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... features: Lesions are mostly asymptomatic. The common visual symp- tom of linea alba is the presence of whitish, linear, filament-like plicae formations, horizontally parallel to the occlusal level of bicuspids and molar teeth in both left and right sides of buccal mucosa (Figure 1). Palpation should give a tactile sensa- tion of normal mucosa texture. ...
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... treatment (Figure 10), lip biting after injection of local anesthetic solu- tions (Figure 11), neonatal teeth (Figure 12), or faulty tooth brushing [1]. During dental treatments, iatrogenic damages can result in traumatic ulcer formation. ...
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... treatment (Figure 10), lip biting after injection of local anesthetic solu- tions (Figure 11), neonatal teeth (Figure 12), or faulty tooth brushing [1]. During dental treatments, iatrogenic damages can result in traumatic ulcer formation. ...
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... treatment (Figure 10), lip biting after injection of local anesthetic solu- tions (Figure 11), neonatal teeth (Figure 12), or faulty tooth brushing [1]. During dental treatments, iatrogenic damages can result in traumatic ulcer formation. ...
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... features: Recurrent lesions related to multifactorial chronic inflamma- tion named as recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) exhibit round or ovoid shape, pseudomembrane-covered ulcerations on the non-keratinized oral mucosa. Ulcers are surrounded by erythematous halo with superficial necrotic center and they are painful [10] (Figure 13). Etiology: RAS is a complicated condition and the precise etiology still remains unknown. ...
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... Lips and its surrounding dermis Clinical features: Erythematous lesions involve perioral skin and lips. Lesions may be associated with skin peeling, crusting, and fissuring to different degrees (Figure 14). Most often a burning sensation is present [11]. ...
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... surgical removal, recurrence may happen if repetitive trauma factor is not eliminated. Otherwise, lesions do not have malign neoplastic character and risk of repeated lesion formation [14] (Figure 15). According to Sangle et al. [28], traumatic fibroma with an incidence of 36.5% is the most com- mon clinical lesion type; whereas histologically, the fibrous hyperplasia was found to be the most common one with a recurrence of 37.4%. ...
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... usage of medications, such as aspirin application onto the neighboring mucosa of painful teeth with decay, may result in mucosal trauma. Iatrogenically, during dental treatments irrigant solutions (sodium hypochlorite or formalin) or some endodontic pastes with arsenic can irritate the mucosa [2] (Figure 16). However, such injuries are not very common since the introduction of rubber dam in dental practice. ...
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... Denture base materials, restorative materials like amalgam (Figure 17), mouthwashes, dentifrices, chewing gums, food, and other substances may be responsible. ...
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Citations
... In addition, Sartawi et al. [21] reported multiple small papillary nodules and papillary proliferations on the labial surface and labial mucosa, respectively. The conditions are rare in mandibular denture-bearing areas due to the washing action of saliva to clear the biofilm accumulation [36]. ...
One of the most common oral diseases affecting people wearing dentures is chronic atrophic candidiasis or denture stomatitis (DS). The aim of the paper is to provide an update on the patho-genesis, presentation, and management of DS in general dental practice settings. A comprehensive review of the literature published in the last ten years was undertaken using multiple databases, including PubMed via MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus. The eligible articles were analyzed to identify evidence-based strategies for the management of DS. Despite its multifactorial nature, the leading cause of DS is the development of oral Candida albicans biofilm, which is facilitated by poor oral and denture hygiene, long-term denture wear, ill-fitting dentures, and the porosity of the acrylic resin in the dentures. DS affects between 17 and 75% of the population wearing dentures, with a slight predominance in elderly females. The mucosal denture surfaces and posterior tongue are the common sites of DS, and the affected areas exhibit erythema, the swelling of the palatal mucosa and edema. Oral and denture hygiene protocols, adjusting or re-fabricating poorly adapting dentures, smoking cessation, avoiding nocturnal denture wear, and the administration of topical or systemic antifungals are the mainstay of management. Alternate treatments such as microwave disinfection, phytomedicine, photodynamic therapy, and incorporation of antifungals and nanoparticles into denture resins are being evaluated for the treatment of DS but require further evidence before routine use in clinical practice. In summary, DS is the most common oral inflammatory lesion experienced by denture wearers. Most patients with DS can be managed in general dental practice settings. Effective management by general dental practitioners may be supported by a thorough understanding of the pathogenesis, the recognition of the clinical presentation, and an awareness of contemporary treatment strategies.
... Ozone therapy and laser biomodulation could help for good prognosis. 11 If the lesion is not particularly extensive and painful, the normal tissue repair process can be expected with topical gel application; for extensive and painful lesions, the cortisone therapy is evaluated by considering a local anesthetic based on nervous involvement. 2,12 Management of palatal burns depends on the size of the lesion. ...
