Table 1 - uploaded by Franz Neubauer
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
More than 200 iron deposits with about 4 billion tons of iron ore have been discovered in Iran. Major iron oxide districts comprise the Bafq-Posht-e-Badam back arc district in Central Iranian microcontinent, the Ac Kahoor and Hormoz districts in the Zagros mountain range, the Gol-e-Gohar and Hamekasi deposits in the Sanandaj–Sirjan magmatic–metamor...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... largest iron deposits were formed during the NeoproterozoicÀearly Cambrian (mainly Kiruna-type deposits) and Cenozoic (especially skarn deposits) (Karimpour 1989;F€ oster & Jafarzadeh 1994;Mazaheri et al. 1994;Daliran 2002;Maanijou 2002;Daliran et al. 2007Daliran et al. , 2010Jami et al. 2007). There are more than 200 iron deposits with about 4 billion tons of iron ore known in Iran (Karimpour 1989) (Tables 1, 2), in which Fe concentrations range from 50 to 60 wt%. Figure 2 Structural map of CIM (includes the Yazd, Posht-e-Badam block (PB), Tabas, and Lut blocks) and CIZ (modified from Ramezani & Tucker 2003) and location of major iron oxideÀapatite deposits in the KKTZ (KashmarÀKerman tectonic zone). In addition, the Gol-e-Gohar, Ak Kahoor, Hormoz and Gheshm iron deposits are represented on the map. ...
Context 2
... maps show that iron deposits are concen- trated in the Alborz, PB, SSZ, and CIM with some depos- its in the UD, such as the Niyasar Fe-skarn deposits (Figures 1, 2). The ages of many of these deposits are unknown, but the host rock ages range from Neoprotero- zoicÀearly Cambrian to Cenozoic (Table 1). Based on ages of mineralisation and host rocks, five major groups of iron deposits can be distinguished and linked to differ- ent tectonic events (Tables 1, 3). ...
Context 3
... ages of many of these deposits are unknown, but the host rock ages range from Neoprotero- zoicÀearly Cambrian to Cenozoic (Table 1). Based on ages of mineralisation and host rocks, five major groups of iron deposits can be distinguished and linked to differ- ent tectonic events (Tables 1, 3). These five groups of iron deposits formed during late ProterozoicÀearly Cam- brian, late CambrianÀEarly Ordovician, late Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic times. ...
Citations
... Golgohar mine is an iron deposit located 55 km northeast of Sirjan, Iran. Studies show that the total ore reserve is approximately 1088 million tons, and the average grade of iron is around 57.2%, making it the most important iron source in Iran [81,82]. Geological map along with overburden materials location in Golgohar mine are depicted in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. ...
With continuous increasing of mining activities, some problems, such as environmental issues, occupy a lot of space, and the risks caused by the instability of mine waste depots are far occurred than ever. One possible way to reduce mentioned problems is to stabilize and reuse mine wastes as road construction materials. On the other hand, the most significant parameter for pavement design, either using empirical or mechanistic–empirical methods, is the resilient modulus (Mr) of road materials, which shows the influence of repetitive loading on the stress–strain behavior of materials. To obtain iron ores, it is required to remove the soil resting on the iron ore storage in deeper layers. This soil is typically in the form of alluvium and is known as mine overburdens (MOs). In this study, after identification of the geotechnical characteristics of two types of MO of the Golgohar mine in Sirjan, Iran, these materials were stabilized by using three different percentages of Portland cement (5, 7, and 9%) and were cured for 7 and 28 days, respectively and the resilient modulus were measured using repetitive triaxial loading equipment at different stress levels. Results show that cement stabilization does not enhance the Mr significantly when bulk stress or confining pressure is low. As the bulk stress or confining pressure increase, the Mr of cement-stabilized MOs increases significantly compared to raw MOs. Another justification is that the Mr of cement-stabilized MOs is a function of bulk stress, and deviatoric stress has a negligible effect on the Mr. The comparison between different nonlinear models revealed that the ‘Universal’ model has the best fit with the measured Mr values of raw and stabilized MOs.
