Table 1 - uploaded by Marek Majdan
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Background
Traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) pose a significant burden globally, while existing epidemiological data–especially on population mortality–are limited. The aim of this study was to calculate the age-standardized population mortality rates attributable to TSCI in 22 European countries, along with the pooled age-standardized mortalit...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the purposes of this study, TSCI-related deaths were defined by the set of ICD-10 codes exhibited in Table 1. ...
Context 2
... data and results are presented in an online appendix -tables and figures in the appendix are denoted with A (e.g. Additional file 1: Table S1 and Additional file 1: Figure S1 etc.). ...
Context 3
... het- erogeneity was observed between the countries in both sexes -I 2 = 100%. See Fig. 1 for details and Additional file 1: Table S1 for an overview of crude and age- standardized TSCI-related population mortality rates by a country, sex and age group. ...
Context 4
... number of deaths in the population of the whole Europe (48 countries) would be 4570 (95% CI: 3538 to 5675). See Table 5 and Additional file 1: Table S3 for details. ...
Citations
... Despite notable advancements in surgical techniques and pharmaceutical interventions, a lack of efficacious therapeutic alternatives persists in terms of fundamentally enhancing functional recuperation. Moreover, SCI not only inflicts severe physical and psychological trauma upon patients (Majdan et al., 2017), but also imposes a substantial economic burden on both society and families due to suboptimal rehabilitation outcomes and excessive reliance on nursing care (Ge et al., 2018). As a medical condition, SCI is distinguished by its elevated prevalence (Fehlings et al., 2017), significant disability (Anderson, 2004;Fawcett et al., 2007), and heightened mortality rates (Song et al., 2022). ...
Spinal cord injury is a condition affecting the central nervous system, causing different levels of dysfunction below the point of nerve damage. A 50-year-old woman suffered a neck injury as a result of a car accident. After undergoing posterior cervical C3–C6 internal fixation with titanium plates on one side and C7 lamina decompression, the patient, who had been diagnosed with C3–C7 cervical disk herniation and spinal stenosis causing persistent compression of the spinal cord, was transferred to the rehabilitation department. After implementing the combined therapy of Virtual Reality-based arm and leg cycling along with transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, the patients experienced a notable enhancement in both sensory and motor abilities as per the ASIA scores. The patient’s anxiety and depression were reduced as measured by the Hamilton Anxiety and Hamilton Depression Tests. As evaluated by the SCIM-III, the patient’s self-reliance and capacity to carry out everyday tasks showed ongoing enhancement, leading to the restoration of their functionality. Hence, the use of Virtual Reality-based arm and leg cycling along with transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation has potential to positively impact function in patients with spinal cord injury. However, as this is a case report, the small number of patients and the fact that the intervention was initiated early after the injury, we were unable to separate the recovery due to the intervention from the natural recovery that is known to occur in the initial weeks and months after SCI. Therefore, further randomized controlled trials with a large sample size is necessary.
... European countries found a pooled age-standardised mortality ratio of 6.7 per million for persons who had sustained a tSCI (Majdan et al., 2017). However, the study by Majdan et al. (2017) is not comparable to that of Chamberlain et al. (2015), as the data was not based on the total number of hospital admission of persons following a tSCI. ...
... European countries found a pooled age-standardised mortality ratio of 6.7 per million for persons who had sustained a tSCI (Majdan et al., 2017). However, the study by Majdan et al. (2017) is not comparable to that of Chamberlain et al. (2015), as the data was not based on the total number of hospital admission of persons following a tSCI. Furthermore, a review by Chiu et al. (2010) found mortality rates that ranged from 3.1 to 17.5 per million people in developing countries, such as Russia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Taiwan, China, and Nigeria, compared to a mortality rate of only 8 per million in a developed country such as Canada. ...
BACKGROUND
A scarcity of data exists regarding the processes of care and its effects on mortality and the functioning of patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries (tSCI). To improve survival rates of these patients, one will need to identify processes or personal factors that may cause early mortality and worsen function. Furthermore, these process and personal factors concerning mortality may vary between contexts primarily due to process aspects differing, which should be explored to develop fit-for-purpose decision-making models.
