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The present revision focuses on the enigmatic Southwest Asian genus Aethionema in Iran based on taxonomic literature, fieldwork, and study of over 400 herbarium specimens. As a result of the present study, A. diastrophis and A. transhyrcanum are newly found for Iran. The former is morphologically closer to A. membranaceum and A. kopetdaghi rather t...
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Context 1
... studies on the Brassicaceae show that the family is split into two major groups, one of which is Aethionemeae (including Aethionema sensu Al-Shehbaz 2012) and the other is the rest of the family, "core Brassicaceae" ( Franzke et al. 2011). Table 2. Moriera was accepted by Hedge (1968) though it was reduced earlier by Busch (1939) to synonymy of Aethionema. ...
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Citations
... Only two Ceutorhynchus species have been reported on Aethionema from five eastern localities in Turkey (Colonnelli, 2005), and one from Armenia (Korotyaev, 1992), based on two supposed Aethionema species. Aethionema species in Turkey are the most common and diverse (up to 51 from 57 known species; Moazzeni et al., 2018), nevertheless, there are only two species (1.4% from 106 Turkish species) of Ceutorhynchus recorded. Both of the Ceutorhynchus species are very small (1.6-1.7 mm) and could easily be preserved in amber, which preserves larger Ceutorhynchus (2.2-2.6 mm long). ...
The beetle Ceutorhynchus is used as a proxy for Eocene core Brassicaceae. The age of Brassicaceae has been strongly debated because their fossil record is scanty. There are four species of Ceutorhynchus inaffectatus species-group known in the Priabonian: Ceutorhynchus zerovae new species in Rovno amber and three in Baltic amber. There are numerous extant members of the group, all of which feed on core Brassicaceae. Together with differentiation of Brassicaceae-feeding Pierinae (Lepidoptera) in the Priabonian, the strong presence of Ceutorhynchus indicates at least an early Priabonian age of core Brassicaceae. The oldest fossil Brassicaceae is not known in the late Eocene of Europe, but was recorded in Montana, dated in some studies as late Oligocene, but recently as Priabonian (34 Ma). Ceutorhynchus zerovae n. sp. is very close to C . electrinus from Baltic amber.
UUID: http://zoobank.org/7f10761f-463d-44c5-9eef-bb4697bfb116 .
... Aethionema arabicum (L.) Andrz. ex DC. is an annual member of the Aethionemeae and occurs mainly in the East Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian region 25 , the hypothetical centre of origin for Brassicaceae 26,27 . The species constantly experiences unpredictable climatic conditions in the semi-arid steppe (Central Anatolian Plateau), along elevations of the mountain slopes and screes ( Fig. 1) with occasional microclimates along elevation in the major mountain belts 28 . ...
Plasticity in plant dispersal traits can maximise the ability of a plant species to survive in stressful environments during colonization. Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae) is a dimorphic annual species that is hypothesized to survive stressful conditions during colonization due to adaptive plasticity in life-phase (vegetative vs sexual) and fruit morph (dehiscent [DEH] vs indehiscent fruits [IND]). We tested for adaptive plasticity in life-phase and fruit morphs along laboratory environmental stress gradients found in the natural habitats of Ae. arabicum. We considered optimal environmental conditions (750–2000 m above sea level) to be those that resulted in the following fitness parameters: higher biomass and a higher total number of fruits compared to stressful habitats. We found evidence of plasticity in life-phase and fruit-morph along a stressful environmental gradient. High hydrothermal stress proportionally increased the number of dehiscent morphs and non-dormant seeds germinating in autumn. This offsets natural phenology towards dry and cold winter (less hydrothermal stress), yielding fewer fruits that dehisce in the next generation. We conclude that the plastic responses of Ae. arabicum to natural stress gradients constitute a strategy of long-term adaptive benefits and favouring potential pathways of colonisation of the optimal habitat.