... In Iran, iron deposits were formed during several metallogenic stages. The Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian iron deposits are mainly interpreted as Kiruna-type IOA (Iron Oxide-Apatite), whereas the Mesozoic to Cenozoic deposits are mostly interpreted as skarns e.g., [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Their spatial distribution is correlated with the main suture zones of the fragmented Iranian continental block [13,15,16]. ...
... In Iran, iron deposits were formed during several metallogenic stages. The Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian iron deposits are mainly interpreted as Kiruna-type IOA (Iron Oxide-Apatite), whereas the Mesozoic to Cenozoic deposits are mostly interpreted as skarns e.g., [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Their spatial distribution is correlated with the main suture zones of the fragmented Iranian continental block [13,15,16]. The major deposits are located in the [13]). ...
... The Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian iron deposits are mainly interpreted as Kiruna-type IOA (Iron Oxide-Apatite), whereas the Mesozoic to Cenozoic deposits are mostly interpreted as skarns e.g., [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Their spatial distribution is correlated with the main suture zones of the fragmented Iranian continental block [13,15,16]. The major deposits are located in the [13]). The red star indicates the location of the Takab study area. ...
The early Cambrian Takab iron ore deposit is situated in the northern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, western Iran. It consists of banded, nodular and disseminated magnetite hosted in folded micaschists. Trace element and Fe and O isotopic experiments reveal various hydrothermal precipitation environments under reduced to slightly oxidizing conditions. Disseminated magnetite has high Ti (945–1940 ppm) positively correlated with Mg + Al + Si, and heavy Fe (+0.76 to +1.86‰) and O (+1.0 to +4.07‰) isotopic compositions that support a magmatic/high-T hydrothermal origin. Banded magnetite has low Ti (15−200 ppm), V (≤100 ppm), Si and Mg (mostly ≤300 ppm) and variable Al. The ∂56Fe values vary from −0.2‰ to +1.12‰ but most values also support a magmatic/high-T hydrothermal origin. However, variable ∂18O (−2.52 to +1.22‰) values provide evidence of re-equilibration with lower-T fluid at ~200–300 °C. Nodular magnetite shows high Mn (≤1%), and mostly negative ∂56Fe values (average, −0.3‰) indicative of precipitation from an isotopically light hydrothermal fluid. Re-equilibration with carbonated rocks/fluids likely results in a negative Ce anomaly and higher ∂18O (average, +6.30‰). The Takab iron ore deposit has, thus, experienced a complex hydrothermal history.
... It is consistent with thermal relaxation, followed by tectonic thickening in the Takab-Takhat-Solieman region. It hosts several types of ore deposits, including carlin-type gold deposits (Zarshuran deposit, Mehrabi, 1999;Asadi et al., 1999;Aliyari et al., 2017;Aghdarreh deposit, Daliran, 2008), epithermal deposits (Arabshah deposit, Afzal et al., 2017;Najafzadeh et al., 2017;Touzlar deposit, Heidari et al., 2015; Ay Qalasi deposit, Mohammadi Niaei et al., 2015), carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb-(Ag) deposit (Angouran deposit, Boni et al., 2007;Daliran et al., 2013), skarn deposits (Nabatian et al., 2015), and IOA deposit (Guijeh Qaleh, Aliyari et al., 2020). Moghaddam et al., 2016 defined Middle Eocene to Oligocene age for the granitoid rocks based on isotope studies (U-Pb isotopes; Zircon). ...
