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List of English Examples of Proverbs Reflecting Selection, Optimization, Compensation, or Alternative Strategies of Life Management
Source publication
Proverbs were used to examine whether laypeople's conceptions of or preferences for life-management strategies are consistent with the model of selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC model). The SOC model posits that there are three fundamental processes of life management: selection, optimization, and compensation. In two studies (N = 64;...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... of the pool of 418 proverbs, only those proverbs on which five in-house experts of the SOC model unanimously agreed in their categorization and that were judged to be easily understandable and applicable to a variety of life do- mains were selected (see Table 1 for English versions of the proverbs). One hundred fifty-six proverbs were selected that reflected selection ( n 34), optimization ( n 39), com- pensation ( n 27), or unspecified alternative strategies of life management ( n 56). ...
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Citations
... In fact, it has been suggested that young individuals are exposed to high demands and insufficient resources at work and in their private lives simultaneously (Demerouti et al., 2012). To meet demands, the use of action regulation strategies such as selection, optimization and compensation (SOC; Baltes et al., 1999) has proved helpful in terms of maintaining well-being despite high demands (Freund and Baltes, 2002). Selection refers to decisions about what goals to pursue, as young individuals tend to select goals that lead toward enhanced development, whereas loss-based selection refers to maintaining function and is more prevalent at higher ages. ...
... Optimization consists of the strategies used to apply resources to meet goals, and compensation refers to the process of mitigating a lack of resources (Cadiz et al., 2019). However, the use of SOC strategies is likely increased and refined over time due to accumulation of experience of various situations in life (Freund and Baltes, 2002), leaving young individuals with less readiness to deal with potential challenges of work life. Indeed, lack of experience and coping skills to face everyday situations at work might cause higher levels of stress (Duchscher, 2009). ...
... Some have argued that young leaders need clearer boundaries and support to know what is expected in the leader role (Buengeler et al., 2016), implying that the role is not clear enough. In situations where goals, demands, and resources are misaligned, SOC strategies are helpful but the usage of SOC does not peek in early adulthood (Freund and Baltes, 2002) leaving the young leader with less resources to handle this demand. Moreover, young leaders need to identify themselves in leader roles (Benjamin and O'Reilly, 2011) and live up to assigned obligations, suggesting parallel processes of exploration and role fulfilment, which presumably are neither clear nor straightforward. ...
Building on the job demand resources (JD-R) model, we examined the experience of work environment and well-being among young leaders in a two-wave survey study of 1,033 leaders within the private sector in Sweden. Our results reveal that young leaders report higher levels of burnout and lower rates of vigor compared to older colleagues. Further, they appraise demand and resources differently, perceiving higher emotional demands and less organizational support, and they seem to struggle with the leader role, seeing it as unclear and conflicting. Our findings underline the necessity of viewing the leader role from a lifespan perspective as well as considering age-specific aspects in the JD-R model. In practice, we urge organizations to improve prerequisites for young leaders by providing support and role clarifications to prevent impaired well-being and improve retention. By bringing leadership and lifespan studies together, we aim for a better understanding of what specific prerequisites young leaders need to thrive in the leader role thus showing how age matters and bring the field of research forward.
... W ten sposób dochodzi do skoncentrowania aktywów na mniejszej liczbie wyzwań/dążeń/działań, które stają się dla osoby istotnymi celami, ponieważ zaczynają decydować o przebiegu jej życia. Dlatego selekcja jest często określana jako proces zawężenia szans życiowych w stosunku do możliwych/alternatywnych celów i/lub ścieżek rozwojowych (Baltes i Baltes 1990;Freund i Baltes 2000, 2002aBajor i Baltes 2003). ...
