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This review is focused on current information of avoidable environmental pollution and occupational exposure as causes of cancer. Approximately 2% to 8% of all cancers are thought to be due to occupation. In addition, occupational and environmental cancers have their own characteristics, e.g., specific chemicals and cancers, multiple factors, multi...
Citations
... 5,6 Exogenous threats to DNA integrity range from radiation 7,8 to numerous cytotoxic or genotoxic agents such as those involved in tobacco smoke, 9,10 food production, 11 or environmental toxins. 12 In the past ten years, mutational signatures revolutionized the understanding of genomic stressors. Signatures of single-base substitutions (SBS), indels, double base substitutions, and copy-number variations have been compiled, and some of the etiologies have been identified. ...
Cancer is a multi-faceted disease with intricate relationships between mutagenic processes, alterations in cellular signaling, and the tissue microenvironment. To date, these processes have been largely studied in isolation. A systematic understanding of how they interact and influence each other is lacking. Here, we present a framework for systematically characterizing the interaction between pairs of mutational signatures and between signatures and signaling pathway alterations. We applied this framework to large-scale data from TCGA and PCAWG and identified multiple positive and negative interactions, both cross֊tissue and tissue֊specific, that provide new insights into the molecular routes observed in tumorigenesis and their respective drivers. This framework allows for a more fine-grained dissection of common and distinct etiology of mutational signatures. We further identified several interactions with both positive and negative impacts on patient survival, demonstrating their clinical relevance and potential for improving personalized cancer care.
... Recently, industries have dramatically increased, resulting in increased production of industrial wastewater filled with various types of organic and inorganic pollutants, inorganics such as heavy metal (mercury, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, thallium, and lead) are poisonous at low concentrations and metal salts can cause hardness in water and affect the aquatic life [2]. There are different types of organic pollutants in water as (hydrocarbons, pesticides, phenols, plasticizers, fertilizers, oils, detergents and pharmaceuticals), water pollution by organic pollutants is considered very dangerous due to their various side effects and carcinogenic nature [3,4]. Pharmaceuticals have been neglected as potential environmental pollutants for a long time compared to other pollutants such as pesticides and heavy metals. ...
The purpose of this study is to remove pharmaceuticals drugs from water due to high potential impact on human health. Specifically, non-prescriptive drugs like paracetamol drug, which cause infections to various human organs like liver, kidneys and immunity system. Activated carbon (AC) was synthesized from date pits via thermal and chemical carbon activation using air at high temperature and phosphoric acid respectively, three ratios of (AC:Acid) were prepared to adsorb the most commonly used antipyretic and analgesic drug "Paracetamol" from aqueous solutions. The experiments were done in the department of Chemical Engineering and department of Chemistry, between September 2018 and August 2019. Characterization of the activated carbon (AC) was carried out through surface area analysis (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), spectroscopic Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), thermal (Thermogravimetric analysis TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), and microscopic (scanning electron microscopy SEM) techniques. Several parameters for Paracetamol adsorption from aqueous solutions were tested, and the optimum parameters were as follow: contact time= 150 min, pH= 7.0, temperature= 25ºC, (AC:Acid) ratio = 1:1. The equilibrium data were fitted to different adsorption isotherms, the two-step Langmuir isotherm gave the best fit to the data, and the pseudo-second-order model represented the adsorption process as dynamic studies illustrated. Thermodynamic parameters showed the process was exothermic (-15.7 kJ/mol) and physisorption. The results of the experiments showed the removal efficiency using AC (1:1) ratio was 92.9%, and the entire removal was attained using 16 g/L. The maximum paracetamol uptake at equilibrium was 165 mg/g. The used carbon in the adsorption process can be cleaned and reused again (regeneration), the regeneration efficiencies were 60% for hot water method and 68% for methanol method. This clearly helps toward cleaner ecosystems.
... As restricted function of ALAD gene would increase the accumulation of ALA in blood (Shraideh et al. 2019), perhaps stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which induce oxidative stress (Ibrahem et al. 2020). Oxidative stress accompanied exposure to different pesticides, welding fumes, wood dust and other toxicants would lead to DNA damage and ultimately to carcinogenesis (Yang 2011). In current research oxidative stress biomarkers (ROS, TBARS, POD activity) was measured in exposed and control group. ...