The Barout Aghaji gold deposit is located ~90 km northwest of Zanjan, within the Takab-Takht-e-Soleyman subzone of the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphosed-deformed zone. Ore-bearing quartz veins are hosted by Neoproterozoic amphibolite and Eocene to Oligocene granitic gneisses. Oligo-Miocene Upper Red Formation unconformably overlies the amphibolite and granitic gneisses. Field observations and petrographic studies show that two deformation stages occurred in this area. The first deformation stage was ductile, producing mylonitic and proto-mylonitic microstructures, but the second one was brittle, represented by sheeted quartz veins and veinlets. In the first stage, barren milky quartz veins occurred containing minor sulfide minerals, but dark to light gray ore-bearing quartz veins and veinlets are formed in the latter stage. The mineralized veins appear as massive microcrystalline quartz cut by sheeted quartz veins with comb, druse, and crustiform textures. The gold-bearing quartz veins contain as much as 3% sulfide minerals. Pyrite is the main sulfide mineral and is associated with minor chalcopyrite. Sulfides are commonly altered to hematite, goethite, and rarely malachite. Hydrothermal alteration around the quartz veins consists of silicification, pyritization, and sericitization. The whole-rock geochemistry of the collected samples from the granitic gneisses and quartz veins shows that Au is enriched in the quartz veins (average of 114 ppb) relative to host rocks (average of 22.5 ppb). Au shows strong positive correlations with As, Ba, Mo, Pb, Sc, Tl, Ag, and negative correlations with Cu, Bi, Se, and Te in the granitic gneisses. It also shows strong positive correlations with S, Hg, Th, Co, Bi, Pb, and Ag and negative correlations
with P, V, Te, W, Sc, Zn in quartz veins. Four types of primary fluid inclusions were identified, including type I, two-phase aqueous-rich fluid inclusions (liquid > vapor; LV); type II, two-phase vapor-rich fluid inclusions (gas > liquid; VL); type III, three-phase fluid inclusions containing CO2 with clathrate formation (L1L2V); and type IV three-phase fluid inclusions (aqueous, vapor, and solid; LVS). The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in auriferous quartz veins range from 199 - 446 with a mode of 270–300 ◦C. Salinities range from 0.8 to 49.02 wt% NaCl Equiv. with two distinct populations at 0.8–8.5 and 31.1–49.02 wt% NaCl Equiv. The large variations in the homogenization temperatures and salinities can be attributed to the cooling and isothermal mixing of fluids. The δ34S values for four pyrites separated from auriferous quartz veins range from +2.9 to +7.1‰, with an average of 4.5‰. δ34S values of fluids in equilibrium with pyrite were calculated from +3.5 to +7.3‰, with an average of 5.4‰, indicating a metamorphic source for the sulfur using temperatures estimated from the fluid inclusion study. The Field observations, vein textures, mineralogy, ore geochemistry, fluid inclusion studies, and sulfur isotope data indicate that gold mineralization in the Barout Aghaji area has many similarities to orogenic and intrusion-related gold deposits, such that low salinity fluids derived from metamorphic rocks are mixed with high salinity fluid inclusions possibly derived from granitic gneisses during syn to post tectonic magmatism.
... Some significant examples are the Late Neoproterozoic/ Early Cambrian Narigan (Posht-e-Badam Block) Mn ore deposit of exhalative genesis (Bonyadi and Moore 2005); the Lower Cretaceous iron-rich Bagh-gareh, Chah basheh, and Shamsabad Mn deposits (Ahmadi 2006;Farhadi 1995); Cretaceous ophiolitic Mn deposits are found in the Khoy, Kermanshah (Sorkhvand deposit), and Neyriz (Nasirabad deposit); Nain (Benvid deposit), Sistan (Kamar Talar deposit), and Sabzevar (Sardar deposit) ophiolitic belts (Arvin and Robinson 1994;Emamalipour 2010;Zarasvandi et al. 2013Zarasvandi et al. , 2016aHosseini and Mousivand 2016). The Late Cretaceous Cheshmeh-Frezi, Benesbourd, Homaei, Nudeh, Zeiheri, Goft, Mohammadabad, Cheshmeh-Saefid, Danaei, and Zakeri (southwest of the Sabzevar basin) Mn deposits have a volcanogenic-exhalative genesis (Masoudi 2008;Maghfouri 2012;Nasrollahi et al. 2012;Taghizadeh et al. 2012;Maghfouri et al. 2016Maghfouri et al. , 2018Maghfouri et al. , 2019Hashempour et al. 2023), and Cenozoic Venarch, Shahrestanak, Robat-Karim, Qaleh-Mohammad-Khan, Jokandi, and Garab Mn and Mn-Fe deposits have a volcanogenicexhalative genesis (Amiri 1995;Doulatkhah et al. 2005;Malekghasem and Simmonds 2006;Heshmatbehzadi and Shahabpour 2010;Maghfouri et al. 2014Maghfouri et al. , 2019Mahdavi Fig. 1 A Distribution map of manganese deposits according to the age of host rocks in the main tectonic elements of Iran (outlined rectangle is the area shown in Fig. 2); CIGS, Central Iranian geological and structural gradual zone; E, East Iran ranges; K, Kopeh-Dagh; KR, Kermanshah Radiolarites subzone; KT, Khazar-Talesh-Ziveh structural zone; L, Lut block; M, Makran zone; O, ophiolite belts; PB, Posht-e-Badam block; SSZ, Sanandaj-Sirjan zone; T, Tabas block; TM, tertiary magmatic rocks; UD, Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc; Y, Yazd block; Z, Zabol area; Za, Zagros ranges (tectonic and structural map of Iran modified after Aghanabati 1998Aghanabati , 2004 Fig. 2A) Nabatian et al. 2015;Zarasvandi et al. 2016a, b;Rajabzadeh et al. 2017). ...
