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List of natural products/isolated compounds or their derivatives and drugs that inhibit the coronavirus family.
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An outbreak of “Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology” occurred in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. Later, the agent factor was identified and coined as SARS-CoV-2, and the disease was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In a shorter period, this newly emergent infection brought the world to a standstill. On 11 March 2020, the WHO declared COVID...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... vitro studies on Nitazoxanide, Nafamostat, Penciclovir, Ribavirin, Arbidol, Favipiravir, Ritonavir, Baricitinib, and AAK1 showed moderate results against COVID-19 [111,[151][152][153]. Similarly, several other combinations, including combining traditional Chinese medicines with antiviral or antibiotics, have been evaluated in humans and mice against SARS-CoV-2-induced infection [152]. Additionally, the drugs from existing antiviral categories hold scope for future prospects [154,155] (Table 3). ...Context 2
... vitro studies on Nitazoxanide, Nafamostat, Penciclovir, Ribavirin, Arbidol, Favipiravir, Ritonavir, Baricitinib, and AAK1 showed moderate results against COVID-19 [111,[151][152][153]. Similarly, several other combinations, including combining traditional Chinese medicines with antiviral or antibiotics, have been evaluated in humans and mice against SARS-CoV-2-induced infection [152]. Additionally, the drugs from existing antiviral categories hold scope for future prospects [154,155] (Table 3). ...Context 3
... vitro studies on Nitazoxanide, Nafamostat, Penciclovir, Ribavirin, Arbidol, Favipiravir, Ritonavir, Baricitinib, and AAK1 showed moderate results against COVID-19 [111,[151][152][153]. Similarly, several other combinations, including combining traditional Chinese medicines with antiviral or antibiotics, have been evaluated in humans and mice against SARS-CoV-2-induced infection [152]. Additionally, the drugs from existing antiviral categories hold scope for future prospects [154,155] (Table 3). ...Citations
... Coronaviridae contains two subfamilies, i.e., Coronavirae and Torovirinae. Coronaviridae comprises four genera: (I) alpha coronavirus, NL63, and 229E; (II) beta coronavirus, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-OC43, MERS-CoV; (iii) gamma coronavirus comprises viruses of birds and whales, and (iv) delta coronaviruses includes viruses of pigs and birds [5]. ...
The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted and infiltrated every aspect of our lives. Successive lockdowns, social distancing measures, and reduction in economic activity have developed a new way of living and, in many cases, tend to lead to depression. The initial strict lockdown for about 3 months and eventually for a few more months has imposed greater challenges on children and adolescents in terms of psychological problems and psychiatric disorders. Regardless of their viral infection status, many people have been affected by the psychosocial changes associated with the Covid-19 pandemic. In the present review, we have attempted to evaluate the impact of COVID on the mental health of people from different age groups and occupations. The present review has highlighted the need for taking effective measures by the stakeholder to cope with depression among human population groups worldwide.
... Chrysin demonstrated exceptional affinity for SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV 2 Mpro. Furthermore, Chrysin blocked ACE-2 from interacting with the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 [27]. In line with these broad spectrum antiviral activities of chrysin, we reported similar kinds of results in the present study. ...
Background:
Interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues are current therapeutic treatments for chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with the limitations of a functional cure. Chrysin (5, 7-dihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid, known for its antiviral and hepatoprotective activities. However, its anti-HBV activity is unexplored.
Methods:
In the present study, the anti-hepatitis B activity of chrysin was investigated using the in vitro experimental cell culture model, HepG2 cells. In silico studies were performed where chrysin and lamivudine (used here as a positive control) were docked with high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). For the in vitro studies, wild type HBV genome construct (pHBV 1.3X) was transiently transfected in HepG2. In culture supernatant samples, HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Secreted HBV DNA and intracellular covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) were measured by SYBR green real-time PCR. The 3D crystal structure of HMGB1 (1AAB) protein was developed and docked with the chrysin and lamivudine. In silico drug-likeness, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) properties of finest ligands were performed by using SwissADME and admetSAR web servers.
