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Line map of the Hatay area adapted from Figure 2, showing the locations of Messinian evaporites in the area. The shaded area represents the a possible extent of the evaporite basin during the Messinian.
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Miocene sediments of the Hatay area document the distal, southerly, part of an “underfilled” peripheral foreland basin related to the closure of the Southern Neotethys. The basin is underlain by latest Cretaceous and Eocene shallow-marine carbonates, interpreted as the youngest part of the Arabian passive margin succession. Unconformably overlying...
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Citations
... This resulted from the flexural loading due to thrust duplication and the Musandam culmination. Boulton and Robertson (2007) reported a similarly high rate of subsidence in the Southern Neo-Tethys in Turkey with the formation of an underfilled foreland basin. They concluded that this anomalous subsidence must have been tectonically controlled as the eustatic sea-level was falling throughout the Late Miocene (e.g., Haq et al., 1987;Miller et al., 2005). ...
The western flank of the UAE‐Oman mountain range offers a unique geodynamic setting to study the development of a cratonic rift into a mature passive margin and its subsequent flexure under orogenic load. However, the geodynamic processes driving this evolution are not fully understood. In this study, seismic and biostratigraphic data from 283 exploration wells were utilized to assess the regional subsidence and uplift history of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and neighboring areas of the western flank of the UAE‐Oman mountain range. Three major sequences have been identified: pre‐Permian, Permian‐Turonian rifted margin, and Coniacian‐Pleistocene active margin. Backstripping of biostratigraphic data reveals Early Permian (ca. 272 Ma) and Late Jurassic (ca. 160) rift phases, that have been linked to Gondwana's early and final fragmentation. A NE‐SW‐oriented basin in central UAE suggests a Jurassic intracratonic rift that has been influenced by pre‐existing structures. Compressional phases were identified during the Late Cretaceous and in the Oligocene‐Miocene, coinciding with the emplacement of the Semail ophiolite and the Arabian‐Eurasian plates collision, respectively. These events caused additional subsidence and flank uplift, forming the Aruma foreland basin in the east and the Pabdeh foreland basin in the eastern and northern UAE. Crustal thickness following the rift episodes ranges from 30 to 36 km, resulting in a sedimentary cover thickness of 11–14 km. These estimates are in accord with Moho depths derived from teleseismic receiver functions and gravity inversion. These findings can be used to better understand Gondwana fragmentation and the opening and closing of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean.
... There is still much debate on when the northward subduction of Arabian Plate beneath Anatolia ceased and when the closure of the southern Neotethys and subsequent continental collision actually took place [1,13,35,38,40,41,158,159]. ...
The geotectonic framework and the evolutionary history of the Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt are closely related to the assemblage of eastern and western Gondwana and the subsequent events from the opening of the southern branch of the Neo-Tethys to the final collision. The first geotectonic event is the subduction of the Proto-Tethys under the northern Gondwana during the Ediacaran and accordingly the formation of igneous rocks within the lower units of Bitlis-Pütürge Massifs. The first orogeny affecting the region was the Cadomian orogeny. The southern branch of the Neo-Tethys began to open between the Arabian Plate (North of Gondwana) and today's southeastern Anatolian metamorphic massifs in the Late Triassic, and oceanic spreading continued 120 until the Late Cretaceous. The ophiolites and an intra-oceanic arc were formed during the Late Cretaceous (92 to 82Ma and 84-72 Ma respectively) in a SSZ tectonic environment formed by the northward subducting South Branch of Neo-Tethys ocean crust. The Arabian Platform entered the subduction zone and as a result ophiolites thrust on the Arabian Plate margin, the metamorphic massifs were fragmented and migrated to the South onto the ophiolites and arc magmatics in the Maastrichtian. Despite the collision, the continental subduction continued and a break-off of subducted slab was formed. A widespread marine transgression is realized onto the Arabian Platform and ophiolites from Latest Cretaceous to Early Miocene to the South of the Bitlis-Pütürge metamorphics. The remnant of the ocean continued untill Late Miocene to the North of the Bitlis-Pütürge massifs as marine basins with different depths and morphological characteristics. The magma formed by the partial melting of the mantle wedge, the rising deep asthenosphere mantle and the continental crust forms Maden arc over the ophiolites and the Bitlis-Pütürge Massifs in the Middle Eocene. Behind the Maden arc, shallow-deep marine carbonates and clastics were deposited in a back-arc basin (Kırkgeçit basin). The closure which started in the Late Eocene and ended in the Late Miocene enabled Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt to take its actual position.
... There is still much debate on when the northward subduction of Arabian Plate beneath Anatolia ceased and when the closure of the southern Neotethys and subsequent continental collision actually took place [1,13,35,38,40,41,158,159]. ...
The geotectonic framework and the evolutionary history of the Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt are closely related to the assemblage of eastern and western Gondwana and the subsequent events from the opening of the southern branch of the Neo-Tethys to the final collision. The first geotectonic event is the subduction of the Proto-Tethys under the northern Gondwana during the Ediacaran and accordingly the formation of igneous rocks within the lower units of Bitlis-Pütürge Massifs. The first orogeny affecting the region was the Cadomian orogeny. The southern branch of the Neo-Tethys began to open between the Arabian Plate (North of Gondwana) and today's southeastern Anatolian metamorphic massifs in the Late Triassic, and oceanic spreading continued 120 until the Late Cretaceous. The ophiolites and an intra-oceanic arc were formed during the Late Cretaceous (92 to 82Ma and 84-72 Ma respectively) in a SSZ tectonic environment formed by the northward subducting South Branch of Neo-Tethys ocean crust. The Arabian Platform entered the subduction zone and as a result ophiolites thrust on the Arabian Plate margin, the metamorphic massifs were fragmented and migrated to the South onto the ophiolites and arc magmatics in the Maastrichtian. Despite the collision, the continental subduction continued and a break-off of subducted slab was formed. A widespread marine transgression is realized onto the Arabian Platform and ophiolites from Latest Cretaceous to Early Miocene to the South of the Bitlis-Pütürge metamorphics. The remnant of the ocean continued untill Late Miocene to the North of the Bitlis-Pütürge massifs as marine basins with different depths and morphological characteristics. The magma formed by the partial melting of the mantle wedge, the rising deep asthenosphere mantle and the continental crust forms Maden arc over the ophiolites and the Bitlis-Pütürge Massifs in the Middle Eocene. Behind the Maden arc, shallow-deep marine carbonates and clastics were deposited in a back-arc basin (Kırkgeçit basin). The closure which started in the Late Eocene and ended in the Late Miocene enabled Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt to take its actual position.