Objective
Globally millions of people working in various industries and are exposed to different toxins which may affect their genetic stability and DNA integrity. Present study was designed to estimate the expression variation of genes related to DNA repair (XRCC1, PARP1) and lead toxicity (ALAD) in exposed industrial workers.
Methods
About 200 blood samples were collected from workers of brick kiln, welding, furniture and paint industry (50/industry) along with age and gender matched controls. mRNA expression of genes was measured using RT-PCR. Serum levels of total ROS, POD, TBAR activity was calculated. Blood lead levels were estimated by atomic absorption spectrometer.
Results
Relative expression of XRCC1 and PARP1 gene was significantly (P < 0.001) upregulated, while ALAD gene expression was downregulated in exposed group compared to control. Expression of XRCC1 and PARP1 was increased (P < 0.001) in exposed workers with > 30 year age compared to control with > 30 year age. Same was observed when < 30 year age group of control and exposed was compared. Likewise, XRCC1 and PARP1 expression was increased (P < 0.001) in exposed workers with > 30 year age compared to workers with < 30 year age. Whereas, ALAD gene showed significant (P < 0.01) decrease in > 30 year age workers compared to control of same age and exposed with < 30 year of age. Relative expression of XRCC1 and PARP1 was increased (P < 0.001) in exposed smokers compared to exposed non-smokers and control smokers. Whereas, ALAD gene expression reduced (P < 0.001) significantly in both groups. Blood lead content was higher (P < 0.001) in exposed group compared to control. Strong correlation was observed between XRCC1, PARP1 and ALAD gene versus age, total exposure duration, exposure per day and lead deposition. ROS, TBARS and POD activity was higher (P < 0.01) in exposed group compared to control group.
Conclusion
Present study suggested deregulation of genes related to DNA repair and lead intoxication in exposed group compared to controls. Strong correlation was observed between selected genes and demographic parameters. Present results revealed altered activity of oxidative stress markers which would induce oxidative damage to DNA integrity and limit the function of repair enzymes.
... 3 Annually, one thousand million people are affected by water pollution, and 1.8 million deaths were registered in 2015, as reported by Lancet. 4 The primary sources of water pollution are organic dyes in industrial (paper, textile, and apparel) wastewater due to their carcinogenic nature 5,6 and bacteria because of its ubiquitous nature, drug resistance, and ability to grow in the environment. Researchers estimate that between 10 and 12% of all pigments (including Rhodamine B, rose bengal, indigo red, methylene blue, and many more) are utilized yearly in the textile industry, with the majority of these colors being destroyed during their synthesis or processing. ...
This study was used to evaluate the catalytic activity (CA) and bactericidal activity of α-MoO 3 and Sm-g-C 3 N 4-doped α-MoO 3 composites prepared through an efficient, cost-effective coprecipitation route. Their characteristic studies verify the formation of α-MoO 3 and its composites (3, 6, and 9 mL Sm-g-C 3 N 4-doped α-MoO 3), which showed high crystallinity, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The production of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals due to charge transfer through α-MoO 3 and g-C 3 N 4 eventually forms electrons in g-C 3 N 4 and holes around α-MoO 3. CA against Rhodamine B (RhB) in basic medium provides maximum results compared to acidic and neutral media. The bactericidal efficacy of the (9 mL) doped sample represents a greater inhibition zone of 6.10 mm against the negative bacterial strain Escherichia coli. Furthermore, in silico studies showed that the generated nanorods may inhibit DNA gyrase and dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) enzymes.
... Although numerous studies have been conducted to study the function of MFC-based biosensors in actual effluents, it is critical to investigate the sensorial behavior of MFC in real-world contexts since long-term operation may modify the characteristics of this system. Furthermore, MFC biosensors must be capable of detecting harmful chemicals in a variety of conditions while also providing a reliable output signal [145]. Assessing the mix and dynamic fluctuations of microbial assemblages under diverse substrates is important for mixed cultures, which could lower perceived risk and expedite acceptance of this technology. ...
The sustainable development of human society in today’s high-tech world depends on some form of eco-friendly energy source because existing technologies cannot keep up with the rapid population expansion and the vast amounts of wastewater that result from human activity. A green technology called a microbial fuel cell (MFC) focuses on using biodegradable trash as a substrate to harness the power of bacteria to produce bioenergy. Production of bioenergy and wastewater treatment are the two main uses of MFC. MFCs have also been used in biosensors, water desalination, polluted soil remediation, and the manufacture of chemicals like methane and formate. MFC-based biosensors have gained a lot of attention in the last few decades due to their straightforward operating principle and long-term viability, with a wide range of applications including bioenergy production, treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater, biological oxygen demand, toxicity detection, microbial activity detection, and air quality monitoring, etc. This review focuses on several MFC types and their functions, including the detection of microbial activity.
