;Yildirimhan et al., 2012) as well as chelonian polystomes (Du Preez et al., 2017;Dutton et al., 2021;Héritier et al., 2018). ...
Polystomatids are platyhelminth parasites that infect mostly amphibian and chelonian hosts. Polystomatid of testudines were, for more than seven decades, classified in the three genera – Neopolystoma Price, 1939, Polystomoides Ward, 1917 and Polystomoidella Price, 1939. The genus delimitation was primarily based on the absence of hamuli in Neopolystoma, the presence of one pair of hamuli in Polystomoidella, and two pairs in Polystomoides. From 2016 to 2020, five new genera were erected - namely Uropolystomoides Uropolystomoides Tinsley and Tinsley, 2016, Uteropolystomoides Tinsley, 2017, Apaloneotrema Apaloneotrema Du Preez and Verneau, 2020, Aussietrema Aussietrema Du Preez and Verneau, 2020 and Fornixtrema Fornixtrema Du Preez and Verneau, 2020. The generic diagnosis was based not only on the size and shape of morphological characters such as hamulus 1, uterus and eggs, but also on the site of infestation (i.e. urinary bladder, oral cavity or conjunctival sacs). Despite large advancements in polystome classification over the last decade, Neopolystoma was still polyphyletic with some species nested within Polystomoides and others being closely related to the Australian Aussietrema. Regarding the distribution of freshwater turtles of the two suborders Pleurodira (Southern continents) and Cryptodira (distributed worldwide except in Australia), one may wonder whether Australian chelonian polystomes of the genus Neopolystoma may have diverged from species infecting other pleurodires of South America. In the present study based on the analysis of several species selected among all genera, we reveal striking morphological differences within polystomes infecting pleurodiran turtles, which herein led to the proposal of two new chelonian polystome genera, Pleurodirotrema n. g. and Manotrema n. g.. Pleurodirotrema n. g. is characterized by the absence of hamuli, presence of latero-ventral vaginae and includes species that infect either the oral region or the urinary bladder of Australian hosts of the Pleurodira. Manotrema n. g. is characterized by the presence of small hamuli, latero-ventral vaginae, deep incisions between suckers, a low genital spine number (˂ 10) and includes species that infect the oral region of South American Pleurodira.
... A closer look at the vaginae of species of the three new genera described herein revealed marked differences in their morphology and physical placement. Polystomes are known for limited interspecies differences (Aisien and Du Preez 2009;Du Preez and Kok 1995;Du Preez et al. 1997;Du Preez et al. 2002;Yildirimhan et al. 2012) and vaginal morphology might just provide a valuable diagnostic feature that might help to distinguish species. In Aussietrema, the vaginae are ventrolaterally at the level of the anterior margin of the testis and prominent. ...
Polystomes (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) of freshwater turtles are currently represented by five genera, namely Neopolystoma, Polystomoides, Polystomoidella, Uropolystomoides and Uteropolystomoides. These parasites can infect the urinary, oral and/or the conjunctival sac systems of their hosts, showing strict site specificity. A recent phylogenetic study showed that the two most diverse genera within chelonian polystomes, i.e. Neopolystoma and Polystomoides, are not monophyletic. Furthermore, polystomes infecting the conjunctival sacs of their host, except for one species, formed a robust lineage. A fusiform egg shape has been reported for conjunctival sac polystomes and it was assumed that this characteristic could be a good character for the systematics of polystomes. Our objective in the present work was, therefore, to study more in depth the morphology of polystomes collected from the conjunctival sacs of chelonians to find characters defining a putative new genus. To achieve this objective, more specimens were collected in 2018 and 2019 from turtles sampled in North Carolina and Florida (USA) to extend taxon sampling for the phylogenetic analysis. Morphological characters of relevant polystome specimens were re-examined from several collections from Asia, Australia, Europe, South Africa, South America and North America. Based on a Bayesian tree inferred from the analysis of four concatenated genes, namely 12S, 18S, 28S and COI, polystomes found in the conjunctival sacs were grouped in three distinct lineages, the first one including a single species infecting an Australian pleurodire turtle; the second one including eleven species infecting cryptodire turtles of South America, North America and Asia; and the last one including a single species infecting a softshell cryptodire turtle of North America. Based on observations of live specimens by Dr. Sylvie Pichelin and our morphological analysis, the conjunctival sac polystomes from Australian turtles are small, cannot extend their body significantly, have a spherical ovary and egg, have a large genital bulb and possess latero-ventral vaginae at the level of the testis. Based on observations of live specimens and morphological analysis of whole mounted specimens, polystomes of the second lineage share the following morphological characteristics: the ability to stretch out and double their length, a long oval ovary, a separate egg-cell-maturation-chamber, fusiform to diamond-shaped eggs with acute tips, small genital bulb and vaginae peripheral on the side of the body at the level of the testis. The polystome species of the third lineage occupies a basal position, has the ability to stretch out and possess an elongated ovary, a large fusiform egg with rounded tips, a small genital bulb and small latero-ventral vaginae at the level of the ovary. These three distinct conjunctival sac polystome lineages are herein described as separate new genera, Aussietrema, Fornixtrema and Apaloneotrema, respectively.