... Similar findings were observed in Asia (44) and around the world (9), which were in line with our results. However, in Europe, the most common causes of injuries were falls and MVCs, respectively (46). The incidence and prevalence of TSCI varied between developing and developed countries (9). ...
... A metaanalysis (4) conducted by Chamberlain et al. showed that TSCI-related mortality rates ranged from 2.1%, 7.0%, 7.6%, to 24.1% in the WHO regions of Western Pacific, Europe, the Americas, and Africa, respectively. The result of research conducted in Europe (46) showed that most deaths occurred in the older age groups, especially in the female popula-tion. The most common causes of death were falls (53%) and MVCs (23%) with the same proportions in both sexes. ...
Introduction: Understanding the epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCIs) can be helpful for policymakers and planners to consider appropriate strategies to control and prevent these injuries. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological characteristics of TSCI in Iran in order to increase knowledge and awareness of these injuries.
Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted up to January 2022 in the electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SID, Iranmedex, and Magiran. The quality of included studies was evaluated using the STORBE checklist. Comprehensive meta-analysis was used to analyze the data.
Results: Nineteen studies involving 9416 cases were included in the study. Participants’ pooled mean age was 35.80 ± 1.07 years (95% CI: 33.69 to 37.91), of whom 69% (95% CI: 68% to 70%; P
... ). of America (USA) populations also concluded that TSCI induces an enormous risk of early mortality, suggesting that substantial investments in healthcare and prevention programs could extend and improve the lives of patients worldwide. 37,38 It is worth noting that this review will focus on TSCI rather than NTSCI considering three key aspects that are relevant from both medical and research perspectives: (1) the incidence of TSCI is predominant globally; (2) the pathophysiology after trauma is more foreseeable and uniform comparatively to lesions originated from degenerative disorders and cancer; and (3) TSCIs are better replicated on animal models. Therefore, in what follows, descriptive content and discussions will center on TSCI. ...
Along with the development of the next generation of biomedical platforms, the inclusion of graphene-based materials (GBMs) into therapeutics for spinal cord injury (SCI) has potential to nourish topmost neuroprotective and neuroregenerative strategies for enhancing neural structural and physiological recovery. In the context of SCI, contemplated as one of the most convoluted challenges of modern medicine, this review first provides an overview of its characteristics and pathophysiological features. Then, the most relevant ongoing clinical trials targeting SCI, including pharmaceutical, robotics/neuromodulation, and scaffolding approaches, are introduced and discussed in sequence with the most important insights brought by GBMs into each particular topic. The current role of these nanomaterials on restoring the spinal cord microenvironment after injury is critically contextualized, while proposing future concepts and desirable outputs for graphene-based technologies aiming to reach clinical significance for SCI.
... A study by Ghaem and colleagues showed that trauma-related mortality was higher in patients older than 55 years ( 18). Besides, Majdan and colleagues argued that TSCI-related mortality rate was higher in patients older than 65 years ( 19), which is in agreement with our study. Interestingly, the prevalence of TSCI is significantly higher among young adults, and differences between age groups may be due to differences in methodology, socioeconomic status, culture, and area of living. ...
... Moreover, results showed that mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with cervical spine and spinal cord injuries. Majdan and colleagues reported that the most common cause of death in trauma patients was cervical injuries (66% in males vs. 55% in females), followed by lumbar injuries (19% in males vs. 26% in females) ( 19). A study by Majdan and colleagues in Australia showed that the most common level of injury was cervical damage, which was in compliance with our study. ...
hmj.hums.ac.ir http Background Traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCIs) lead to numerous unpleasant impacts on spinal cord and neural tissues, and may adversely affect physical and psychological health during lifetime. Some degree of neurological deficit occurs in 10%-20% of all patients at the level of spine injury; 40% at the cervical spine level, and 15%-20% in the thoracolumbar level. In spite of advances in emergency ward services in pre-hospital settings, TSCI is still a major cause of global mortality and morbidity. These complications have adverse impacts on the patient's life as well as his/her family members' lives and the society (1, 2). Over the past two decades, the death from TSCI in trauma patients has shown a steady trend, and been reported 17% (3). The prevalence of TSCI
... Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 individuals suffer from the pain of SCI annually worldwide [2,3]. SCI generally results in neurological dysfunction, reduces the quality of life, or even threatens patient's life [4,5]. Despite the increasing of treatment costs each year, there is still no effective therapy to enhance neurological recovery after SCI [6]. ...