Graphical Abstract
... Cancer is undoubtedly-one the deadliest diseases affecting millions of people worldwide [1,2]. Nowadays, many different treatment methods are applied in clinical practice, depending on the type and stage of cancer. ...
... The NMR analysis was performed at room temperature on samples dissolved in DMSO-d 6 with TMS as an internal standard. 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra were acquired using a Bruker High-Performance Digital FT NMR (400 MHz) spectrometer. Molar conductance of the Schiff base metal complexes was measured in DMF at 25 • C using the Thermo Scientific electron corporation model conductivity meter. ...
In this study, two chiral Schiff base ligands (L1 and L2) were synthesized from the condensation reaction of (S)-2-amino-3-phenyl-1-propanol with 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde as metal precursors for the preparation of transition metal complexes with Pd(II), Fe(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II). The compounds were characterized by using X-ray (for L1-Pd(II)), NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity, and elemental analysis. The in vitro cytotoxic effects of ligands (L1 and L2) and their metal complexes on colon cancer cells (DLD-1), breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and healthy lung human cell lines were investigated by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Among the synthesized compounds, L1-Pd(II) was particularly found to be the most potent anticancer drug candidate in this series with IC50 values of 4.07, and 9.97 µM in DLD-1 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively. In addition, molecular docking results indicate that Glu122, Asn103, Ala104, Lys126, Phe114, Leu123, and Lys126 amino acids are the binding site of the colon cancer antigen protein, in which the most active complex, L1-Pd(II) can inhibit the current target.
... The contamination of water sources due to organic pollutants has become a serious concern in the last few decades [1]. These pollutants are found to have noxious impacts on humans due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity [2] and therefore their presence in the water systems is undesirable. Among organic pollutants, phenol and its derivative compounds have detrimental effects on living beings even at low concentrations owing to their poisonous, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic nature and, therefore, the US Environmental Protection Agency has classified them as priority pollutants [3]. ...
The present investigation deals with the importance of interaction and position of the nitro group in the adsorptive removal of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and phenol by demineralized kraft lignin activated carbon (DKLAAC). The adsorption of phenol and NPs on DKLAAC was found to follow the order 2-NP > 4-NP > phenol. In this study, both solubility and donor–acceptor complex mechanism played an important role besides the porosity and surface area of the materials. Accordingly, the NP possessing the least solubility would noticeably exhibit a higher affinity to be adsorbed at the solid–liquid interface. Thus the highly hydrophobic 2-NP was adsorbed to a greater extent followed by 4-NP and phenol. Moreover, the adsorption capacity as affected by contact time, initial phenol concentration, pH, and temperature was also investigated. The experimental adsorption capacity by DKLAAC was 2.09, 2.34, and 2.20 mmol·g−1 for phenol, 2-NP, and 4-NP at 25 °C, respectively, with the maximum amount being adsorbed within 40 min. The experimental data obtained for the removal of phenol and NPs were adequately fitted by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic models. Additionally, the temperature study revealed the adsorption process to be endothermic and spontaneous with high affinity between DKLAAC and phenols.
... Organic toxicants in water, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organic phosphate compounds, organic nitrogen compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), can induce eutrophication and have negative consequences for public safety [83,137,170]. Kim et al. [74] used a double-chamber MFC to investigate the toxicity of diazinon and PCBs, finding inhibition of 61% and 38%, respectively, for diazinon and PCBs (1 mg/L). ...
The Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is a contemporary technology that employs electrogenic microorganisms as a catalyst to convert chemical energy contained in the bonds of organic matter found in waste materials directly into electricity, without polluting the environment. An MFC is a bioelectrochemical system with unique characteristics that may be utilised for a number of purposes, including power generation, waste treatment and biosensors. Besides powering a wide range of electrical equipment, its advancements in chemical, electrochemical and microbiological characteristics have extended its applications in chemical generation, acid and alkali production, bioremediation, water desalination and other fields. Except for powering tiny sensor devices, MFCs encounter significant challenges in real-world use as power producers. In recent years, there has been a lot of research done to broaden the use of MFCs as biosensors. Unlike electrical applications, MFC biosensors have a good chance of becoming practical tools in a variety of analytical applications. MFCs-based biosensors are gaining popularity in various fields due to their ease of application and long-term viability in quality monitoring of the environment. This chapter examines the most recent advancements in MFC-based biosensors in terms of their concepts, principles, design, operating mechanisms, power sources, power generation process, along with their scope and benefits. We also highlight biosensing applications in a variety of disciplines, with a focus on the detection of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), toxicity, microbial activity, biocorrosion-causing microbial biofilms, volatile fatty acids, etc. A brief discussion of the problems and opportunities of MFC-based biosensors is also included.KeywordsBiosensorBODDetectionMFCEnvironmental monitoringToxicity
... Swine wastewater, often considered innocuous, contains a high concentration of nutrients, including P and K [1,2]. Effective recovery of these nutrients is crucial to reduce their presence in the discharged streams in bodies of water, alleviating eutrophication issues often caused by there nutrients. ...
Background
The last few decades have seen the critical role of global cattle industry in agricultural development. However, while giving prosperity and significant benefits to the countryside, the industry also produces wastewater streams, that cause eutrophication in water bodies. The streams, if treated effectively, could act as a valuable nonconventional water source to help address the global freshwater crisis. Moreover, resources recovered from these wastewater streams, e.g., potassium (K) and phosphorus (P), could be converted to valuable commodities such as fertilizers. We, therefore, propose to use a continuous K–struvite granulation process as an effective method for the treatment of swine wastewater (SW) and recovery of K–struvite. Results show that the P and K were efficiently removed and that wastewater-derived K–struvite is a promising green chemistry agent for a slow–release, reinforcing a promising pathway to global P and K conservation.
Methods
The fluidized-bed homogeneous granulation (FBHG) has recently emerged as an advanced metal recovery technology with high efficiencies for several metals and low moisture products. Based on the principle of chemical precipitation, FBHG technology requires less chemicals while producing insignificant amounts of sludge, thereby alleviating burden on sludge management often encountered in conventional chemical precipitation and others.
Significant findings
Herein, we investigate the potential use of FBHG technology for simultaneous recovering K and P while treating swine wastewater. The recovered products are in the form of K–struvite pellets having a studded quasi-spherical form with a rough surface and sharp spikes that resemble sea urchins. The pellets are almost free of heavy metals, which make them promising candidates for use as fertilizer without significant harm. We observed that the release of K was faster than that of P. The formation, size, morphology, purity, and crushing strength of the pellets greatly affected the up-flow velocity value condition. The FBHG could potentially be scaled up for more extensive nutrient recovery.
... 2,3 Wastewater is a critical component of the water cycle; however, the types of contaminants discharged in wastewater and sewage are becoming diverse. 4,5 Of particular concern are "organic contaminants", newly developed compounds with novel negative effects on the environment and human health. 6 Aromatic organic contaminants, containing one or more unsaturated cyclic carbon chains in the whole molecule, pose a great threat to aquatic life due to biomagnifications and bioaccumulation. ...
Solar-boosted oxidation plus hydrogen production for pollutant removal in wastewater, driven by a high thermal and low-potential electrochemical combination, is facilitated and demonstrated from theory to experiments. One sun fully offers both thermal and electrical energy powered thermo- and electrochemistry for pollutant oxidation. Solar thermal action provides high temperatures for the activation of the pollutant molecules to gear up for solar-driven electrochemical oxidation. Taking wastewater containing phenol as an example, the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves display two redox processes at less than 100 °C, while only one redox process of single oxidation of phenol appears at more than 100 °C. The oxidation of phenol is accompanied by an efficient evolution of hydrogen, in which the yield of 0.627 mL at 30 °C is increased to 2.294 mL at 210 °C. The phenol removal is enhanced to 80.50% at 210 °C. Tracking the reaction progress shows that small molecular organic acids are detected as the only intermediate at the high temperatures, which suggests the easy realization of full mineralization. The kinetic reaction of the phenol oxidation is fitted to the first order with an increase of the rate constant of 10 times compared with that at low temperatures. Solar engineering of oxidation of organic pollutants not only solves the issue of energy demand for the tough wastewater treatment but also realizes fast and efficient oxidation of organic pollutants. This study opens up new avenues to achieve solar wastewater treatment and simultaneous hydrogen production.