The Cretaceous was an important period of manganese deposition in Iran, as evidenced by a series of medium-sized manganese deposits along the edge of the Neotethys ocean. This study characterizes representative example that occurs in Late Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the Goft deposit. This manganese deposit is typically volcanic hosted, with manganese-containing minerals, such as pyrolusite, psilomelane, cryptomelane, braunite, and manganite. The ore bodies hosted by red tuff are predominantly layered and usually have nodular structures. Replacement of Cretaceous foraminifers and radiolarians fossils by manganese minerals, are also frequently observed in the Goft deposit. This deposit is a high-quality ore characterized by low P and Fe grades and an average Mn grade of approximately 14%. The average Mn/Fe, Co/Ni, Co/Zn, and V/(V+Ni) ratios in the Goft manganese deposit are 9.73, 0.24, 0.18, and 50, respectively. The overall REE contents are among 17.7 to 181 ppm, with an average of 87 ppm. The Ce/Ce* values of manganese ores vary from 0.26 to 0.99, with the mean of 0.53. The Eu/Eu* anomalies of the manganese oxide-hydroxide ores are close to 1 with a range of 0.70 to 1.22. Most manganese samples show negative Ce anomalies, indicating that the ore formation environment was predominantly oxide and cold conditions. The geochemical behavior of trace elements, including the REEs of the manganese oxide provides clear evidence a low-temperature hydrothermal origin. The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics presented in this study strongly suggest a volcanogenic exhalative genesis for Goft manganese deposit.
... In Iran, several kinds of Iron reserves are formed. The main iron targets were made in Cenozoic and the Neoproterozoic-early Cambrian [43,44]. More than 4 billion tons of iron deposits in Iran include placer deposits, iron oxide copper gold (IOCG), magmatic ores, skarn, magnetite-apatite, Kiruna-type and volcano-sedimentary reserves. ...
... [44]: (1) Paleozoicearly Mesozoic (volcano-sedimentary), (2) Cenozoic (skarn, placer, magmatic, IOCG and Kiruna-kind), and (3 ...
This work presents an algorithm to construct a 3D magnetic susceptibility property from magnetic geophysical data. Physical model discretization has substantial impact on accurate inverse modeling of the sought sources in potential field geophysics, where structural meshing suffers from edge preserving of complex-shaped geological sources. In potential field geophysics, a finite-element (FE) methodology is usually employed to discretize the desired physical model domain through an unstructured mesh. The forward operator is calculated through a Gauss-Legendre quadrature technique rather than an analytic equation. To stabilize mathematical procedure of inverse modeling and cope with the intrinsic non-uniqueness arising from magnetometry data modeling, regularization is often implemented by utilizing a norm-based Tikhonov cost function. A so-called fast technique, “Lanczos Bidiagonalization (LB) algorithm”, can be utilized to solve the central system of equations derived from optimizing the function, where it decreases the execution time of the inverse problem by replacing the forward matrix with a lower dimension one. In addition, to obtain best regularization parameter, a weighted generalized cross-validation (WGCV) curve is plotted, that makes a balance between misfit norm and model norm introduced in the cost function. In order to tackle the normal propensity of physical structures to focus at the shallow depth, an expression of depth weighting is used. This procedure is applied to a synthetic scenario presenting a complex-shaped geometry along with a real set of magnetic data in central part of Iran. So the capability of the proposed algorithm for inversion indicates the accuracy of the inversion algorithm. Additionally, the modeling results pertaining to a field case study are in good agreement with the drilling data.