Background
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-threatening traumatic disorder. Paeonol has been confirmed to be involved in a variety of diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of paeonol on SCI progression.
Methods
Sprague Dawley (SD) rat was used for the establishment of SCI model to explore the anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and neuroprotective effects of paeonol (60 mg/kg) on SCI in vivo. For in vitro study, mouse primary microglial cells (BV-2) were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) treatment. The effect of paeonol on the polarization of LPS/ATP-induced BV-2 cells was determined by detection the expression inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), arginase-1 (Arg-1), and interleukin (IL)-10 using qRT-PCR. ELISA was used to assess the levels of IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH). Western blotting was conducted to determine the levels of NLRP3 inflammasomes and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB (p65) pathway proteins.
Results
Paeonol promoted the recovery of locomotion function and spinal cord structure, and decreased spinal cord water content in rats following SCI. Meanwhile, paeonol reduced the levels of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), NLRP3, active caspase 1 and N-gasdermin D (N-GSDMD), repressed the contents of IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α and MDA, and elevated GSH level. In vitro, paeonol exerted similarly inhibiting effects on pyroptosis and inflammation. Meanwhile, paeonol promoted BV-2 cells M2 polarization. In addition, paeonol also inactivated the expression of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB (p65) pathway.
Conclusion
Paeonol may regulate NLRP3 inflammasomes and pyroptosis to alleviate SCI, pointing out the potential for treating SCI in clinic.
... Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the world's leading causes of disability (Singh et al., 2014;Cripps et al., 2010;Majdan et al., 2017;Badhiwala et al., 2018). No curative therapy exists, and treatment is limited to supportive care. ...
Introduction
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is one of the leading causes of disability in the world. Treatment is limited to supportive care and no curative therapy exists. Experimental research to understand the complex pathophysiology and potential mediators of spinal cord regeneration is essential to develop innovative translational therapies. A multitude of experimental imaging methods to monitor spinal cord regeneration in vivo have developed over the last years. However, little literature exists to deal with advanced imaging methods specifically available in SCI research.
Research Question
This systematic literature review examines the current standards in experimental imaging in SCI allowing for in vivo imaging of spinal cord regeneration on a neuronal, vascular, and cellular basis.
Material and Methods
Articles were included meeting the following criteria: experimental research, original studies, rodent subjects, and intravital imaging. Reviewed in detail are microstructural and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Micro-Computed Tomography, Laser Speckle Imaging, Very High Resolution Ultrasound, and in vivo microscopy techniques.
Results
Following the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, 689 articles were identified for review, of which 492 were sorted out after screening and an additional 104 after detailed review. For qualitative synthesis 93 articles were included in this publication.
Discussion and Conclusion
With this study we give an up-to-date overview about modern experimental imaging techniques with the potential to advance the knowledge on spinal cord regeneration following SCI. A thorough knowledge of the strengths and limitations of the reviewed techniques will help to optimally exploit our current experimental armamentarium in the field.
... Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most serious types of nerve injury caused by external direct or indirect factors [8,18]. The prognosis of patients with SCI is extremely dismal, causing limb movement disorders, loss of cognitive function, and even paralysis, which seriously affect people's quality of life [9,21]. ...