... nadawać kierunek rozwojowi osobistemu pomimo doświadczania strat, skupiać dostępne zasoby na możliwych do realizacji dążeniach, dopasowywać cele do dostępnych zasobów, chronić istotne wymiary życia (np. poczucie sensu własnej egzystencji) w sytuacji dużych strat kapitałowych (Baltes i Baltes 1990;Baltes i Carstensen 1996;Freund i Baltes 20002002a;Bajor i Baltes 2003;Jopp i Smith 2006;Freund i in. 2017;Moghimi i in. ...
... This model stated that the process of goal selection consists of elective (self-chosen goals) and loss-based selection (due to constraints or losses) (Robinson et al., 2016) and is prioritising changes in goal selection with ageing. Optimisation refers to the use of existing resources to achieve the adapted goals (Freund & Baltes, 2002. The use of alternative strategies to overcome the losses or constraints is defined as compensation. ...
Objective: Older adults have been impacted more than most by the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. We identify how older adults have adapted during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom and Colombia.Method: We investigated how older people in the United Kingdom and Colombia adapted to the pandemic. The analysis will be undertaken by qualitative constructivist grounded theory. We interviewed n=29 participants in the UK and n=33 participants in Colombia.Findings: The pandemic highlighted the ability of older adults to learn new skills when faced with challenges and adversities. The results suggest that some participants found new goals, and some found pleasure in optimising existing skills and tasks. Other participants compensated for the lack of social connectivity by intensifying hobbies they already enjoy. We identified three ways in which older adults adapted: cognitive, emotional, and behavioural. However, not all participants adapted well, instead struggled to adapt. Across countries, many participants were ‘holding the tension’ and were waiting for the pandemic to end.Conclusion: Adaptation under adverse circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic is possible for older adults. However, many participants were ‘holding the tension’ until the health threat was over.
... Methods (meditation) to build attentional regulation skills and assist the decrease of discursive cognition are added, before moving to deconstruction methods that dissolve the sense of self and separateness (Lindahl & Britton, 2019). To address the objective life conditions, the goal setting structure mapped Freund and Baltes' (2002) elective selection. Here, participants chose a particular goal or set of goals to pursue as a means to improve their perception of quality of life (Teshale & Lachman, 2016). ...
Due to the multi-factorial nature of the self-report of happiness, an enhancement program was designed that focused on mental style (subjective processes), and relationships, work, money, health, and leisure (objective life domains). An examination of interventions revealed mindfulness training (subjective factors) and goal setting (objective factors) as effective change modalities. To address this, the Mindfulness-based Quality of Life and Well-being Program (MQW) was developed and evaluated against the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale, Quality of Life Index, Personal Wellbeing Index–Adult, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, the Satisfaction with Life scale, and the newly developed Clinical Quality of Life Scale (CLINQOL). To explore training protocol effects, the program was delivered in a graduated (6 weekly sessions x 2 hours) and intensive (2 consecutive days x 6 hours) format. Using a randomized trial, participants were allocated across these conditions and a control. A total of 191 participants completed the study and were assessed at pre, post and follow up time points. Increases in mindfulness, quality of life, subjective well-being, and positive and negative affect (not life satisfaction), were greater in treated (combined formats) than control participants at post-test, and for mindfulness at follow up. Other than an increase in mindfulness for the 2 day condition at follow up, changes were similar in both intervention formats. Finally, to investigate what unique difference the MQW might have in comparison to teaching just mindfulness, the full version of the program was compared to an expanded section of the mindfulness component of the program. A total of 74 subjects began the program and filled out assessments across the three time periods. There was no difference between groups or an interaction between group and time. Overall, the findings provide preliminary evidence that a multi-dimensional training approach, using mindfulness and goal setting, may be a beneficial intervention model to enhance subjective and objective components in the perception of quality of life and well-being. However, further investigation into its added benefit to mindfulness alone is required.
... The most widely used method is measurement through self-reports. Some authors have also employed qualitative interviews (Müller et al., 2013), proverb analysis (Freund & Baltes, 2002b), or explored the relationship between resource availability and functioning (Freund, 2006). The original SOC questionnaire (Baltes et al., 1999) consists of 48 items evenly representing all strategies. ...