... Most hosts were not infected with monogeneans. When they were, it was only 2 species of Ploystoma that were found including P. macrocnemis from R. macrocnemis and a new species, Polystoma nacialtuneli reported only reported by Biserkov et al. (2011) and Yıldırımhan et al. (2011) from P. syriacus. Infections with monogeneans is direct and requires presence in a continuous body of water and will not be found in anurans that regularly inhabit terrestial habitats such as B. bufo. ...
... Within helminth parasites, molecular species description aided by DNA sequences is still in their infancy [67]. Over the past decade molecular ITS1 and COI data have been used progressively more and more to support morphological and morphometrical descriptions of polystomatids [31,48,49,61,68]. Du Preez et al. [61] identified a COI pairwise distance threshold that usually corresponds to species-level differentiation in amphibian polystomes to 2.0%, which is close to the threshold proposed for chelonian polystomes (about 1.5%-2.0%) ...
... Most hosts were not infected with monogeneans. When they were, it was only 2 species of Ploystoma that were found including P. macrocnemis from R. macrocnemis and a new species, Polystoma nacialtuneli reported only reported by Biserkov et al. (2011) and Yıldırımhan et al. (2011) from P. syriacus. Infections with monogeneans is direct and requires presence in a continuous body of water and will not be found in anurans that regularly inhabit terrestial habitats such as B. bufo. ...
Of the 17 species of anurans (Amphibia) known from 6 families in Turkey, 12 species were reported
infected with helminths including monogenean, digenean, cestode, nematode, and acanthocephalan parasites. The
17 species are Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758), Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814), Bufo (Pseudepidalea) viridis Laurenti
1768 (Bufonidae), Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) (Discoglossidae), Hyla arborea (Linnaeus, 1758), Hyla
savignyi Audoin, 1827 (Hylidae), Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768), Pelobates syriacus (Boettger, 1889)
(Pelobatidae), Pelodytes caucasicus Boulenger (1896) (Pelodytidae), Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882),
Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771) (formerly known as Rana ridibunda), Pelophylax caralitanus (Arikan, 1988),
Rana camerani (Boulanger, 1886), Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1838, Rana holtzi Werner, 1898, Rana macrocnemis
Boulanger, 1885, Rana tavasensis Baran and atatür, 1986 (Ranidae). Helminths were not reported in B.
verrucosissimus, H. savignyi, P. fuscus, P. bedriagae, and P. caralitanus. The most heavily infected host was P.
ridibundus. This host is known to be an aggressive feeder and highly adaptable to a wide variety of habitats and diet.
Host species with restricted distribution and limited diet show very light infections, if any. Some of the reported
hosts extend their range of distribution outside of Turkey where they were found infected with the same and often
with other populations of parasites reflecting the varied invertebrate fauna. The overall diversity of parasite
populations per each host species is clearly markedy greater than what this report suggests if the host populations
in their total range of distribution are taken into account. Parasites and hosts do not know political borders.
Polystomatid flatworms have been present in the scientific literature as far back as 1758, the year that Carl Linnaeus introduced the binomial classification system. At first discoveries came in at a snail’s pace but dramatically increased to the more than 200 species currently known from 30 genera. This section reviews the history of discoveries over time and space. Its focus will instead be on scientists who made significant contributions, both in describing new taxa and adding to the knowledge of the biology, ecology, systematic and evolution of polystomes. The historical reviews will provide a background to the diverse polystome fauna, their uniqueness and their value as host–parasite models for testing proposed hypotheses.
This chapter brings together all known polystomes of amphibians, namely 135 spp. from all three extant orders Anura (frogs and toads), Urodela (salamanders) and Apoda (caecilians). For each of the species, we provide information on type material, reference to the description, etymology, type locality, host identity, geographical distribution, site of infection, morphometrics and a species drawing based on the original description.
A checklist of metazoon parasites of Anura and Urodela in Turkey has been compiled from parasitological studies done in Turkey between 1960 and 2013. The list of parasite species is arranged by phylum and class, providing parasite name, location of the caught Anura and Urodela hosts, and date of published record. Seventy parasite species belonging to phylum Platyhelminthes (including 7 species of Monogenea, 24 species of Digenea, and 2 species of Cestoda), phylum Nemathelminthes (including 30 species of Nematoda), phylum Acanthocephala (6 species), and phylum Annelida (1 species) are listed from 24 host species, which were collected from different parts of Turkey. The parasite-host list is organized on a taxonomic basis and provides information for the species of host(s) infected, the known geographic distribution in Turkey, and the published sources for each host and locality record.