Although the mountains in South-West Asia are a global biodiversity hotspot, our understanding of their biodiversity, especially in the commonly remote alpine and subnival zones, is still limited. This is well exemplified here by Aethionema umbellatum (Brassicaceae), a species considered to have a wide yet disjoint distribution in the Zagros and Yazd-Kerman mountains of western and central Iran. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic data (based on plastid trnL-trnF and nuclear ITS sequences) show that A. umbellatum is restricted to a single mountain range in southwestern Iran (Dena Mts., southern Zagros), whereas populations from central Iran (Yazd-Kerman and central Zagros) and from western Iran (central Zagros) belong to species new to science, A. alpinum and A. zagricum, respectively. Both new species are phylogenetically and morphologically close to A. umbellatum, with which they share unilocular fruits and one-seeded locules. However, they are easily distinguishable by leaf shape, petal size, and fruit characters. This study confirms that the alpine flora of the Irano-Anatolian region is still poorly known. As the proportion of rare and local endemic species in alpine habitats is high, these habitats are of prime interest for conservation efforts.
In this study, Aethionema sancakense Yıld. & Kılıç (Brassicaceae) anatomical, palynological and seed surface features were determined. This study aims to reveal the structural features of this species. Root, stem cross-sections, leaf epidermis features were investigated from the plant and anatomical features were determined by taking images. Superficial and transverse sections were taken from the plant by hand, stained with alcian blue and safranin at a ratio of 3:2, examined under a light microscope and photographed. Multi layered cortex structure was detected under the outermost epidermis of the trunk. Peridermis layer is torn in some points and removed from the root. The cortex layer is composed of parenchymal cells and is in 7-8 rows. The sclerenchymal tissue in the cortex layer consists of 2-4 rows of cells arranged intermittently. For palynological examinations, pollen of A. sancakense were examined under the light microscope by Woodhouse method. The type of pollen, whose electron microscope images were taken, was determined as monad and aperture type tricolpat. It was observed that the pollen grains were radially symmetrical and isopolar and their measurements were taken. The seed surface was dark brown and oval shaped, and the surface ornamentation was reticulate-verrucate. In our study, we tried to determine the taxonomic characters of A. sancakense in terms of both anatomical characters and palynological features.
Aethionema lepidioides Hub.-Mor. is an endangered endemic species in Turkey with a very narrow natural distribution area. The present study aims to reveal the structural features of this species. For this purpose, its unknown morphological features – such as leaf, petal, sepal dimensions and shapes, filament and anther lengths, as well as seed dimensions, shape, colour and micromorphology – have been studied for the first time. To reveal the pollen characteristics of Ae. lepidioides , light microscope and SEM studies were conducted. Additionally, in the present study the anatomical features of Ae. lepidioides were also studied for the first time. The Ae. lepidioides leaves were found to be linear-oblanceolate, with an entire margin and a subacute to obtuse apex. The seeds were found to be dark brown and oval-shaped, with reticulated surface ornamentation. Anatomical studies found roots in the secondary growth stage, with xylem-filled pith. The stem was in the primary growth stage, featuring a multi-layer cortex under its outermost single-layered epidermis, a pronounced endodermis and a central cylinder beneath. The leaves were thick, amphistomatic and covered with a prominent wax layer. Their mesophyll was equifacial, and their stoma type was anisocytic. A stomatal index of 26 was found for the upper epidermis, while a corresponding index of 28.4 was found for the lower epidermis. The pollens were monad, radially symmetrical and isopolar. The pollen type was colpate, and the pollen shape was found to be prolate-spheroidal with a P/E ratio of 1.08.
Aethionema aytachii Ertuğrul & Hamzaoğlu, a new species from central Anatolia that grows on marly hills in the Ayaş district of Ankara Province (Turkey), is described and its relationships and distinguishing characters from the closest relative A. dumanii are discussed. The shape of pollen grains of A. aytachii is tricolpate, and its seed-coat sculpture is verrucate. Sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the new species was used to determine about its phylogenetic relation within Aethionema.
Background:
Here we present a revised species checklist for the Brassicaceae, updated from Warwick SI, Francis, A, Al-Shehbaz IA (2006), Brassicaceae: Species checklist and database on CD-ROM, Plant Systematics and Evolution 259: 249─25. This update of the checklist was initiated, based on recent taxonomic and molecular studies on the Brassicaceae that have resulted in new species names, combinations and associated synonyms.
New information:
New data have been added indicating tribal affiliations within the family and where type specimens have been designated. In addition, information from many early publications has been checked and added to the database. The database now includes information on 14983 taxa, 4636 of which are currently accepted and divided into 340 genera and 52 tribes. A selected bibliography of recent publications on the Brassicaceae is included.
