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Prioritization of freshwater habitat management and conservation is dependent on the availability of species baseline information at regional level. However, such information has not been updated since 2002 in Sabah. Thus the objective of this paper is to present the latest working checklist of freshwater ichthyofauna known so far in the state. A l...
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• Freshwater swamp forests are poorly studied but highly threatened freshwater habitats, especially in Southeast Asia. Very little is known about the environmental factors associated with the assembly and spatial distribution of fish communities in these acid‐water habitats, although such knowledge is of immense importance for conservation and mana...
The freshwater fish diversity of Brunei Darussalam is reviewed. At present, a total of 104 species of freshwater fishes from 59 genera, 24 families and 10 orders is recorded. Eight species including one introduced species and two from brackish waters present new records for Brunei. The family Cyprinidae has the highest diversity with 40 species. Fo...
Citations
... Upstream is characterized by rock bottom waters, high current velocity, high oxygen content, clear water color, and relatively low temperature. Fish that live upstream must be able to adapt to these conditions, including equipped with attachment devices such as the Glyptothorax and Garra genera Ng et al., 2017); there are also streamlined body shapes such as Tor, Neolissochilus, and Lobocheilus (Haryono & Subagja, 2008;Haryono & Tjakrawidjaja, 2009;. ...
Fish are found in waters ranging from inland ecosystems to the sea.
Inland waters are grouped into two ecosystems, lotic with flowing water
and lentic with stagnant water. Each ecosystem has the characteristics
and specificity of fish. Fish are the largest vertebrates covering half of
them more than 30,000 species. The number of species is predicted to
increase due to the discovery of new species. About 41% of fish live in
fresh water, such as rivers, lakes, swamps, reservoirs, and other waters
with a salinity of less than 1.05%. Based on salt tolerance, freshwater fish
are grouped into three groups, namely primary, secondary, and
peripheral. To survive, they need adaptation in physiological aspects related to salinity. They’ve been good to develop kidneys to reclaim salt
from body fluids prior to excretion. Freshwater fish come in various
sizes, the smallest being Paedocypris progenetica with a length of 7.9
mm from a peat swamp in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Some of
the dominant freshwater fish families are Cyprinidae, Gobiidae,
Loricariidae, Cichlidae, Charachidae, and Balitoridae. The first family is
widely distributed in the world except Australia and Madagascar. The
potential of freshwater fish for both consumption and ornamental fish
such as arowana, mahseer, eel, and catfishes. In addition, this fish has
many threats such as overfishing, pollutants, habitat destruction, habitat
fragmentation, deforestation, land use change, exotic and invasive
species. Due to the many conditions of inland waters, fish must adapt to
survive which is reflected in their behavior. The behavioral aspects of
freshwater fish are movement and migration, foraging (prey and
predator), schooling, and spawning or breeding. Therefore, the study of
fish behavior becomes important for the management of fish resources,
including fishing and conservation. This paper discusses the diversity,
threats, and behavior of freshwater fish with particular reference in
Indonesia
... Improved ink drawings of B. binotatus were offered by Menon (1954). Thereon, inventory studies in Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and the Philippines applied the name widely (e.g., Ahmad et al., 2014;Inger & Chin, 1962;Karlina et al., 2016;Ng et al., 2017;Roesma et al., 2018;Taki et al., 1978). Some doubts, however, have emerged recently and authors have suggested specimens found in the Malay Peninsula and Singapore could be Barbodes rhombeus instead (e.g., Baker & Lim, 2017;Ng et al., 2019;Tan, 2019). ...
Morphology‐based taxonomy of freshwater fish is effective when there are representative specimens covering large regions. However, in Sundaland, where the presence of cryptic species is high, the technique has its limitations. This is compounded by uncritical descriptions of holotypes in old literature. We demonstrate the problem using Barbodes binotatus first described from an ink drawing. Several species in the Barbodes genus of Sundaland exhibit morphological similarity to B. binotatus. We applied new DNA sequences of 16S, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome b (Cytb) and recombination‐activating gene 1 (RAG1), and pigmentation markers to clarify species complex boundaries in the Malay Peninsula, namely B. aff. binotatus “Malay Peninsula”, Barbodes cf. banksi and Barbodes rhombeus. Results suggest B. binotatus‐like specimens in the Malay Peninsula are B. rhombeus based on a threshold of 3% COI genetic divergence. B. aff. binotatus recorded in Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines are likely valid but undescribed species. However, if the 2% COI threshold is applied, some populations in the northern Malay Peninsula would qualify as new and undescribed species. The implications of the 2% threshold and the likelihood of “grey zone” incipient populations are discussed. We further found a rapid visual method, not reported previously, to delineate B. aff. binotatus and B. cf. banksi, but it requires further validation. Additionally, we offer fresh perspectives by discussing the roles of biological species concept, morphological species concept, genetic species concept and mate recognition concept in the B. binotatus complex. Our findings reinforce the standpoint that species delineation is not entirely a binary process, but there is a spectrum to consider, especially in biogeography intersection regions.
