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Liriope tetraphylla: BIN ACH9275. Material collected: 9 medusae (4 off Newport Pier, 2 off Dana Point, and one each from Balboa at Coral, Newport Harbor, and off CCSP). Medusa BIOUG01227-A02. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218848.g016
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Most, but not all cnidarian species in the class Hydrozoa have a life cycle in which a colonial, asexually reproducing hydroid phase alternates with a free-swimming, sexually reproducing medusa phase. They are not well known, in part because many of them are microscopic, at least in the medusa phase. Matching the two phases has previously required...
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Cnidarians display a wide diversity of life cycles. Among the main cnidarian clades, only Medusozoa possesses a swimming life cycle stage called the medusa, alternating with a benthic polyp stage. The medusa stage was repeatedly lost during medusozoan evolution, notably in the most diverse medusozoan class, Hydrozoa. Here, we show that the presence...
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... In some cases, the adult is also planktonic, making the life cycle holoplanktonic Analyzing the development of gastropod larvae can be done by rearing and documenting individuals, but here we show that a simpler and more efficient method is to gather individuals and identify them by sequencing their DNA barcode, which is a portion of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI or COX1) gene, found in mitochondrial DNA [3,4]. We have previously used this approach to document the life cycles of cnidarians [5] and crustaceans [6]. ...
The life cycles and biodiversity of Pacific coast gastropods were analyzed by videomicroscopy and DNA barcoding of individuals collected from tide pools and in plankton nets from a variety of shore stations. In many species (Families Calyptraeidae, Cerithiopsidae, Strombidae, Vermetidae, Columbellidae, Nassariidae, Olivellidae, Hermaeidae, Onchidorididae, Gastropteridae, Haminoeidae), the free-swimming veligers were recovered from plankton collections; in Roperia poulsoni (family Muricidae) veligers were usually recovered from egg sacs where they had been retained although some escapees were found in plankton collections; in Pteropurpura festiva (family Muricidae) free-living veligers were also found; and in Atlanta californiensis (family Atlantidae) both veligers and adults were obtained from plankton collections making this a holoplanktonic species. The results confirm that DNA barcoding based on COI gene sequencing is a useful strategy to match life-cycle stages within species as well as to identify species and to document the level of biodiversity within the gastropods.
... DNA barcoding has often revealed unexpected species diversity in many taxa (Bryant & Arehart 2019;Bucklin et al. 2011;Waugh 2007) and the present study leads to the same conclusion for gastropods. The data will contribute to the development of a DNA barcode reference library, which will allow the rapid and convenient identification of individual gastropod individuals and parts collected at any developmental stage. ...
The life cycles and biodiversity of Pacific coast gastropods were analyzed by videomicroscopy and DNA barcoding of indi-viduals collected from tide pools and in plankton nets from a variety of shore stations. In many species (Families Calyptrae-idae, Cerithiopsidae, Strombidae, Vermetidae, Columbellidae, Nassariidae, Olivellidae, Hermaeidae, Onchidorididae, Gas-tropteridae, Haminoeidae), the free-swimming veligers were recovered from plankton collections; in Roperia poulsoni (family Muricidae) veligers were usually recovered from egg sacs where they had been retained although some escapees were found in plankton collections; in Pteropurpura festiva (family Muricidae) free-living veligers were also found; and in Atlanta californiensis (family Atlantidae) both veligers and adults were obtained from plankton collections making this a holoplank-tonic species. The results confirm that DNA barcoding using the COI barcode is a useful strategy to match life-cycle stages within species as well as to identify species and to document the level of biodiversity within the gastropods.
... Meanwhile, nekton and planktonic taxon, will be more identi ed in the water column, since part of their life cycle is in the water column. Both Cnidarians and sponges are benthic, but some of the life cycles of members of the phylum Cnidaria live freely swimming in waters and planktonic in the medusa phase, such as from the class hydrozoa (jelly sh) (Bryant and Arehart 2019), while sponges are mostly attached to the bottom of the water or benthic (Folkers and Rombouts 2020;Leduc et al. 2019). ...
... Anthoathecata and leptothecata are two orders of the phylum Cnidaria which belong to the class hydrozoa and have the highest abundance in ZI and ZO, respectively. Information about this order is still relatively di cult because most members of this species are microscopic (Bryant and Arehart 2019) making it di cult to identify visually. Based on the online database in the Atlas of Living Australia (bie.ala.org.au), the distribution of these two orders is abundant throughout Australian waters, but little information is available on their presence in Indonesia. ...
