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Background:
Some infectious agents have been shown to be human carcinogens. The current study focused on estimation of cancer burden attributable to infection in different regions of Asia.
Methods:
By systematically reviewing previous studies of the infection prevalence data of 13 countries in Asia and relative risks of specific cancers, we calc...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... agents with sufficient evidence for their carcinogenicity were defined in an IARC monograph series. 2 The infectious agents and related cancers used in the current study are listed in Table 1. Other carcinogenetic infectious agents, such as Schistosoma haematobium and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), were not included in the current analysis because the prevalence of the infectious agents in Asia or the data of cancer incidence and/or mortality were not available in published studies or were only available in low quality studies (eg, studies with small sample sizes or poor study designs). ...
Citations
... The majority of them occurring in low and middle income countries. More specifically, 275,429 and 29,324, almost half of the global HPV-related cancer cases, occurin Asia in women and men respectively (6,7). In India, a country home to one-sixth of the global population, cervical cancer is the second most common women's cancer in the country (8). ...
Background
The HPV vaccine is used as one of the main prevention tools for HPV-related cancers globally, yet it is not part of the Indian National Immunization program. In light of the introduction of the indigenous vaccine, we examine the effectiveness of health education about uptake, acceptance, and awareness.
Methods
Research was performed in the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Embase to identify studies between 2008 and 2022. Studies were included if: they were conducted in India including primary data research and health education intervention, and participants were between 9 and 29 years old.
Results
Out of the 10.952 results, 7 studies were included. Four studies focused on adolescent girls, aged from 9 to 20 years old, and 3 on university students aged from 17 to 26 years. Five studies were implemented in urban areas and 2 in rural areas. Health education interventions proved to be effective in increasing uptake, awareness, and acceptance of the HPV vaccine. The barriers included among others: cost, lack of awareness, and cultural barriers.
Conclusion
Observations from this study outline immediate action for policymakers to educate and encourage the young population toward HPV vaccination. Future programs should be aimed at different population groups and be adjusted according to their special characteristics and needs. Attention should be given to the male population and marginalized groups. The involvement of various stakeholders proved to be beneficial, and it is highly recommended.
... hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses (HBV &HCV) respectively are the most commonly reported risk factors for chronic liver diseases causing hepatic cancer. Combined they are in responsible for 85% of all hepatic cancer cases all over the world; of this percentage, about 54% are result from HBV, and 31% as a result of HCV [2,3]. It represents more than 80% of total hepatic cancer morbidity and mortality in the developing countries [2]. ...
... The enveloped double-stranded DNA Vaccinia virus of the Poxviridae family [110] may be a promising candidate for gastric carcinoma therapy for which clinical trials (phase I and II) have been completed (NCT01443260). The bulk of Vaccinia virus (VV) particles are mature intracellular virions produced from a single lipid bilayer envelope that remains confined chiefly within the infected cell until lysis [111]. The other two infectious species, cell-associated enveloped viruses (CAEV) and extracellular enveloped viruses (EEV) contain an additional lipid bilayer and bud out from the host cell without lysing it [112]. ...
Gastric cancer (GC) is a significant health concern worldwide, with a GLOBOCAN estimate of 1.08 million novel cases in 2020. It is the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years lost to cancer, with the fourth most common cancer in males and the fifth most common cancer in females. Strategies are pursued across the globe to prevent gastric cancer progression as a significant fraction of gastric cancers have been linked to various pathogenic (bacterial and viral) infections. Early diagnosis (in Asian countries), and non-invasive and surgical treatments have helped manage this disease with 5-year survival for stage IA and IB tumors ranging between 60% and 80%. However, the most prevalent aggressive stage III gastric tumors undergoing surgery have a lower 5-year survival rate between 18% and 50%. These figures point to a need for more efficient diagnostic and treatment strategies, for which the oncolytic viruses (OVs) appear to have some promise. OVs form a new therapeutic agent class that induces anti-tumor immune responses by selectively killing tumor cells and inducing systemic anti-tumor immunity. On the contrary, several oncogenic viruses have been shown to play significant roles in malignancy progression in the case of gastric cancer. Therefore, this review evaluates the current state of research and advances in understanding the dual role of viruses in gastric cancer.