The study deals with the psychometric characteristics of the Czech versions of Academic and Social Selection, Optimization and Compensation (SOC) questionnaires. Self-report data were collected in a sample of 618 university students aged between 19 and 30 years. McDonald’s omega coefficient was used for reliability estimation; construct validity was tested by confirmatory factor analysis and principal component analysis. Criterion validity was tested in a series of regression analyses. The instruments showed adequate reliability, ranging from 0.73 to 0.84 for Academic SOC and from 0.70 to 0.79 for Social SOC scales. Confirmatory factor analysis did not corroborate the original model proposed by Geldhof et al. (2012), except for the Loss-Based Selection factor. Post-hoc exploratory principal component analysis further supported these results. It turned out that the items were clustered according to different criteria compared to the original dimensions. Our results are in line with more recent findings, pointing to differences in the structure and employment of SOC strategies in young and older adults. We recommend that the Academic and Social SOC are revised in accordance with these recent findings and other methodological considerations.
... Hypothesis 2 Based on the theory of selection, optimization, and compensation (Baltes, 1997;Freund & Baltes, 2002) and the social compensation hypothesis (Zywica & Danowski, 2008), we expected telephone and digital interactions to have stronger effects on well-being in people who had fewer face-to-face interactions overall and on days where face-to-face interaction frequency was low. Hypothesis 3 As Bernstein et al. (2018) showed, the interactions' pleasantness was also related to participants' mood. ...
Associations between social relationships and well-being are widely documented across the lifespan, including in older age. Older adults increasingly use digital communication technologies. In the present study, we examine the role of social interactions for older adults’ daily well-being with a focus on three interaction modalities (face-to-face, telephone, and digital). Specifically, we examine (a) whether people who are more socially active than others report higher levels of well-being and (b) how day-to-day fluctuations in the number of social interactions are associated with day-to-day fluctuations of well-being, separately by interaction modality. We use data from 115 participants (age: M = 72 years, SD = 5, range = 65–94; 40% women), who documented their social interactions over 21 days and reported their well-being each evening (including positive affect, negative affect, and loneliness). Taken together, our findings show that frequency of face-to-face interactions is more consistently related to well-being than telephone or digital interactions. At the between-person level, those who report more face-to-face social interactions than others across 21 days report higher levels of positive affect than others. At the within-person level, on days where participants report more face-to-face social interactions than their own average, they report higher positive affect, lower negative affect, and lower loneliness than usual. In addition, a higher number of digital interactions is associated with lower negative affect at the between-person level. In summary, our findings suggest that face-to-face social interactions are uniquely relevant to older adults’ daily well-being. We discuss implications of these findings for future research.
... Based on these assumptions, Antonovsky proposed the concept of sense of coherence (SOC), which comprises of three elements: (1) comprehensibility-the extent to which the stressors are perceived as predictable, ordered and accountable (2) manageability-the ability to cope using adequate resources at disposal; and (3) meaningfulness-the degree to which the stressors are appraised as challenges worthy of investment and commitment, rather than a burden (Wiesmann et al., 2017). Psychologists recommended the adaptation of selection, optimisation and compensation as proactive strategies of life management (Freund & Baltes, 2002). Selection refers to developing and choosing goals, optimisation to the application and refinement of goal-relevant means and compensation to the substitution of means when previous means are no longer available (Freund & Baltes, 2002). ...
... Psychologists recommended the adaptation of selection, optimisation and compensation as proactive strategies of life management (Freund & Baltes, 2002). Selection refers to developing and choosing goals, optimisation to the application and refinement of goal-relevant means and compensation to the substitution of means when previous means are no longer available (Freund & Baltes, 2002). The process of selection, optimisation and compensation focuses on setting clear goals, investing means into the pursuit of the goals and carrying these out persistently even in the face of adversity, which is consistent with the SOC concept (Freund & Baltes, 2002). ...