Indonesia, as a country having a unique sea lane known as the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes (ASLs), has become one of the busiest countries in the world with varied shipping activities. These actions have the ability to facilitate the transmission of species (bio-invasion). Until recently, the number of global introduced species has increased, with negative consequences for environment and the economy. Environmental DNA (eDNA) approaches for detecting the presence of invasive species are currently receiving a lot of interest as a broad approach method in ecological research. As a result, the study used the eDNA technique to compare the quantity and variety of introduced species from the Cnidaria and Porifera Phyla, as well as to characterize their invasiveness status and possible presence in the waters of Jakarta Bay. Based on data from the inside Zone of National Park (ZI) and Outside Zone of National Park (ZO), the biological community composition, richness, and diversity were assessed (ZO). The mBrave workflow generated a total of 14,275 reads from high-throughput sequencing of amplicons from two zones, with 8,917 reads in ZI and 5,358 reads in ZO. Blackfordia virginica , Cordylophora caspia , and Ectopleura crocea were among the imported species included in the invasive category, with E. crocea having the highest abundance and being detected in both zones, with a total of 1300 reads, consisting of 1253 reads in ZI and 47 reads in ZO. Based on the findings, the eDNA methodology can be used as a biomonitoring and conservation method for invasive species.
... DNA barcoding has often revealed unexpected species diversity in many taxa [17,36,37] and the present study leads to the same conclusion for marine crustacea. It shows the validity of this approach and the utility of the COI Barcode for identifying species. ...
Determining the DNA sequencing of a small element in the mitochondrial DNA (DNA barcoding) makes it possible to easily identify individuals of different larval stages of marine crustaceans without the need for laboratory rearing. It can also be used to construct taxonomic trees, although it is not yet clear to what extent this barcode-based taxonomy reflects more traditional morphological or molecular taxonomy. Collections of zooplankton were made using conventional plankton nets in Newport Bay and the Pacific Ocean near Newport Beach, California (Lat. 33.628342, Long. -117.927933) between May 2013 and January 2020, and individual crustacean specimens were documented by videomicroscopy. Adult crustaceans were collected from solid substrates in the same areas. Specimens were preserved in ethanol and sent to the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada for sequencing of the COI DNA barcode. From 1042 specimens, 544 COI sequences were obtained falling into 199 Barcode Identification Numbers (BINs), of which 76 correspond to recognized species. The results show the utility of DNA barcoding for matching life-cycle stages as well as for documenting the diversity of this group of organisms.
... While it is true that some species look similar to the untrained eye and that identification may require key traits, such as gonophores, to be present at the time of collection (Gili and Hughes 1995), taxonomic keys in many regions are typically sufficient to identify specimens to family and genus level (e.g., Schuchert 2007Schuchert , 2008Schuchert , 2010. Likewise, the application of molecular tools can be of great value in helping to determine species boundaries and to resolve species identities (e.g., Bryant andArehart 2019, Schuchert 2005). DNA barcoding based on portions of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) or the 16SrRNA gene (16S), for instance, has been successful in confirming M.S.A. Vol. 28, Monograph 18 species identities, even for immature and damaged specimens, as well as for identifying cryptic species, uniting morphologically variable forms, and linking morphologically disparate components of hydroid lifecycles (Bryant and Arehart 2019). ...
... Likewise, the application of molecular tools can be of great value in helping to determine species boundaries and to resolve species identities (e.g., Bryant andArehart 2019, Schuchert 2005). DNA barcoding based on portions of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) or the 16SrRNA gene (16S), for instance, has been successful in confirming M.S.A. Vol. 28, Monograph 18 species identities, even for immature and damaged specimens, as well as for identifying cryptic species, uniting morphologically variable forms, and linking morphologically disparate components of hydroid lifecycles (Bryant and Arehart 2019). Such tools have opened up new possibilities for incorporating hydroids into ecological studies, even to the non-specialist. ...
... Likewise, targeted reference specimens and gene sequences from type localities would also help to resolve species identities. There is also some conflict among those working with hydrozoans as to which mitochondrial gene is the best for barcoding (see Bryant and Arehart 2019). Since the early work of Cunningham and Buss (1993), the 16SrRNA gene has been widely applied to the study of hydroids, with primers that work broadly across a wide range of taxa. ...
Hydroids are common constituents of marine environments, both as benthic polyps and planktonic hydromedusae. Despite the volume of hydroid research focused on the northwest Atlantic, the only comprehensive examinations of hydroids from Cape Breton Island were published by Charles McLean Fraser in 1913 and 1927. In this study, we re-examined the shallow-water hydroid community of Cape Breton. We collected hydroids from 19 sites between July 2016 and June 2017 spanning intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats. We sorted specimens into individual taxa based on morphology and then preserved them for further morphological and molecular analyses. We amplified the 16SrRNA barcoding gene for select specimens and used BLAST searches to determine the strongest matches in GenBank. We performed molecular phylogenetic analyses to refine identifications where necessary. We recorded 19 hydroid taxa spanning 15 genera, 10 families, and 2 orders. Species diversity was low relative to other NW Atlantic regions, likely due to sporadic sampling and our focus on nearshore, shallow-water localities. However, 3 species, Pachycordyle michaeli, Podocorynoides minima, and Lizzia blondina, were new occurrences for Atlantic Canada. Additionally, our results provided further evidence of cryptic speciation in Obelia dichotoma. This updated species inventory represents an important benchmark of hydroid diversity for future comparisons.