... Among the main infectious agents, H. pylori was responsible for 31.5% of infection-related cancer cases and 32.8% of infection-related cancer deaths in 13 principal Asian countries. 13 The estimated PAF of H. pylori for GC in Asian countries was reported higher than that in Europe and America. For Asian men, the estimated PAF due to H. pylori were 82%, 76% and 63% in Japan, Korea and China. ...
Background
Helicobacter pylori causes large burden of gastric cancer (GC) in Asia. We aimed to comprehensively quantify the burden of GC attributable to H. pylori infection in Asia.
Methods
We searched related articles from January 1998 to December 2020 to obtain the prevalence and relative risks (or odds ratio) of GC associated with H. pylori in Asia. The burden of GC attributable to H. pylori infection was quantified by Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) and Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).
Results
We quantified the burden of GC attributable to H. pylori infection with 415.6 thousand DALYs and 38.03% PAF through the five included Asian countries in 2019. The study found that the burden had obvious regional differences. The DALYs ranged from 298.9 thousand in China to 1.9 thousand in Malaysia, and the PAFs were between 58.00% in Japan and 30.89% in China. The average prevalence of H. pylori in the included general population was estimated to be 56.29%.
Conclusions
Helicobacter pylori poses a huge disease burden of GC to the population, and its eradication should receive attention, especially in the countries with high incidence of and mortality due to GC.
... Based on the best available data, we estimated that 16.6% of cancer incident cases were attributable to six infectious agents in Japan in 2015. Unlike other developed countries, in which infection contributes to only a small proportion of cancer etiology (3,4,17), infectious agents, particularly H. pylori and HBV/HCV, are still responsible for a high proportion of cancer burden among some Eastern Asian countries, including Japan (18). ...
Population attributable fraction (PAF) offers a means to quantify cancer burden that is attributable to a specific etiological factor. To better characterize the current cancer burden due to infection in the Japanese population, we estimated the PAF for cancer incidence and mortality in 2015 that could be attributable to infectious agents, including Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), Hepatitis B and C (HBV/HCV), Human papillomavirus virus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus, and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. We estimated the PAFs for each infectious agent on the basis of representative data on prevalence and risk-outcome associations assuming a latency period of 10 years. Overall, 16.6% of cancer cases in 2015 in Japan were attributable to the infectious agents included in this analysis. The estimated PAF was slightly higher in men (18.1%) than in women (14.7%). The highest proportion of cancer deaths attributable to infectious agents was observed for H. pylori infection, followed by HBV/HCV, and HPV infection. Our findings corroborated with previous estimates that H. pylori and HBV/HCV infections were the two most important infectious agents in the Japanese population. Strategies focusing on eradication of infectious agents among infected individuals or primary prevention through vaccination could decrease the burden of infection-related cancers.
... Older age: the age of the LSS cohort is advanced to the point that diminished immune systems likely play a real role in SGC cases; • HPV significance: HPV involvement as a risk factor for oral and oropharyngeal cancers is now recognized as a very strong one, as shown by Huang et al. for Japan; HPV is now recognized to be responsible for 25% to 35% of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer in Asia, and up to about 52% of all new cancers in Japan, much higher than included herein [29]; • Use of Areca nut and betel quid: approximately 600 million people worldwide chew areca nut combined with the Piper betle leaf. This habit goes back at least 1,000 years in national groupings in South China, Southeast China, Southeast Asia, and most Pacific Island groups. ...
The linear no-threshold (LNT) model of low dose ionizing radiation's (LDIR) role in radiogenic cancer incidence has long served as a pseudo-scientific belief arising from evidence that has never been proven, but has been contested. One source of current evidence that favors the LNT model is the Radiation Effects Research Foundation’s (RERF) Life Span Study (LSS) cohort of Japanese atomic bomb survivors. The RERF has managed the input data, model development, and data analyses for the LSS cohort for 45 years, publishing research papers and reports updating the RERF’s progress. In recent years, the RERF has attempted to identify other cancer risk factors that may have played a role in the cancer incidence of cohort survivors, and this effort has drawn attention to the fact that many earlier years of papers and reports from the RERF have never considered these risk factors, making such publications of questionable merit. This investigation examines two recent papers from the RERF that denominate how the RERF now analyzes specific cancer incidence for cohort members, how it treats lifestyle and other risk factors for various cancers that have arisen in the cohort, and how it continues to find and assert that bomb-blast LDIR remains a distinguishable source of radiogenic cancer in the cohort. The investigation observes that the cohort input data and modeling have extensive deficiencies and defects, many having been identified by RERF authors themselves, that substantially compromise the findings of these two papers, and offers concluding evidence that the LDIR radiogenic cancer model is highly implausible if not impossible. From such evidence, a final conclusion must arise that supports a threshold model for the dose–response relationship between LDIR exposure and radiogenic cancer.