... Selection refers to developing and choosing goals, optimisation to the application and refinement of goal-relevant means and compensation to the substitution of means when previous means are no longer available (Freund & Baltes, 2002). The process of selection, optimisation and compensation focuses on setting clear goals, investing means into the pursuit of the goals and carrying these out persistently even in the face of adversity, which is consistent with the SOC concept (Freund & Baltes, 2002). ...
Aims
This study aimed to identify the predicting factors of quality of life (QoL) from a set of psychosocial, sociodemographic and clinical variables amongst older adults in a long-term care setting.
Design
A cross-sectional, descriptive correlational study.
Method
The study was conducted in a nursing home and a day care centre from July to December 2019. Two hundred older adults were recruited. Guided by the salutogenic model, the sense of coherence (SOC) scale, Connor–Davidson resilience scale, de Jong Gierveld loneliness scale and World Health Organization quality of life instrument-older adults (WHOQOL-OLD) were used. The sociodemographic and clinical profiles of participants were collected. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, independent-samples t test, one-way analysis of variance and stepwise regression were utilised in the analysis.
Results
The mean score for WHOQOL-OLD was 94.42 ± 19.55. The highest mean score was observed in the “Death and Dying” facet, while the lowest mean scores were reflected in the “Autonomy” and “Intimacy” facets of QoL. Regardless of resident type, most QoL scores were similar across different variables. Based on the stepwise regression, higher manageability and meaningfulness in SOC, higher resilience, lower social loneliness, lower emotional loneliness and hearing impairments are significantly associated with higher QoL.
Conclusion
Manageability, meaningfulness and resilience should be enhanced while ameliorating feelings of loneliness to improve the QoL amongst older adults receiving long-term care. Age, marital status, educational level, care arrangement, body mass index, performance in activities of daily living, comorbidities and hearing and mobility impairments could influence QoL and thus warrant more attention.
Impact
Future interventions can be conducted in group sessions to facilitate social interaction and alleviate loneliness. More resources should be allocated to enhance older adults’ care arrangements and coping mechanisms to provide them with the support, as they face challenges in daily life due to mobility impairment and other restrictions.
... Study designs mostly entail the pursuit of competing tasks, for instance walking and memorizing at the same time (Li, Lindenberger, Freund, & Baltes, 2001), the manipulation of available resources (Ebner, Freund, & Baltes, 2006), or the behavioral engagement in optimization vs. compensation behavior (Freund, 2006). Freund and Baltes (2002b) also introduced a more objective way to test the adaptiveness of SOC strategies as life management strategies in a study on proverbs. The authors asked participants to match proverbs with sentence stems that are representative of life management situations. ...
... The goal of this paradigm is to see whether individuals prefer a SOC-related proverb in situations where life management is required over a non-SOC proverb. While this approach could be seen as a more objective way of measuring SOC without the problems that are associated with self-report measures, it has so far only been applied to one set of studies (Freund & Baltes, 2002b). ...
... It is likely that individuals acquire and strengthen their use of SOC strategies as they gain experiences with life-management over time and across various situations. Specifically, through learning and practice in developing, committing to, reshaping, pursuing, and maintaining goals, SOC strategy use will be refined from early to middle adulthood and therefore SOC use should increase from young to middle adulthood (Freund & Baltes, 2002b). However, SOC strategy use is also resource consuming. ...
... Gestsdottirová a Lerner (2007) vychádzajú z modelu SOC (Selekcia, optimalizácia a kompenzávia), keď vysvetľujú, že zámerná sebaregulácia podlieha počas adolescencie istým zmenám. Baltes a Freund (2002), z ktorých vychádzajú, tvrdia, že procesy SOC majú v detstve a skorej adolescencii globálnu a nediferencovanú štruktúru, pričom v druhej dekáde života sa táto štruktúra rozvíja, až sa vyvinú tri zložky, selekcia, optimalizácia a kompenzácia. Z toho vyplýva, že deti a mladí adolescenti majú pravdepodobne obmedzené schopnosti a príležitosti k tomu, aby selektovali ciele a udávali smer svojmu rozvoju, než starší adolescenti a dospelí. ...