Results:
Data showed that chrysin significantly decreases HBeAg, HBsAg secretion, supernatant HBV DNA and cccDNA, in a dose dependent manner. The docking studies demonstrated HMGB1 as an important target for chrysin as compared to lamivudine. Chrysin revealed high binding affinity and formed a firm kissing complex with HMGB1 (∆G = - 5.7 kcal/mol), as compared to lamivudine (∆G = - 4.3 kcal/mol), which might be responsible for its antiviral activity.
Conclusions:
The outcome of our study establishes chrysin as a new antiviral against HBV infection. However, using chrysin to treat chronic HBV disease needs further endorsement and optimization by in vivo studies in animal models.
... Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the family Coronaviridae in the order of Nidovirales, which are positive-sensed single-stranded RNA viruses (+ ssRNA) surrounded by an envelope [1][2][3][4]. The name "Corona" stands for 'crown' in Latin, given due to the distinctive crown-like appearance of their spike proteins, which allow the virus to interact with the host cell receptors, a key step necessary to penetrate the host cell surface. ...
... envelope (E) proteins (Fig. 2) [19,21]. The single-stranded RNA genome is composed of 30,000 nucleotides which encode for four structural proteins (N protein, M protein, E protein, and S glycoprotein) and non-structural proteins (NsPs) such as 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL pro ), papain-like protease (PL pro ), helicase (H), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) [2,5,19]. N protein functions to encapsulate and protect the singlestranded RNA genome. ...
... The transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2 then releases the S2 subunit of the S protein to fuse SARS-CoV-2 with the host cellular membrane [21,26]. After the entry into the host cell (endocytosis), the viral positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ ssRNA) is released into the cytosol, where ribosomes translate it into two large polypeptides known as pp1a and pp1ab [2,19,27]. These two large polypeptides are then transformed into mature non-structural proteins (NsPs) such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and structural viral proteins (S, M, N, and E proteins) by two viral proteases: i. 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CL pro ) which is the main protease and ii. ...
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from asymptomatic to severe, which could lead to fatality. Like other pathogenic viruses, the infection of SARS-CoV-2 relies on binding its spike glycoprotein to the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2). Molecular studies suggested that there is a high affinity between the spike glycoprotein and ACE 2 that might arise due to their hydrophobic interaction. This property is mainly responsible for making this virus highly infectious. Apart from this, the transmissibility of the virus, prolonged viability in certain circumstances, and rapid mutations also contributed to the current pandemic situation. Nanotechnology provides potential alternative solutions to combat COVID-19 with the development of i. nanomaterial-based COVID-19 detection technology, ii. nanomaterial-based disinfectants, iii. nanoparticle-based vaccines, and iv. nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Hence, this review provides diverse insight into understanding COVID-19.
... After binding to the ACE2 receptors, the cell surface-associated transmembrane protease enzyme serine 2 (TMPRSS2), cathepsin L, and furin proteolytically processed the entire complex as well as cleaved off the trimeric structure of S glycoprotein or spike protein. 4 S glycoprotein consists of two subunits named S1 and S2. The S1 subunit also includes two functional domains like N terminal domains and C terminal domains. ...
... This RBD binds with the angiotensinconverting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor situated in the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, heart, and lungs which results in the viral entry into the target cells. 4 In terms of the genomic sequence, RBD for SARS-CoV-2 appears to be a customised form of its most firmly related virus, RaTG13, taken from samples (Rhinolophus affinis). Therefore, it is predicted that SARS-CoV-2 which originated from bats, after mutation, infected other animals as well. ...