... It is estimated that around 171 million people worldwide are constantly infected with HCV, which causes a number of chronic liver diseases [110,111]. Hepatitis C virus, like hepatitis B virus, has a natural tropism to the liver and contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and gallbladder cancer [8,110]. ...
... Therefore, hepatitis c virus carcinogenicity is associated with indirect mechanisms [116]. In total, HCV and HBV caused 433,186 new liver cancer cases and 406,779 deaths in 2012, which is 77.61% of liver cancer cases and 76.6% of deaths [8]. There are no data to date regarding the impact of HCV on the development of gastric cancer. ...
Due to its high morbidity and mortality, gastric cancer is a topic of a great concern throughout the world. Major ways of treatment are gastrectomy and chemotherapy, unfortunately they are not always successful. In a search for more efficient therapy strategies, viruses and their potential seem to be an important issue. On one hand, several oncogenic viruses have been noticed in the case of gastric cancer, making the positive treatment even more advantageous, but on the other, viruses exist with a potential therapeutic role in this malignancy.
... For some infections, AFs were obtained from generally accepted results from published studies because no data for RR were available. 19,20 This applied to AFs for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) for nasopharyngeal cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma, Helicobacter pylori for stomach cancer, and HIV for Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. ...
... In our analysis, we could not include several relatively minor oncogenic infections, such as Opisthorchis riverine, Clonorchis sinensis, human herpesvirus 8, and liver flukes because of lack of exposure data. Chronic infections had a larger contribution to the total number of cancers in Vietnam than in global analyses (23.4% of total cancers in less developed region 23 ), regional analyses (19.6% in Asian countries 20 ), and results from other Asian countries such as China (25.3%), 21 Japan (17.5%), 24 and Korea (17.8%). ...
... 21 Japan (17.5%), 24 and Korea (17.8%). 20 This disparity could be explained by the fact that Vietnam is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of hepatitis B virus (10%) 25 and H pylori (. 70%) 26 in Asia. There is no national surveillance to monitor the trend of carcinogenic infections over time, but ad hoc epidemiologic studies showed a decreasing trend for most infectious agents included in our analysis (Appendix Table A1). ...
PURPOSE
Vietnam is undergoing rapid socio-economic transition with an increasing cancer burden. The contribution of modifiable risk factors to cancers in Vietnam has not been studied. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the attributable causes of cancer in Vietnam.
METHODS
We reviewed the data on burden of cancer in Vietnam from 2 cancer registries in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City between 1995 and 2012. Next, we calculated the fractions of cancers occurring in 2018 attributable to established modifiable risk factors whose impact could be quantified. Data on exposure prevalence were obtained for the period from 2000 to 2010 from national sources wherever possible.
RESULTS
Cancer incidence in Vietnam has decreased slightly in both sexes. Cancer related to infectious agents decreased sharply, whereas cancer related to nutrition and metabolism has increased. In 2018, established carcinogens included in the analysis explained 47.0% of cancer burden in Vietnam. Chronic infections accounted for 29.1% of cancers (34.7% in men and 22.1% in women), tobacco smoking for 13.5% (23.9% in men and 0.8% in women), and alcohol drinking for 10.3%. Passive smoking was responsible for 8.8% of cancers in women. Other risk factors, including overweight or obesity, nulliparity, and low vegetable and fruit intake, accounted for < 1% of all cancers each.