Aktuálna situácia v systéme svetového vzdelávania, ktorý deklaruje
potrebu vzdelávať študentov pre uplatnenie sa vo vedomostnej
spoločnosti, pre zvýšenie uplatnenia na trhu práce, stojí v pozadí
motivácie autorov venovať sa problematike kompetencií a kľúčových
kompetencií pre uplatnenie sa v znalostnej spoločnosti. Autori prezentujú
teoretické a empirické bádania s uplatnením vedeckých metód
posudzovania kompetencií a využívaním súdobých vedeckých
paradigiem. Východiskom je koncept kompetencií v rámci aktuálnych
prístupov vedeckej psychológie, ktorý rezonuje aj v oficiálnych
dokumentoch Európskej Únie, a ktorý bol autormi rozpracovaný a
obohatený. Monografia sa zameriava na vybraný súbor kompetencií,
a to: kompetenciu konať sebaregulovane, sebarozvoj, rozhodovacie
kompetencie, sociálne a metakognitívne kompetencie v kontexte
motivácie. Prezentované sú poznatky o podstate, štruktúre kompetencií,
ich vzťahy s osobnostnými a environmentálnymi premennými. Úsilie
autorov je zamerané aj na sprístupnenie poznatkov o možnostiach
posudzovania týchto kompetencií s využitím súčasných metód. Autori
komunikujú výsledky kreovania a overovania metód posudzovania
kompetencií. Implementácia výsledkov bádaní prezentovaných v
monografii je perspektívna v edukácii a poradenstve v cieľovej skupine
vysokoškolských študentov.
Obsah
1. Podstata a štruktúra kompetencie
2. Sebaregulácia a sebarozvoj
3. Rozhodovacie kompetencie
4. Sociálne a metakognitívne kompetencie
... Are age-related changes in perceived reciprocity uniform or only evident in some, but not all, relationship categories? For example, proceeding from prominent life-span theories, like the model of Selective Optimization with Compensation (e.g., Baltes & Baltes, 1990;Freund & Baltes, 2002) or the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST, e.g., Carstensen, 2006;Carstensen, Isaacowitz, & Charles, 1999), one could argue that older adults strategically invest their limited resources into some, namely, emotionally close relationships. Consequently, age-related declines in reciprocity in spousal or communal relationships might be less pronounced, as compared with stronger declines in exchange relationships. ...
Past work suggests that perceived reciprocity in social relationships declines with age. Although positive associations between perceived reciprocity and relationship satisfaction have been documented, relationship satisfaction seems to remain relatively stable over the lifespan. Addressing this seemingly contradictory pattern of findings, we predicted that perceived reciprocity may become less important to relationship satisfaction with age and that this association differs across various relationship categories (i.e., spousal, communal, and exchange relationships). We tested these predictions applying multilevel models to cross-sectional and longitudinal data of middle-aged and older adults from the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Aging (ILSE). Consistent with past work, perceived reciprocity was lower in older than middle-aged adults and declined over time, while relationship satisfaction did not differ between age groups and increased over time. Inconsistent with our prediction, the association between perceived reciprocity and relationship satisfaction was stronger in older than middle-aged adults in our cross-sectional analyses. By contrast, the longitudinal analyses that were based on only older adults were consistent with our prediction: the association between perceived reciprocity and relationship satisfaction decreased over time. Additionally, the association between perceived reciprocity and relationship satisfaction differed between relationship categories, being particularly strong in spousal relationships and less in communal and exchange relationships. In general, our results suggest that both, age and relationship category, need to be considered when investigating perceived reciprocity and relationship satisfaction from an adult lifespan perspective.