... Gingiva and mucobuccal folds are also regions where such lesions are found. 11 The wounds have irregular shape and white color, are overlaid by a pseudomembrane, and are very painful. Lesions can cover an extended area. ...
... Most commissural electrical burns involve mucosa, submucosa, muscle, nerve, and vascular tissue. 11 Oral electrical burns to the lip commissure are disfiguring injuries for a child. 35 Damage made accidentally to lingual or/and labial arteries can cause abundant bleeding. ...
The objective of this review is to understand burns of oral mucosae as a type of injury, the different etiologies, clinical features and management of these oral burns in clinical practice. This review aims to aid dentists to evaluate and assess patients sustaining burn injuries in a better way and to understand the varied treatment protocols for particular types of burns in order to help patients restore their oral health.
Articles from PubMed and Google Scholar (from1991 to 2019) were reviewed. All articles relevant to the topic, case reports and literature reviews were included in this review. No articles were excluded.
All included articles suggested that burns are a type of tissue injury that can produce localized or diffuse areas of tissue damage depending on the severity and extent of the insult. Burns of the oral mucosa may be caused by thermal, mechanical, chemical, electrical or radiation injury. Thermal burns are usually caused due to ingestion of high temperature foods or drinks. Similarly, chemical burns occur due to exposure of oral mucosa to acids or alkalis or certain drugs. Electrical burns are less common, however, they are mostly noted in children due to biting onto electrical cables or wires etc. Clinical features of all types of burns range from whitish red erythema to necrotic patches. The sites of burns usually vary based on their etiology.
Although, there are some contemporary guidelines, there exists no specific standard of care with regards to management of different kinds of burns. This article aims to form a general review of burns of the oral mucosa and its treatment guidelines.
... Treatment induced perturbations, include neutropenia, lymphodepletion, myeloid cell expansion, reduced APC function and T cell responses, and increased numbers of immunosuppressive polymorphonucleocytes and monocytes [244,246,247]. Additionally, various chemotherapies and radiation therapy affecting the oral cavity can inflict damage to the epithelial lining of the oral cavity and the salivary glands, allowing oral infections to instigate more easily [171,172,[247][248][249]. Moreover, high dosage radiation therapies covering the oral cavity can eliminate small oral mucosal blood vessels and/or result in severe mucositis with ulceration which both induce necrosis of oral soft tissues [243]. ...
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus account for most invasive fungal and bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs), respectively. However, the initial point of invasion responsible for S. aureus BSIs is often unclear. Recently, C. albicans has been proposed to mediate S. aureus invasion of immunocompromised hosts during co-colonization of oral mucosal surfaces. The status of the oral immune system crucially contributes to this process in two distinct ways: firstly, by allowing invasive C. albicans growth during dysfunction of extra-epithelial immunity, and secondly following invasion by some remaining function of intra-epithelial immunity. Immunocompromised individuals at risk of developing invasive oral C. albicans infections could, therefore, also be at risk of contracting concordant S. aureus BSIs. Considering the crucial contribution of both oral immune function and dysfunction, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of relevant aspects of intra and extra-epithelial oral immunity and discuss predominant immune deficiencies expected to facilitate C. albicans induced S. aureus BSIs.
... The cause in this case is highly unlikely to be due to thermal injury; in such cases, the clinical appearance would be red or white painful erythema that may undergo desquamation, leaving an area of erosions and necrosis. 9 Considering that impression compound has been in use for more than 100 years, surprisingly, no incidence of allergic reactions toward impression compound has been reported in any works of literature. Most of the literature revealed that impression materials containing polyether were the most common cause of allergic reactions to patients, 4 and isolated reports of allergic cases from polysulfide and alginate materials were noted. 2 One of the main reasons for the allergic reaction is the leaching of any of the materials' constituents into the oral mucosa; in this case, leaching any of the constituents can follow the conditioning of impression compound in a water bath. ...
... Treatment for allergic stomatitis includes removal of suspected allergens, topical or systemic corticosteroids, and antihistamines. 9 Patch test for patients who develop allergic reactions after exposure to any dental materials should be conducted to confirm the diagnosis of contact dermatitis/stomatitis. 10 Patch test is a useful, simple, noninvasive method to detect contact allergies in patients and dental personnel. ...
Impression compound has been introduced for more than 100 years. Since then, it has been widely used to obtain a preliminary impression of the edentulous arch. Although the use of impression compound has declined markedly over recent years as newer materials have become available, the cost-effectiveness and desirable physical and mechanical properties make this material indispensable in developing countries and teaching institutions. Its high viscosity characterizes impression compound as a mucocompressive impression material, which enables the full depth of the sulcus to be recorded for the retention of complete dentures. Literature reviews revealed that most contact allergies to impression materials are towards polyether, very few are towards alginate and polysulfide, and no reported cases have been found toward impression compound. This case report demonstrates a recent rare case of contact allergy towards impression compound during a routine impression taking for a fully edentulous arch in a 61-year-old woman. The patient developed symptoms of an allergic reaction, and the management of the condition was described.