Deadly COVID-19 viruses have raised a pandemic situation in the year 2019, causing serious and contagious respiratory infections in humans. SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) is the main causative agent for this disease outbreak. The pandemic created a critical impact on the global economy. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019 was followed by a period of relative evolutionary stasis that lasted about 11 months. Since, late 2020, SARS-CoV-2 evolution has been characterized by the emergence of sets of mutations. This resulted so far, in over 2.7 million deaths and near about 122 million infection cases. Most mutations in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome are either deleterious and swiftly purged or relatively neutral. As far as the concern is the variants it impacts the virus characteristics, including antigenicity and transmissibility in response to the modification of the human immune profile. In recent days, COVID-19 affected cases are rapidly increasing and it became difficult to inhibit this virus as they are continuously mutated in the host cell forming various new strains like B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, P.2, B.1.1.529, etc. These monitoring, surveillance of variation, and sequencing efforts within the SARS-CoV-2 genome enabled the rapid identification of the first some of Variants of Concern (VOCs) in late 2020, where genome changes became the most observable impact on virus biology and disease transmission. In this review article, we tried to focus and spot the light on the genetic diversification of various strains, their nature, similarities and dissimilarities, mechanism of action, and the prophylactic interventions which could prevent this life-threatening disease in the long run.
... The use of dexamethasone Nano-medicine has been observed in a RECOVERY trial where 6 mg per day administered intravenously or orally for ten days. The deaths of COVID-19 serious patients (who were on mechanical ventilation) in the ICU was reduced up to 35 % after receiving this treatment [28]. It also decreased the hospitalization time in non-ventilated patients by one day i.e. 12 days instead of 13 standard care days and the mortality rate was reduced to 20%. ...
... After binding to the ACE2 receptors, the cell surface-associated transmembrane protease enzyme serine 2 (TMPRSS2), cathepsin L, and furin proteolytically processed the entire complex as well as cleaved off the trimeric structure of S glycoprotein or spike protein. 4 S glycoprotein consists of two subunits named S1 and S2. The S1 subunit also includes two functional domains like N terminal domains and C terminal domains. ...
... This RBD binds with the angiotensinconverting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor situated in the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, heart, and lungs which results in the viral entry into the target cells. 4 In terms of the genomic sequence, RBD for SARS-CoV-2 appears to be a customised form of its most firmly related virus, RaTG13, taken from samples (Rhinolophus affinis). Therefore, it is predicted that SARS-CoV-2 which originated from bats, after mutation, infected other animals as well. ...
Deadly COVID-19 viruses have raised a pandemic situation in the year 2019, causing serious and contagious respiratory infections in humans. SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) is the main causative agent for this disease outbreak. The pandemic created a critical impact on the global economy. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019 was followed by a period of relative evolutionary stasis that lasted about 11 months. Since, late 2020, SARS-CoV-2 evolution has been characterized by the emergence of sets of mutations. This resulted so far, in over 2.7 million deaths and near about 122 million infection cases.
... Treatment Unfortunately, there is no single medication approved for the treatment of COVID-19 to date. However, various strategies have been developed to stop/prevent/reduce the replication of SARS-CoV2 in patients, such as antiviral drugs (remdesivir and lopinavir), anti-malarial drugs, nucleoside analogs, monoclonal antibodies with little or no success.49 Neutralization of SARS-CoV2 with monoclonal antibody cocktail is the latest strategy for COVID-19 treatment. ...
The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak's causative agent was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. It is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus with a ~30 kb size genome that belongs to the Nidovirales. Molecular analysis revealed that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus with some sequence similarity. The confirmed cases and death toll are high in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 compared to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the estimated R0 is >1. The data on pathological findings on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 are scarce and present treatment management is based on symptoms that are similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. In this review, we have discussed the transmission, viral replication, and cytokine storm and highlighted the recent pathological findings of coronavirus disease 2019. The reported severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pathological findings were similar to that of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Though these findings help notify the clinical course of the disease, it warrants further in vivo and ex vivo studies with larger samples obtained from the coronavirus disease 2019 patients.
... A schematic depicting the molecular pathophysiology of lungs in COVID-19-affected patients. Reproduced from[114], ÓThe Authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland Tissue Eng Regen Med therapeutic activities of MSCs are attributed to the paracrine effects, wherein MSCs send signals to the neighboring cells through extracellular vesicles (EVs)[60]. ...
