Fig 7 - uploaded by Giuseppe Graber
Content may be subject to copyright.
Linear relationship for power splitting.
Source publication
In recent years there is growing interest for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCVs) as electric battery technology fails to date to ensure an autonomy comparable to that of conventional vehicles. An FCV requires an auxiliary storage system to cope with peak power demand and to recovery of braking energy. In the paper, we propose a power split control...
Similar publications
The article studies and analyzes a hybrid power source system, lithium battery, and fuel cell assisted by flexible photovoltaic panels for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The new configuration operates based on optimizing the performance of the dual power source to maximize the available energy and operating time. The operational mode simulates sp...
Anode-free lithium batteries without lithium metal excess are a practical option to maximize the energy content beyond the conventional design of Li-ion and Li metal batteries. However, their performance and reliability are still limited by using low-capacity oxygen-releasing intercalation cathodes and flammable liquid electrolytes. Herein, we prop...
A polycarboxylic/ether composite polymer electrolyte derived from two-arm monomer and polyethylene oxide (PEO) was in situ synthesized on the cathode. The composite electrolyte exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 3.6 × 10-5 S cm-1, high oxidation stability, excellent stability towards Li metal and makes Li/LiFePO4 present good cyclic and rate per...
With the wide utilization of lithium-ion batteries in the fields of electronic devices, electric vehicles, aviation, and aerospace, the prediction of remaining useful life (RUL) for lithium batteries is important. Considering the influence of the environment and manufacturing process, the degradation features differ between the historical batteries...
The demand for microgrids and their applications in buildings, industries and for very specific applications is increasing over time. Most of these microgrids are dependent on renewable energy sources, which brings along problems of intermittent energy production. To maintain the balance of the grid, normally storage devices are used. Supercapacito...
Citations
... Some studies have proposed combining CC charge control with improved transfer efficiency in SWC systems. In [19][20], the secondary active rectifier phase shift modulation method was used to realize the CC charging mode. Maximum transfer efficiency tracking is based on finding the minimum DC input current point through the perturbation and observation algorithm. ...
Dynamic Wireless Charging (DWC) systems for electric vehicles (EVs) are being studied and developed for wide applications. To ensure a long life for lithium-ion batteries, Constant Current (CC) charging is required. However, the equivalent load of the battery changes during CC charging, which reduces the system's efficiency. To solve that problem, this paper proposes a new control method that combines CC charging and improves transfer efficiency using only an active rectifier on the secondary side of the DWC system. Moreover, this study also proposes a method to estimate the coupling coefficient through the parameters measured on the secondary side without the need for wireless communication between the two sides. A model of a 1.5 kW DWC system with a transfer distance of 150 mm was built in a laboratory to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. The results showed that the charging current reached the required value, and the maximum system efficiency was 85%.
... The force propelling the vehicle forward (i.e., the tractive effort F te ) has to accomplish the rolling resistance F rr , the aerodynamic drag F ad , the force needed to overcome the component of the EV weight acting down a slope F hc and the force to accelerate the vehicle F acc . Thus, the tractive effort is the sum of all these forces, as shown in Figure 2, and it can be expressed as follows [25,26]: ...
... The four equations describing the first-order equivalent circuit of Li-B cells are reported in Equation (9) and depicted in Figure 5. In more detail, an ideal voltage source represents the open-circuit voltage (OCV), depending on the battery SoC, and the series resistor Rint represents the internal resistance, whereas rd and Cd are the RC parallel circuit describing the charge transfer and double layer capacity, respectively [25,26]. Specifically, the first equation represents Kirchhoff's voltage law, while the second one is the n-polynomial relation between OCV and SoCBATT. ...