... Accordingly, in the last 5 years, Iran has been the first producer of iron ore and the second-largest producer of steel (after Turkey) in the MENA region (Reichl et al. 2016). The steel industry in Iran is governed by the government as 96 and 70% of crude and final steel is produced by stateowned companies, respectively (Ansari and Seifi 2012) and the largest steel producers in the country are the state-owned companies (Mobarakeh Steel, Khuzestan Steel and Isfahan Steel with a market share of 47, 23, and 20%, respectively) (Nabatian et al. 2015). ...
Iran has a great advantage in the development of the steel industry due to its access to mineral resources and energy, extensive consumer market, and low-cost labor. The Iranian steel industry is almost state-owned, has developed less regarding the global value chain, and is mostly based on direct reduction and electric arc furnace technology; therefore, the industry should be studied as a specific case given its unique characteristics. In this article, the Iranian steel value chain in 2014–2016 is studied using the value chain analysis and material flow analysis simultaneously for the first time. According to the research findings, weakness in the development of transportation infrastructure and poor geographical distribution of value chain units has led to the deviation of production from the nominal capacity (i.e., loss of 12, 30, and 240 million dollars in pellet production in 2014–2016, respectively). The value chain also demands frequent imports/exports due to the production gap (i.e., importing 1 million tons of pellets and exporting 13 million tons of iron ore and concentrate in 2015). On the other hand, the upstream industries have a permanent advantage that deeply roots in easy access to the minerals and lower costs in transportation and energy. Finally, the pricing of intermediate products based on the ratio of steel ingot prices is criticized, while wage conversion and commodity purification contracts are proposed as possible solutions for the reduction of overhead costs (i.e., can lead to 8% extra added value in sponge iron factories in 2016).
Graphical abstract
... One of the practical methods of interpreting potential field data is inverse modeling, which makes effort to construct an approximate distribution of a source physical property linearly or non-linearly mapped to geophysical observation (Blakely, 1995). As an organized set of mathematical techniques which requires good grasp of the physics/mathematics fundamentals, inversion obtains valuable information from the physical domain of the sought source (Menke, 1989). As a field of active research in geophysics, various algorithms have been proposed to retrieve more accurate model of a target. ...
... Various types of Iron-bearing deposits in Iran were formed during several metallogenic phases in Neoproterozoic-early Cambrian, late Cambrian-Early Ordovician, late Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic times. The largest iron targets are formed at the Neoproterozoic-early Cambrian (mainly Kiruna-type deposits) and Cenozoic (especially skarn deposits) (Daliran, 1990(Daliran, , 2002Maanijou, 2002;Daliran et al., 2007Daliran et al., , 2009Daliran et al., , 2010Jami et al., 2007;Nabatian et al., 2015). More than 200 deposits with about 4 billion tons of iron ore have been discovered in Iran. ...
... Note that magnetite and hematite are the main ore minerals, and accessory phases include ilmenite, apatite, Mn-oxides (locally) and Cu sulfides and carbonates. Economic iron ore deposits are generally large in tonnage (20-500 Mt) and deposited near the surface (Nabatian et al., 2015). ...
Imaging and inversion of potential field geophysics data permit the estimation of the source-property distribution in2D/3D space. In this work, the advantages and performances of a fast gradient-based imaging technique, known as the normalized full gradient (NFG), are examined to depict the source distribution in 2D space. In addition, a conventional Tikhonov norm-based inversion technique is used to estimate physical properties in 3D space. The functionality of these approaches are evaluated first for synthetic data sets, which involve three scenarios of a single source, a sloping source and a combination of them. Where the constructed sources and property distributions (i.e. density contrast and magnetic susceptibility) were compared. Then, algorithms were employed to the potential field data pertaining to the Shavaz iron-bearing deposit in Iran. Both methods have shown accurately the centroid depth of all sources, but the boundary is better preserved by the inversion method for simulated sources and the real data set. Iron ore occurrence is in the forms of hematite and magnetite lens which mainly has an elongation along a NW-SE strike, indicating the impact of the Dehshir-Baft fault on trapping the iron. It is worth pointing out that the inversion method led to more accurate information on geometry of the sought source by estimating density contrast and magnetic susceptibility values, but with higher execution time. In addition, the NFG algorithm took less time to run, more sensitive to noisy data, and severely smeared-out the border of the source responsible for potential field anomaly.