CONCLUSION
Cancer incidence is slowly decreasing in Vietnam, and the causes of more than half of cancers remain unexplained. This result underlines the need for further epidemiologic and fundamental research. Our findings confirm the notion that controlling oncogenic infections and decreasing tobacco smoking are the most effective approaches to reduce the burden of cancer in Vietnam, but other risk factors, including alcohol drinking and diet, should not be neglected.
... In China, H pylori infection would be responsible for 64.84% of new gastric cancer cases, 64.91% of gastric cancer death, 48 and likely higher proportion of PUD cases because of higher RR. Therefore, H pylori infection was a serious public health issue in China and the high prevalence of the infection meant that public health interventions should be requisite. ...
Background
The high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection in China results in a substantial public health burden. Medical experts have not agreed on the best solution of population intervention for this problem. We presented a health economic evaluation of a population‐based H pylori screen‐and‐treat strategy for preventing gastric cancer, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD).
Materials and Methods
Decision trees and Markov models were developed to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of H pylori screening followed by eradication treatment in asymptomatic Chinese. The modeled screen‐and‐treat strategy reduced the risk of gastric cancer, PUD, and NUD. The main outcomes were the costs, effectiveness, and the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio. Uncertainty was explored by one‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.
Results
For preventing gastric cancer, PUD, and NUD together in a cohort of 10 million asymptomatic Chinese at the age of 20 years, the H pylori screen‐and‐treat strategy saved 288.1 million dollars, 28 989 life years, and 111 663 quality‐adjusted life years, and prevented 11 611 gastric cancers, 5422 deaths from gastric cancer, and 1854 deaths from PUD during life expectancy. Uncertainty of screening age from 20 to 60 did not affect the superiority of the screen‐and‐treat strategy over the no‐screen strategy. The one‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of our study's results.
Conclusions
Compared with the no‐screen strategy, population‐based screen‐and‐treat strategy for H pylori infection proved cheaper and more effective for preventing gastric cancer, PUD, and NUD in Chinese asymptomatic general population.
... In Africa and Asia an estimated 25% and 36%, respectively of cancers are presently attributable to infections with several agents implicated in the cause of haematological cancers, namely HIV infection, Epstein Barr virus, malaria, and Kaposi's sarcoma associated Herpes virus (KSHV). 18 There are important differences in the rates of leukaemia by subtypes across populations worldwide. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia occurs at greater frequency in children, whereas chronic leukaemia is more common in adults. ...
Summary
Background Leukaemia is a heterogeneous group of haemopoietic cancers that comprises a number of diverse and biologically distinct subgroups. We examine the leukaemia burden worldwide and highlight the distinct incidence patterns in order to elucidate explanatory factors that may support preventive measures and health resource planning. We aimed to estimate the global burden of leukaemia incidence according to the four major subtypes stratified by age and sex.
Methods In this population-based study, we assessed leukaemia incidence for the major subtypes using the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volume X (CI5-X), which includes data from 290 cancer registries in 68 countries covering the diagnostic period 2003–07, for all ages and both sexes. We then extracted counts and incidence rates in 184 countries for the year 2012 from IARC’s GLOBOCAN database of national estimates. We calculated age-specific incidence rates per 100 000 person-years and age-standardised rates (ASRs) using the world standard population by country, sex, age group, and where applicable, by major subtypes. We excluded from all analyses registries for which the total number of leukaemia cases was less than 100 or the proportion of microscopically verified (MV%) cases was less than 80% (2572 cases).
Findings 717 863 cases between 2003–07 were included in this analysis. More than 350 000 new leukaemia cases were estimated in 2012. We observed substantial variation in incidence between and within world regions. The highest leukaemia incidence rates for both sexes were estimated in Australia and New Zealand (ASR per 100000 11·3 in males and 7·2 in females), Northern America (10·5 in males and 7·2 in females), and western Europe (9·6 in males and 6·0 in females), and the lowest was in in western Africa (1·4 in males and 1·2 in females). Rates were generally higher in males than females with an overall male to female ratio of 1·4. In children, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was the main subtype in all studied countries in both sexes, and characterised by a bimodal age-specific pattern. The subtype distribution was more diverse in adults, with a relatively higher proportion of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in most European and North American countries, whereas rates of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia remained relatively high among adults in selected South American, Caribbean, Asian, and African populations.