The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic situation forced the scientific community to explore all the possibilities from various fields, and so far we have seen a lot of surprises, eureka moments and disappointments. One of the approaches from the cellular therapists was exploiting the immunomodulatory and regenerative potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), more so of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs)-particularly exosomes, in order to alleviate the cytokine storm and regenerate the damaged lung tissues. Unlike MSCs, the EVs are easier to store, deliver, and are previously shown to be as effective as MSCs, yet less immunogenic. These features attracted the attention of many and thus led to a tremendous increase in publications, clinical trials and patent applications. This review presents the current landscape of the field and highlights some interesting findings on MSC-derived EVs in the context of COVID-19, including in silico, in vitro, in vivo and case reports. The data strongly suggests the potential of MSC-derived EVs as a therapeutic regime for the management of acute lung injury and associated complications in COVID-19 and beyond.
... Similar to SARS-CoV, the virus employs Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for cellular entry , Paces et al. 2020, Paraskevis et al. 2020. This suggests that methods used to treat SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV might be also effective against COVID-19, although currently, there is no definite antiviral therapy developed for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection (Jha et al. 2021, Lotfi et al. 2020, Roychoudhury et al. 2021a. Given the frequent emergence of viral pandemics in the 21st century, proper understanding of their characteristics and modes of action are essential to address the immediate and long-term health consequences (Roychoudhury et al. 2020, Vašků 2020. ...
... It is a positive-sense singlestranded RNA (+ssRNA) and an enveloped virus. SARS-CoV-2 is regarded as a novel beta coronavirus infecting humans (Burrell et al. 2021, Jha et al. 2021. Although, the novel coronavirus has genetic features that are compatible with the family of coronaviruses it also has gene sequences different to already sequenced coronaviruses . ...
In December of 2019, several cases of unknown atypical respiratory diseases emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province in China. After preliminary research, it was stated that the disease is transmittable between humans and was named COVID-19. Over the course of next months, it spread all over the world by air and sea transport and caused a global pandemic which affects life of everyone now-a-days. A large number of countries, have since been forced to take precautions such as curfews, lockdowns, wearing facemasks etc. Even with vaccines being produced in mass numbers, lack of targeted therapy continues to be a major problem. According to studies so far it seems that elderly people are more vulnerable to severe symptoms while children tend to by asymptomatic or have milder form the disease. In our review, we focused on gathering data about the virus itself, its characteristics, paths of transmission, and its effect on hormone production and secretion. In such, there is insufficient information in the literature worldwide, especially the ones that focus on the effect of COVID-19 on individual organs systems within the human body. Hence, the present evidence-based study focused on the possible effects of COVID-19 on adrenal gland and gonads i.e. on the process of steroidogenesis and fertility.
... This novel COVID-19 virus is not new to us but it is very rare that a virus jumps from animals/plants to humans and causes disease. This happens with the COVID-19 virus; therefore, it infects humans rapidly, due to its extreme contagious nature (Jena 2021;Jha et al. 2021;Jin et al. 2020;Shahab et al. 2021. Variants known to date are compiled in Table 1. ...
Coronaviruses are terrifically precise and adapted towards specialized respiratory epithelial cells, observed in organ culture and human volunteers both. This virus is found to possess an unpredictable anti-viral T-cell response which in turn results in T-cell activation and finally apoptosis, leading to cytokine storm and collapse of the whole immune system. The present review provides comprehensive information regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection, mutant strains, and the impact of SARS-COV-2 on vital organs, the pathophysiology of the disease, diagnostic tests available, and possible treatments. It also includes all the vaccines developed so far throughout the world to control this pandemic. Until now, 18 vaccines have been approved by the WHO and further 22 vaccines are in the third trial. This study also provides up-to-date information regarding the drugs repurposed in clinical trials and the recent status of allopathic drugs along with its result. Although vaccines are available, specific treatment is not available for the disease. Furthermore, the effect of vaccines on new variants is a new area of research at this time. Therefore, a preventive attitude is the best approach to fight against this virus.