... The cyprinid species Barbodes binotatus is one of the common freshwater fishes in Southeast Asia (Kottelat, 2013). This species has a large distribution, with populations occurring in Sumatra, Java, Bali and Lombok (Bariche, 1998;Kottelat, 2000), Borneo (Ng et al., 2017;Roberts, 1989) and Peninsular Malaysia (Zakaria-Ismail et al., 2019). It is one of the very few Sundaic freshwater fish species extending its distribution east to the Wallace Line, in Lombok and Timur Islands (Bariche, 1998). ...
The taxonomic status of the Southeast Asian spotted barb, Barbodes binotatus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), has puzzled researchers because of large but inconsistent geographic variation of its body melanin marking pattern. In this study, the authors appraise the differentiation of B. binotatus and two closely related species, Barbodes rhombeus and saddle barb, Barbodes banksi, in Peninsular Malaysia using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. The results of this study reveal that the Peninsular Malaysia populations of each of the three species form largely reciprocal monophyletic lineages that differ from each other by a minimum of 2.3% p‐genetic distance using COI gene. Nonetheless, specimens of B. binotatus in Peninsular Malaysia are only distantly related to specimens of B. binotatus in Java (type locality). The monophyly of B. banksi is not refuted although specimens of Peninsular Malaysia are genetically distinct from those of Sarawak (type locality). The authors discuss alternative hypotheses whether each of these three valid species is a single species or each of the main five genetic lineages revealed in this study represents a distinct species. Preliminary investigations reveal a mito‐nuclear discordance at one locality in Peninsular Malaysia where B. binotatus and B. banksi co‐occur. Further studies should inform on the extent of reproductive porousness between these two lineages and others.
... This species occurs in Busuanga Island in the Philippines and throughout the rivers of Sabah, Borneo which drain east into the Sulu Sea (Meisner and Collette 1998, Collette 2004, Ng et al. 2017). ...
... Freshwater ecosystems in Busuanga, Philippines are threatened by habitat destruction due to deforestation, mining activities, and sedimentation and possibly impacted by the introduction of exotic species (Matillano 2011, Ng 2020, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College of Human Ecology-Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning et al. n.d.). The population in Borneo may face a similar threat due to widespread deforestation and soil erosion causing siltation and increased turbidity in rivers and streams (Kottelat et al. 1993, Ng et al. 2017, WWWF 2020. The impacts of these threats to the populations of this species need to be assessed. ...
... Earlier records of this species from museum collections suggest that this species was common in Sabah. Recent surveys in Sabah did not find this species (Ng et al. 2017, Martin-Smith et al 1998. The population in Brunei is stable and abundant (Parenti 2014). ...
... In Busuanga (Philippines), freshwater ecosystems are threatened by habitat destruction due to deforestation, mining activities, and sedimentation and possibly impacted by the introduction of alien species (Matillano 2011, Ng 2020, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College of Human Ecology-Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning et al. n.d.). In Borneo, this species may face a similar threat due to widespread deforestation and soil erosion causing siltation and increased turbidity in rivers, streams, and swamps (Kottelat et al. 1993, Ng et al. 2017, WWF 2020 ...
... So far, only several workers had enumerated statewide species checklists, among which Inger & Chin (2002) and subsequently Ng et al. (2017) have progressively enumerated 166 valid species under 27 families and 75 genera to form a checklist for Sabah which has a land size of 73,620 km 2 , roughly three times larger than Perak. Kottelat and Lim (1995) have also produced a preliminary checklist for Sarawak state together with the Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam and itemized 249 valid species. ...
This study investigates the published literature and incorporates our field data from 1997 to September 2018 to generate an inventory report of primary freshwater fishes for Perak State in Malaysia. We critically examined and enumerated 186 species from 2 classes, 16 orders, 43 families and 114 genera in 57 localities. A total of 173 fish species (91.4%) are native to Perak and 17 species (8.6%) are non-native. The provisional checklist presented herein is conservative and excludes doubtful inventory records that lack synthesis and traceability. We encountered seven taxonomic discrepancies and we also could not confidently identify eight species. These are explicitly discussed to inform future workers.
... Aves and mammals predominate this list as they are relatively well studied and are thus, more rapidly assessed. In contrast, obligate freshwater taxa are underrepresented as knowledge on the freshwater biodiversity in Sabah is generally poor (Chong et al., 2010)-even the economically significant freshwater ichthyofauna has remained scarcely inventoried in many areas (Ng et al., 2017). Incomplete distribution records and lack of estimates on the effective population size of the freshwater biota may have hampered assessments on their conservation status locally. ...