... The four equations describing the first-order equivalent circuit of Li-B cells are reported in Equation (9) and depicted in Figure 5. In more detail, an ideal voltage source represents the open-circuit voltage (OCV), depending on the battery SoC, and the series resistor R int represents the internal resistance, whereas r d and C d are the RC parallel circuit describing the charge transfer and double layer capacity, respectively [25,26]. Specifically, the first equation represents Kirchhoff's voltage law, while the second one is the n-polynomial relation between OCV and SoC BATT . ...
Currently, hybrid and battery electric vehicles are the best-selling green cars commercially available. However, there is a growing interest in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCVs). Nevertheless, due to the unidirectional nature of energy transformation in an FCV, an auxiliary energy storage system (ESS) is required to cope with peak power demand and recover braking energy. In this paper, we propose a joint algorithm for sizing both the fuel cell (FC) stack and an auxiliary storage system, taking into account the power split strategy between the two energy sources. Moreover, a novel power split method is introduced based on the lumped resistance of both the FC stack and lithium-ion battery modules. Several simulation results implementing different driving cycles prove that the proposed sizing procedure is able to reduce the fuel consumption of the FCV and increase the expected lifetime of both the FC stack and lithium-ion battery modules according to a given power split strategy.
... It is not enough to only consider the power change rate in unit time for complex operating conditions, because small FIGURE 1 Simulation results comparison on the FTP72 urban driving cycle [57] bus current change rate can also cause performance degradation. So according to this requirement, an energy management strategy was formulated in [58]. The fuel cell system operation status changes only when bus current changes rate exceeds a certain value: where ΔI PT is the powertrain current variation. ...
... As result, new job opportunities are arising for young engineers in the field of electric mobility. On the other hand, although several models of fully EVs are today commercially available, their on-board energy storage systems (ESSs), such as battery, supercapacitor or fuel cell, are still characterized by limited performances, [2][3][4][5][6], and research activities in this field are becoming increasingly. ...
The paper presents an off-road electric vehicle (EV) prototype designed for educational and research activities as an open-lab. The electric powertrain is flexible and suitable to test hardware and software solutions for on-board energy management. The EV prototype consists of a brushless AC drive supplied by a 96 V LiFePO4 battery pack and able to host up two additional energy storage systems using different technologies. We also implement a signal conditioning and measurement system for the powertrain currents and voltages, allowing to analyse and test simulations results obtained from research activities. Finally, in order to show the proper operating conditions of the EV prototype, some experimental measures are presented and discussed
... The fuel consumption also depends on how the H-ESS is managed. This is defined by the power split control between FC stack and Li-B affecting the component size of the FCV propulsion system, [7][8]. ...
... The bibliographic survey suggests that design and control of H-ESSs are addressed by using different approaches, [7]- [14]. In particular, in [7] the effect of stack and battery sizes on the hydrogen consumption is investigated for an existing FC hybrid distribution truck, while [8] proposes a linear power split between FC stack and Li-B according to the different lumped resistance of the two technologies. In [9], Départure et al. test a multi-source system composed by FC and supercapacitors implementing a real-time back-stepping control. ...
... The proposed control algorithm is based on the estimation of the FC and Li-B lumped resistance to calculate their maximum allowable current variation ( max FC I and max Batt I respectively) for a given time interval, [8]. The lumped resistance is defined as the magnitude of the impedance inside the FC or Li-B system with respect to constant charge or discharge reference current during a defined time interval, as described in [8]. ...
Currently, battery electric vehicles are the most popular EV commercially available. However, there is a growing interest for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCVs) because the latest battery technologies do not ensure a comparable range to that of conventional vehicles. Nevertheless, due to the unidirectional nature of energy transformation in a FCV, auxiliary storage systems are necessary to recover braking energy and to cope with peak power demand. In the paper, we propose a joint sizing algorithm of the fuel cell (FC) stack and the battery-based auxiliary storage system: starting from a power split method, the sizing procedure provides a design solution able to reduce the fuel consumption of the FCV. In order to highlights the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, several simulations have been pointed out, according to different driving cycles and power split strategy, and the simulation results are presented and discussed.