... Such genetic analysis could be further applied to juvenile crabs and smaller zoea larvae. Recently, numerous studies have been conducted to elucidate the number of species of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the ocean using metagenomics analysis (de Vargas et al. 2015, Bryant & Arehart 2019. Such techniques may be applied to research on the distribution of zoea larvae in marine and brackish waters. ...
Two semi-terrestrial crab species, Chiromantes haematocheir and Chiromantes dehaani, are closely related and have a sympatric distribution. The ecological characteristics of these species, including habitat and behavior during the adult stage, have been investigated. However, the larval stage remains poorly understood because it is difficult to identify larvae morphologically. Our study objectives are to clarify the settlement patterns involved in recruitment of the two species of megalopae using genetic analysis and the effects of ecological factors on settlement, including 1) seasonal changes, 2) spatial variations (dominated by conspecific or heterospecific adults), and 3) tidal effects. The Chiromantes megalopae were collected in the lower reach of the Sai River during spring and neap tides from August to November 2017. Megalopa larvae were collected from three areas: one dominated by C. haematocheir adults, one dominated by C. dehaani adults, and a revetment area. Both species of megalopae showed seasonal and spatial variations in settlement, which also differed with tidal fluctuations. Chiromantes dehaani megalopae settled from mid-August to early October and C. haematocheir megalopae settled from early September to early November. Chiromantes haematocheir megalopae preferentially settled in the area dominated by conspecific adults over the area dominated by C. dehaani and the revetment area, while no difference in the settlement of C. dehaani megalopae was observed among areas. Chiromantes haematocheir megalopae returned on the spring tide; however, C. dehaani megalopae showed no tidal pattern.
... Every part of this cycle has actually been seen on Earth. In fact, a similar life cycle, including "reverse development", takes place in the jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii and other marine hydrozoa [6,7,15], and cancer cells have been suggested to be attempting to turn into embryonic blastomeres or oocytes [16]. Why hasn't evolution found the few tweaks that would enable, for example, some of a frog's cells to move out and continue to live as unicellular forms in the pond if the frog is killed? ...
Central to the study of cognition is being able to specify the Subject that is making decisions and owning memories and preferences. However, all real cognitive agents are made of parts (such as brains made of cells). The integration of many active subunits into a coherent Self appearing at a larger scale of organization is one of the fundamental questions of evolutionary cognitive science. Typical biological model systems, whether basal or advanced, have a static anatomical structure which obscures important aspects of the mind-body relationship. Recent advances in bioengineering now make it possible to assemble, disassemble, and recombine biological structures at the cell, organ, and whole organism levels. Regenerative biology and controlled chimerism reveal that studies of cognition in intact, “standard”, evolved animal bodies are just a narrow slice of a much bigger and as-yet largely unexplored reality: the incredible plasticity of dynamic morphogenesis of biological forms that house and support diverse types of cognition. The ability to produce living organisms in novel configurations makes clear that traditional concepts, such as body, organism, genetic lineage, death, and memory are not as well-defined as commonly thought, and need considerable revision to account for the possible spectrum of living entities. Here, I review fascinating examples of experimental biology illustrating that the boundaries demarcating somatic and cognitive Selves are fluid, providing an opportunity to sharpen inquiries about how evolution exploits physical forces for multi-scale cognition. Developmental (pre-neural) bioelectricity contributes a novel perspective on how the dynamic control of growth and form of the body evolved into sophisticated cognitive capabilities. Most importantly, the development of functional biobots – synthetic living machines with behavioral capacity – provides a roadmap for greatly expanding our understanding of the origin and capacities of cognition in all of its possible material implementations, especially those that emerge de novo, with no lengthy evolutionary history of matching behavioral programs to bodyplan. Viewing fundamental questions through the lens of new, constructed living forms will have diverse impacts, not only in basic evolutionary biology and cognitive science, but also in regenerative medicine of the brain and in artificial intelligence.
... Ethanol (70-95%) is an adequate preserver for the identification of thaliaceans, doliolids, and other gelatinous species (Nishikawa & Terazaki, 1996;Sola et al., 2019) but not for ctenophores and large scyphozoans, which are more vulnerable to morphological disintegration and morphological damage when preserved with crustaceans that possess sharp spines (Thibault-Botha & Bowen, 2004). Ethanol preservation favors DNA barcoding identification (not possible when preserved in formalin); therefore, it is expected that ethanol preservation becomes more frequently used in the future (Hosia et al., 2017;Bryant & Arehart, 2019;Bucklin et al., 2019). The tropical species (C. ...