This study quantified the intra-specific diversity and characterized the population structure of the Asian snakehead fish, Channa striata in Sabah, North Borneo by determining the variability at six microsatellite loci. Range of genetic diversity across all sampled populations was comparatively moderate in relation to levels reported for C. striata populations occurring elsewhere and the overall Sabah population is highly structured, reflecting isolations across geological and ecological time scales. Two reciprocally monophyletic genodemes were identified along the west and east coast that may have been separated by mountain upthrusts throughout the central region of Sabah. Despite kinship among populations within each genodeme, individual demes were discrete as indicated by significant genotypic differentiation (all P < 0.0014) and low estimates of gene flow between them that likely reflect natural fragmentation of freshwater habitats they occupy. Our findings underline the potential of molecular markers in delimiting and delineating geospatial units of conservation in Sabah. Lowland freshwater ecosystems in the area may comprise two geographically isolated ecoregions, in which each hypothetically harbours biota that have evolved allopatrically. Additionally, identification of biodiversity hotspots within these putative ecoregions can be greatly facilitated with genetic-level investigations as the rate by which freshwater communities are inventoried has been extremely slow in most habitats.
... Sabah's freshwater ecosystems host a diverse and rich ichthyofaunal composition. The latest literature shows that Sabah harbours some 150 valid native species, of which 36 species (24.0%) are endemic (Ng et al., 2017). One of the key issues in the knowledge of freshwater ichthyofauna in Sabah is a lack of inventory studies. ...
The headwater habitats of Sabah’s rivers are largely under-studied. This assessment provides a field evaluation of the ichthyofaunal characteristics of lotic hydraulic-habitats in the vicinity of Batu Timbang. Over a 3-day period from 22nd to 24th August of 2017, three locations along Sungai Lanap were sampled. A total of 245 individuals belonging to four families, 11 genera and 14 species were recorded. The diversity and evenness level was the highest in Location 1 (D=0.80, H’=0.72, J’=0.86), followed by Location 3 (D=0.69, H’=0.62, J’=0.79) and Location 2 (D=0.66, H’=0.60, J’=0.60). The overall diversity and evenness indices of Batu Timbang were D=0.78, H'=0.81 and J'=0.71. The rank family abundance curve in Location 2 was the steepest (y = -6.143ln(x) + 7.6306) reflecting that the location has the most cyprinid species. No introduced species were recorded. A comparison with other studies conducted in remote headwaters in Sabah, and the presence of a catadromous species are also discussed in this paper. Results from this study add to the current knowledge of species biogeography in Sabah, and the data is useful for informing aquatic habitat conservation initiatives.
A desktop study on freshwater fish in Malaysian lotic habitats was conducted to provide an overview of the freshwater fish assemblages in Malaysia. Secondary data was extracted from literature that retrieved from major scientific databases including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink. A total of 385 fish species from 49 families were documented in Malaysian lotic habitats based on secondary data analysis. The Cyprinidae family is the most abundant fish family in Malaysia with 88 species recorded, followed by Danionidae (44), Bagridae (27), and Osphronemidae (21). The Cyprinidae family has the top five fish species recorded most frequently in Malaysian lotic habitats, which are present in the majority of Malaysia’s states. Approximately 47% of fish species are restricted to just one state of Malaysia, demonstrating endemism of freshwater fish is high in Malaysian lotic habitats. Fish assemblages were found to be similar in Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Terengganu, and Johor, but very different in Sabah, Sarawak, Penang, Negeri Sembilan, and Selangor. Connectivity between lotic habitats in each state, land use, endemism, and invasive species may all influence the fish assemblages in each Malaysian state. This study revealed that ichthyofaunal research is lacking in several Malaysian states. More research should be done in those states to fill in the research gaps and present the most up-to-date information on Malaysia’s ichthyofaunal study.
• Most of the Bornean endemic freshwater mussel (Unionida) species known to date have not been recorded by science for the past 50 years or more, owing to a lack of research effort and presumed population losses.
• This study assessed current patterns and recent changes in the diversity and distribution of freshwater mussels in north-eastern Borneo. Physical surveys and interviews were conducted at 24 sites, and anecdotal evidence for current or historical presence of mussels was collected for a further 13 sites.
• Native species, i.e. Schepmania sp. and Khairuloconcha sahanae gen. & sp. nov., were only found in one small stream of the Kinabatangan River basin within the Gomantong Forest Reserve, whereas the non-native Sinanodonta cf. woodiana was common across the study area.
• Molecular phylogenetics (five genes) of the native taxa, including comparative material from West Kalimantan and Sarawak, revealed: (i) the presence of a new genus with two new, rare species: Khairuloconcha lunbawangorum sp. nov. in the Limbang River basin and K. sahanae in the Kinabatangan River basin; (ii) that Khairuloconcha and Ctenodesma form the Bornean endemic tribe Ctenodesmini trib. nov.; and (iii) that Schepmania represents another Bornean endemic tribe Schepmaniini trib. nov.
• Both Khairuloconcha gen. nov. species are known from a single stream each and are apparently restricted to forest stream habitats where they occur at very low densities. Schepmania appears to have a severely contracted range in the Kinabatangan and adjacent basins. We urgently call for full protection of the currently known sites of K. lunbawangorum and K. sahanae, and development of an action plan to save the Bornean freshwater mussel fauna.