... This condition tends to be a herpes ulcer. 7,[20][21][22] It is important to know about the oral ulceration characteristics because it can determine diagnosis and also the therapeutic plan. Widespread use of the internet can benefit the public in providing information about diseases, including oral ulcerations, but different interpretations can cause problems such as underestimating complaints or otherwise overreacting to a complaint. ...
... 20,22 Daily routine activities, such as brushing teeth or eating, also can trigger trauma. 21 Other factors in this study showed that poor diet as the second highest factor was chosen by respondents related to the occurrence of ulcers due to systemic disturbance. Poor diet serves as a means that there is a considerable lack of supply of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients needed to support healthy tissues. ...
The most common oral ulceration in the community might be as recurrent as aphthous stomatitis (RAS) or traumatic ulcer. The aim of this study was to report and analyze the characteristics of oral ulceration and risk factors based on an online survey. A questionnaire using Google forms containing a total of 34 questions. Four questions wereabout personal details, whereas 30 questions related to oral ulceration were recorded and presented descriptively. The chi square test was carried out to determine the relationship between several questionnaire variables. A total of 208 respondents were involved, consisting of 162 female and 46 male. Respondents were in the age range of 0–50 year old with >23 year old as the age group with the highest number of respondents (53%). Oral ulceration data showed no recurrence in 157 respondents (75%), rare recurrence/ once in a year (52%), frequent recurrence in the labial mucosa in 121 respondents, single ulcer (86%), round shape (75%), risk factor due to trauma (biting/friction) in 165 respondents, ulcer untreated (64 %), and ulcer recovery of less than 7 days (70%). The respondents had no symptoms of anemia (73%), and were not on a vegan diet (98%). Chi square test indicated that there was a significant correlation between trauma and the poor diet (p= 0.001). The data in this present study indicate that the characteristics of oral ulceration might lead to RAS or traumatic ulcers and this might be attributed to local (trauma) and systemic (diet) factors.
... In dentistry, injury can result from physical or chemical trauma [1], and also iatrogenic agents during dental treatment. However, iatrogenic lesions can lead to the formation of traumatic ulcers, chemical or thermal burn [2]. The wound healing process occurs in three phases, namely inflammation, proliferation and remodeling [3]. ...
... Ulcer models also can be produced by various agents, such as mechanical, radiation and thermal trauma. 19,20 In previous study, a white rabbit model of oral ulceration with the use of 15 μL of 50% acetic acid applied to the maxillary labial mucosa was reported in the formation of uniform circular ulcers. 21 The initial treatment was started after ulcer initiation (day 0, Figure 2C, black circled) when the round ulcer formed around 5 mm in diameter with a filter paper disc (d: 5 mm) as the calibration of the ulcer size. ...
Introduction: Stomatitis is the most common oral mucosal lesions characterized by round ulcers with yellow-white color and usually heals up to 14 days. Many recent studies have demonstrated that glycyrrhizin (GL) and C. sappan extract (CSE) exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antioxidant action but no study has demonstrated the effect on the oral mucosal ulcer.
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of GL and CSE in experimentally chemically induced oral mucosal ulcers using rats.
Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly distributed into seven groups: the control group, the comparison group of 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide (TCA), a single treatment group of 3% GL and 3% CSE, combination groups of 3% GL + CSE (1:1, 1:2, 2:1). The oral ulcer model was induced by 15 μL of 50% acetic acid. The clinical healing was evaluated by measuring the ulcer size and body weight from day 0–14 and evaluate the leukocyte number on days 0, 4, 9 and 14. Histological examination was conducted at the end of the treatment.
Results: The group of 0.1% TCA and GL:CSE (2:1) showed greater ulcer closure (>80%) and decreased leukocyte number since day 4 (p<0.05). Body weight loss was observed after ulcer initiation and started to increase after day 4 of treatment. While the histological examination showed similar tissue regeneration profile only from the GL:CSE (2:1) group with the healthy oral mucosa.
Conclusion:Combination treatment of GL:CSE (2:1) enhanced the closure of oral mucosal ulcer and demonstrate complete tissue regeneration.
... Oral mucosal injury is inherent to several disorders and conditions such as trauma, periodontal disease, cancer, and dental implant surgery [1]. Oral mucosal regeneration is an area of increasing research focus and includes the application of regenerative modalities such as 3D cell sheets consisting of oral mucosal cells (keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells) [2,3]. ...