The seasonal variability of gelatinous zooplankton (siphonophores, medusae, and thaliaceans) abundance was investigated at Cabo Pulmo National Park (CPNP) from weekly zooplankton samples collected throughout 2014. The Gulf of California had prolonged warming during 2009-2019, with 2014 as the anomalously warm year preceding El Niño 2015-2016 compared to the 2003-2020 SST time series. Gelatinous zooplankton accounted <1% of the entire zooplankton community abundance at CPNP during 2014, suggesting a low influence of predation pressure upon their zooplanktonic and micronekton preys. Siphonophores (57%), thaliaceans (42%), and medusae (1%) were present throughout the year. The abundance of gelatinous zooplankton had a significant negative association with sea surface temperature and a positive association with sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration and velocity and direction of the wind, increasing their abundance during October after the hurricane season. The gelatinous zooplankton species assemblage at the coastal CPNP was similar but less abundant than the gelatinous zooplankton species assemblage observed in the oceanic region of the southern Gulf of California during summer 2014. Tropical species Diphyes dispar, Abylopsis tetragona, Chelophyes contorta, and Thalia spp. numerically dominated the gelatinous zooplankton community associated with a regional heatwave period recorded during 2014. A high proportion of tropical zooplankton indicates that mesotrophic conditions sustain the current high biomass and diversity of nektonic and benthonic planktophagous fauna inhabiting CPNP. However, prolonged warming events might decrease zooplankton biomass in the southern region of the Gulf of California in the future.
... The hydroid from Hawaii examined during this study corresponds in morphology with the concept of C. elsaeoswaldae and is assigned to it here. The species has only recently been reported from the Pacific Ocean (Balboa, near Newport Beach, California, and Bahía de los Ángeles, Mexico), as the medusa stage (Bryant & Arehart 2019). However, certain records of C. gracilis from locations in the Pacific Ocean are also believed referable to it, including ones from Hawaii (Coles et al. 2009 (Vanhöffen, 1910) Figs. ...
This report is based on a small collection of hydroids from the Hawaiian Islands, in the central Pacific Ocean. Most of the examined material was obtained by staff of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, during surveys for nonindigenous marine species in shallow, sheltered, inshore or nearshore waters, and especially in harbours, bays, and lagoons. In all, 34 species of leptothecate hydroids, assigned to 14 families and 20 genera, were identified and are discussed. One of them, based on a single infertile colony with a damaged hydrotheca, was identified provisionally only to the rank of suborder. Given the limited geographic and bathymetric focus of the surveys, only four of the species, Clytia thornelyi, Halecium sibogae, Macrorhynchia balei, and M. hawaiensis, were collected at depths greater than 25 m. Seven species, Cirrholovenia tetranema Kramp, 1959, Orthopyxis crenata (Hartlaub, 1901), Clytia elongata Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890, C. paulensis (Vanhöffen, 1910), Tridentata maldivensis (Borradaile, 1905), Monotheca flexuosa (Bale, 1894), and a hydroid identified only as Eirenida (undetermined), are recorded from Hawaii for the first time. Three others, Lytocarpia nigra (Nutting, 1905) Macrorhynchia balei (Nutting, 1905), and M. hawaiensis (Nutting, 1905), have their type localities in Hawaii, with the last of these being known to date only from the Hawaiian archipelago. Most of the species are well-known from shallow water areas across the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific region, and over half of them have been reported as well from warm waters in the Atlantic Ocean. Their existence in the remote islands of Hawaii is attributed to long-range dispersal by both natural and human-mediated means, including shipping.
Medusozoans are diverse in species number (4100) and life stages and are of ecological and social importance worldwide. However, studies of medusozoans in the Mexican Pacific (MP) are limited and scattered. Given that its maritime (2,320,380 km2) and coastal (7828 km) regions are the most extensive in Mexico, as well as its geomorphological and ecosystem complexity, the medusozoan fauna of the MP needs better documentation. To that end, this work summarises medusozoan diversity data of the MP based on a review of refereed publications (1897-2023) and the examination of recently collected specimens, field observations, and photographs (2015-2022). Information gathered from the literature search and the collections was compiled into an annotated list of species. As a result, 423 accepted medusozoan species were found in the MP, corresponding to 10% of the 4100 medusozoan species known worldwide. This study highlights three important decades of published work: taxonomic works in the 1930s, ecological works in the 1980s, and recognition of biodiversity under multidisciplinary works in the 2010s. Of the taxa collected in the present work, Cirrholovenia sp., Linuche sp., and Monotheca flexuosa are new records for the MP. Furthermore, Hydrocoryne sp. and Coryne pusilla are new records for the Gulf of California.