... The study area is located 5 km west of Toot and Anjiravand villages, to the northeast of Ardakan city in Yazd province [35]. The access road to the deposit is accessed from the Yazd-Choopanan road. ...
... Overview geological map of the iron deposits of Iran and the Toot area (modified after Reference[35]). ...
The study area is located near Toot village in the Yazd province of Iran, which is consid ered in terms of its iron mineralization potential. In this area, due to radioactivity, radiometric sur veys were performed in a part of the area where magnetometric studies have also been performed. According to geological studies, the presence of magnetic anomalies can have a complex relation ship with the intensity of radioactivity of radioactive elements. Using the K means clustering method, the centers of the clusters were calculated with and without considering the coordinates of radiometric points. Finally, the behavior of the two variables of magnetic field strength and radio activity of radioactive elements relative to each other was studied, and a mathematical relationship was presented to analyze the behavior of these two variables relative to each other. On the other hand, the increasing and then decreasing behavior of the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field rel ative to the intensity of radioactivity of radioactive elements shows that it is possible to generalize the results of magnetometric surveys to radiometry without radiometric re sampling in this region and neighboring areas. For this purpose, using the general regression neural network and back propagation neural network (BPNN) methods, radiometric data were estimated with very good accuracy. The general regression neural network (GRNN) method, with more precision in estima tion, was used as a model for estimating the radiation intensity of radioactive elements in other neighboring areas.
... The Golgohar deposit is situated at the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic zone with the NW-SE trending structures. The total reserve of the ore deposit under study is about 1088 Mt at an average grade of about 57.2% Fe, and it is assumed as the most important iron resource in Iran (Nabatian et al., 2015;Jafari et al., 2019). Geological studies indicate that there are six main ore bodies in the Golgohar iron mine (Fig. 1b). ...
... The important petrogenetic indicator is magnetite ore, which forms a considerable part of the iron mineralization (Mirnejad et al., 2011). Based on the magnetic weight recovery and the sulfur and iron grades, three main mineral types control the iron ore ( Fig. 2) (Jahanshahi et al., 2014;Nabatian et al., 2015;Mirzaei et al., 2018;Jafari et al., 2019): ...
A critical challenge in evaluating mineral resources is to model the uncertainty of geological boundaries and to classify the block model into domains of similar rock or ore types. The aim of this study is to deal with the problem of simulating geological boundaries in the Golgohar iron deposit based on two datasets extracted from exploration boreholes and blast holes. In the first step, contact analysis tools are used to identify the nature of geological boundaries. Next, a modified version of the direct sampling algorithm is proposed to simulate geological domains based on a training image and local probabilities derived from a vertical proportion matrix. The purpose of using the modified direct sampling is to control the local proportion of each geological domain in the distance-based multiple-point geostatistical approaches. A set of 100 conditional realizations of two ore types are generated. The reconciliation between the realizations produced with the proposed algorithm and actual data values is provided by checking the reproduction of single-, two- and multiple-point statistical parameters and the connectivity of geological boundaries. The proposed method proves to be a useful variant of the direct sampling algorithm for simulating the spatial layout of geological domains when there is a strong difference in the domain proportions between the hard data and the TI.
... There is magnetite-apatite mineralization which was originated from quartzmonzonite magma in relationship with the closure of Neo-Tethys Ocean (Fig. 1) and also Tarom batholith (Nabatian et al., 2014a(Nabatian et al., , 2015Mokhtari et al., 2018). Based on the geological map (Fig. 2), the deposits of Sorkheh-Dizaj, Ali Abad, Morvarid, Zaker, Golestan Abad deposits and their connection with some geological units and intrusive masses have been identified. ...