... The model of oral mucosa injury was created by a sterile uniform punch biopsy (McKesson) in the mucosa of the cheek [14]. The inclusion criteria pertaining to this dataset were as follows: [1] all participants being nonsmokers without any systemic diseases; [2] uniform biopsy at less than 5 mm, which was within self-regenerative capacity of the human oral mucosa; and [3] datasets with at least 3 pairs of sam-ples (3 controls and 3 experimental samples). ...
Objective. To identify the key genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in the wound healing process after injury of the oral mucosa. Materials and Methods. Gene expression profiling datasets pertaining to rapid wound healing of oral mucosa were identified using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differential gene expression analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during oral mucosal wound healing. Next, functional enrichment analysis was performed to identify the biological processes (BPs) and signaling pathways relevant to these DEGs. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify hub DEGs. Interaction networks were constructed for both miRNA-target DEGs and DEGs-transcription factors. A DEGs-chemical compound interaction network and a miRNA-small molecular interaction network were also constructed. Results. DEGs were found significantly enriched in several signaling pathways including arachidonic acid metabolism, cell cycle, p53, and ECM-receptor interaction. Hub genes, GABARAPL1, GABARAPL2, HDAC5, MAP1LC3A, AURKA, and PLK1, were identified via PPI network analysis. Two miRNAs, miR-34a-5p and miR-335-5p, were identified as pivotal players in the miRNA-target DEGs network. Four transcription factors FOS, PLAU, BCL6, and RORA were found to play key roles in the TFs-DEGs interaction network. Several chemical compounds including Valproic acid, Doxorubicin, Nickel, and tretinoin and small molecular drugs including atorvastatin, 17β-estradiol, curcumin, and vitamin D3 were noted to influence oral mucosa regeneration by regulating the expression of healing-associated DEGs/miRNAs. Conclusion. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and specific drugs were identified as significant molecular mechanisms and entities relevant to oral mucosal healing. These may be valuable potential targets for experimental research.
... Oral mucosal injury is inherent to several disorders and conditions such as trauma, periodontal disease, cancer, and dental implant surgery [1]. Oral mucosal regeneration is an area of increasing research focus and includes the application of regenerative modalities such as 3D cell sheets consisting of oral mucosal cells (keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells) [2,3]. ...
... The model of oral mucosa injury was created by a sterile uniform punch biopsy (McKesson) in the mucosa of the cheek [14]. The inclusion criteria pertaining to this dataset were as follows: [1] all participants being nonsmokers without any systemic diseases; [2] uniform biopsy at less than 5 mm, which was within self-regenerative capacity of the human oral mucosa; and [3] datasets with at least 3 pairs of samples (3 controls and 3 experimental samples). ...
Objective. To identify the key genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in the wound healing process after injury of the oral mucosa. Materials and Methods. Gene expression profiling datasets pertaining to rapid wound healing of oral mucosa were identified using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differential gene expression analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during oral mucosal wound healing. Next, functional enrichment analysis was performed to identify the biological processes (BPs) and signaling pathways relevant to these DEGs. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify hub DEGs. Interaction networks were constructed for both miRNA-target DEGs and DEGs-transcription factors. A DEGs-chemical compound interaction network and a miRNA-small molecular interaction network were also constructed. Results. DEGs were found significantly enriched in several signaling pathways including arachidonic acid metabolism, cell cycle, p53, and ECM-receptor interaction. Hub genes, GABARAPL1, GABARAPL2, HDAC5, MAP1LC3A, AURKA, and PLK1, were identified via PPI network analysis. Two miRNAs, miR-34a-5p and miR-335-5p, were identified as pivotal players in the miRNA-target DEGs network. Four transcription factors FOS, PLAU, BCL6, and RORA were found to play key roles in the TFs-DEGs interaction network. Several chemical compounds including Valproic acid, Doxorubicin, Nickel, and tretinoin and small molecular drugs including atorvastatin, 17β-estradiol, curcumin, and vitamin D3 were noted to influence oral mucosa regeneration by regulating the expression of healing-associated DEGs/miRNAs. Conclusion. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and specific drugs were identified as significant molecular mechanisms and entities relevant to oral mucosal healing. These may be valuable potential targets for experimental research.
... In addition, the evidence that in vivo enviroment tend to modified the cytokeratin expression pattern is enough reason to reccomend in vivo testing of newly-produce oral mucosa substitutes. 6,7,8,9,11,15,16,17,18,19,20). ...
Several pathologies may affect the histological structure and physiology of the human oral mucosa, being necessary to use oral mucosa grafts. In this context, the scarce number of donors has increased the need to develop artificial substitutes of human oral mucosa, most of them, without attending to the histological differences found in the different anatomical areas of the oral cavity. The objective of the present bibliographic review is to carry out a histological description and a morphological classification of the human oral mucosa and to determine the translational potentiality of the new artificial models of oral mucosa.
