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14. Linking the Western and Eastern interconnections with HVDC transmission. Better linking the electricity interconnections with HVDC lines, as shown in this map from NREL's "Seams" study, could reduce cost and improve the reliability of wind and solar. (Behr 2019)
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... The loss of iron is the most important of the three factors responsible for energy dissipation. This amounts to around 45 billion dollars every year in the United States [8]. (10) [001] Grain-oriented steels are textured. ...
Using steels for commercial electromagnetic purposes produced by the Jordan Steel Group, the current research will look into the effects of grain size and excitation frequency on anomalous losses and the characteristics of the hysteresis curve of the anomalous loss. The final heat treatment of 21 steel samples for commercial electromagnetic purposes, divided into three groups differing in chemical composition, was carried out in the laboratory to determine the influence of electrical resistivity, grain size, and excitation frequency on total, hysteretic, and seek a better understanding of the effect of these variables on the anomalous loss portion. Compare the experimental data to the hypothesized constitutive equations in the literature and study to create the parasitic loss plus hysteretic loss curve using interpolation, superimpose it on the total loss hysteresis curve, then correlate the areas between the curves with anomalous loss and energy dissipation processes. It is possible to determine from micrographs and grain sizes that there was an increase in grain size due to normal brain development and a minor fraction of aberrant growth at high temperatures.
... Several key areas in the industrial sector consume nonelectrical energy at high rates, including bulk chemicals, food, iron and steel, and petroleum refining (EIA 2020a). Therefore, development of systems that facilitate decarbonization of these areas remains a significant challenge (Davis et al. 2018;Kutscher, Logan, and Coburn 2020). In many cases these processes rely on natural gas for the production of high-grade heat or as a reactant in the formation of other molecules. ...
This 2021 report examines the role of electrons-to-molecules (E2M) technologies could play in the decarbonization envisioned in the Solar Futures Study. The report considers an array of potential products and system designs that can be tailored to different end-uses and applications. They all involve electrochemical conversion which uses electricity to break molecular bonds and produce new molecules. The report provides an initial overview of the potential opportunities and challenges for solar and E2M systems in this space and considers the potential for E2M to produce key chemicals and fuels that currently rely on hydrocarbons for production.