Long noncoding RNAs have been demonstrated to play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, we aimed to explore the roles and underlying mechanisms of lncRNA X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) in SCI progression. SCI mice model was constructed and evaluated by the Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan method. The SCI cell model was constructed by treating BV2 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The levels of XIST and miR-219-5p were determined by the reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protein levels were measured via western blot assay. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. The relationship between XIST and miR-219-5p was analyzed by online tool starBase, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. As a result, the XIST level was enhanced and the miR-219-5p level was declined in the SCI mice model. XIST was also upregulated in LPS-induced BV2 cells. LPS treatment restrained BV2 cell viability and accelerated apoptosis and inflammatory response. XIST knockdown effectively weakened LPS-induced BV2 cell injury. miR-219-5p was identified as a target of XIST. Moreover, inhibition of miR-219-5p restored the impacts of XIST knockdown on cell viability, apoptosis, and inflammation in LPS-treated BV2 cells. In addition, LPS-induced XIST promoted the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway by sponging miR-219-5p. In conclusion, XIST silencing promoted microglial cell viability and repressed apoptosis and inflammation by sponging miR-219-5p, thus promoting the recovery of SCI.
... A study by Ghaem and colleagues showed that trauma-related mortality was higher in patients older than 55 years ( 18). Besides, Majdan and colleagues argued that TSCI-related mortality rate was higher in patients older than 65 years ( 19), which is in agreement with our study. Interestingly, the prevalence of TSCI is significantly higher among young adults, and differences between age groups may be due to differences in methodology, socioeconomic status, culture, and area of living. ...
... Moreover, results showed that mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with cervical spine and spinal cord injuries. Majdan and colleagues reported that the most common cause of death in trauma patients was cervical injuries (66% in males vs. 55% in females), followed by lumbar injuries (19% in males vs. 26% in females) ( 19). A study by Majdan and colleagues in Australia showed that the most common level of injury was cervical damage, which was in compliance with our study. ...
Background: Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) can cause numerous adverse effects on the spinal cord and neural tissues. These injuries may have negative effects on physical and psychological health during the lifespan. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of TSCI in patients with trauma admitted to Bessat Hospital of Hamadan between 2007 and 2017. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3,219 patients with traumatic spinal injuries admitted to Bessat Hospital of Hamadan between 2007 and 2017. Data were collected from the hospital information system. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. Quantitative data were expressed as mean, standard deviation, and frequency, and qualitative data were analyzed using the chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. The significance level was considered to be less than 0.05. Results: Mortality was significantly associated with gender (P = 0.001), age (P = 0.051), external causes of injury (P = 0.001), and type of injury (P = 0.001). The length of hospital stay was significantly associated with the type of injury (P = 0.001) and external causes of injury (P = 0.001), whereas there was no significant relationship between the length of hospital stay and gender, age, and surgery (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Mortality rates were highest at the age of 55 years or over among other age groups. Thus, effective interventions and programs should be implemented for this age group.
... La mortalidad en el grupo de ancianos fue alta, mayor que en jóvenes como dicta la lógica, y se ha demostrado en estudios multicéntricos 17,27 . Las cifras en otros estudios son muy divergentes, y se relacionan con el tipo de centro de ingreso, los grupos de edad y otras características de inclusión. ...
Objective
To analyze the incidence and characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in geriatric population of Galicia (Spain), hospital management and functional prognosis
Methods
Comparative retrospective study. Patients admitted with acute traumatic SCI during the time period between January 2010 and December 2016 were included. Two groups established: The elderly over and under 75 years of age, with the latter acting as a control group.
Results
379 patients were studied (27.2% ≥75 years). The main etiology in the >75 years group were falls: 80.6%. There were 65.7% who presented incomplete spinal cord injuries with mean motor index (MI) of 44.9/100. Upon discharge, 90.8% were dependent. Hospital mortality was 34.9%. Those >75 years suffered from more cervical injuries (74.8 vs. 51.2%, p < 0.001), longer delay in diagnosis (31.1% vs. 9.2%, p < 0.001) and higher hospital mortality (34.9% vs. 3.2%, p < 0.001). Fewer surgical interventions were performed, with a longer delay. Percentages for admission into ICU, mechanical ventilation and performing a tracheostomy proved to be similar. There were no significant differences found in the evolution according to the ASIA scale or the MI.
Conclusions
1) The frequency of traumatic SCI in the elderly in Galicia is high. 2) Neurological evolution is similar to younger patients but the level of dependence is higher. 3) The level of care provided is similar in both groups, except for the surgical indication. 4) Hospital mortality is high.