... The cliffed coast is a seaward protrusion of the Kızıldağ mass, composed of the Upper Cretaceous ophiolites, and the southernmost tip of the Amanos Mountains. Kızıldağ ophiolite, or the so-called Hatay ophiolite (Boulton and Robertson 2007), is superimposed on the Arab platform in connection with the closure of the southern branch of the Neo-Tethys Ocean (Delaloye et al. 1980, Delaloye andWagner 1984;Yılmaz 1993;Karaoğlan et al. 2013). Another mountain block is Keldağ, consisting of Jurassic and Cretaceous carbonates and in some places ophiolites (Yılmaz 1984;Günay 1984;Herece 2008). ...
This study discusses the composition and age of calcarenite deposits and aeolianite overlying the upper Cretaceous ophiolites in the eastern Mediterranean north of the Asi River Delta. They record the Mediterranean–Red Sea water connection in the Late Pleistocene. Petrographic analysis and microfossil determination showed that these deposits are classified as micritic calcarenite and biocalcarenite, indicating deposition in a high-energy shoal environment and carbonate aeolianite with abundant rhizoliths as residuals of rootlet calcification. The invasive species of Amphistegina lobifera Larsen and Peneroplis pertusus (Forskal) found in the calcarenite and aeolianite make it clear that the Indo-Pacific Ocean waters reached the Levantine Sea basin during the periods MIS 5e and/or MIS 5c by following a palaeo-channel along the Gulf of Suez.
... Furthermore, Hüsing et al. (2009) stated that approximately 11 Ma is the youngest possible age for a deep marine connection between the Mediterranean-Atlantic and Indo-Pacific regions. In addition, Boulton and Robertson (2007) reported in their study performed in the southern region of Turkey that during the middle Miocene, tectonic subsidence during a time of sealevel rise favored the deposition of shallow-marine carbonates on an overall northward-deepening carbonate ramp, with lagoons and reefs developed locally. Hence, the previously published results of some researchers (Karakaya et al., , 2020Ercan et al., 2019) and the findings of other researchers (Boulton and Robertson 2007;Hüsing et al., 2009;Schildgen et al., 2012b) coincide with the data obtained in the present study. ...
... In addition, Boulton and Robertson (2007) reported in their study performed in the southern region of Turkey that during the middle Miocene, tectonic subsidence during a time of sealevel rise favored the deposition of shallow-marine carbonates on an overall northward-deepening carbonate ramp, with lagoons and reefs developed locally. Hence, the previously published results of some researchers (Karakaya et al., , 2020Ercan et al., 2019) and the findings of other researchers (Boulton and Robertson 2007;Hüsing et al., 2009;Schildgen et al., 2012b) coincide with the data obtained in the present study. ...
The Tuz Gölü basin, the largest of the Central Anatolian Neogene basins, is a NW-SE trending fault-controlled depression and includes many subbasins, such as the Ereğli, Ulukışla and Bor subbasins. In the basin, economically important evaporite deposits consisting mostly of halite, gypsum/anhydrite, glauberite and carbonates formed in the middle-late Miocene. The mineralogical and chemical properties and C, O and Mg isotopic compositions of the carbonate minerals that precipitated simultaneously with the other evaporite minerals were investigated using samples from boreholes to determine the precipitation conditions and paleoenvironment of the deposits.
The lack of covariance between the δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values of the samples and the wide range of isotopic compositional variations indicate a basin that was hydrologically open to some degree. In addition, the lack of correlations between δ¹⁸O values and MgO/(MgO + CaO), Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios and the wide range of variations in both δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values indicate that the carbonate minerals precipitated in a lagoonal environment where seawater incursions occurred through transgressions. The δ¹⁸O values of the dolomite samples are higher than those of Messinian normal-salinity seawater dolomites and therefore require contributions from evaporative fluids. Additionally, the isotopic data indicate extreme fluctuations in temperature and the inflow-evaporation balance during carbonate precipitation and indicate that the evaporite minerals may have precipitated from the evaporation of seawater trapped within the basin during and after uplift of the region.
The Mg isotopic compositions of magnesium-rich carbonates are partially heterogeneous, and the δ²⁶Mg values are higher than the δ²⁵Mg values. Some of the δ²⁶Mg values are close to the δ²⁶Mg values of global seawater (–0.82‰) but higher than the global mean δ²⁶Mg value of river water (–1.09‰). The δ²⁶Mg values are partially within the range of marine sediments (–3.65 to +0.52‰), suggesting seawater contributions to carbonate precipitation.
... Throughout this period, terrigenous deposits in a continental foreland basin replaced the primarily carbonate foredeep basins (Sharland et al. 2004;Boulton and Robertson 2007). The sediments were deposited in the foredeep and foreland of Zagros (Pirouz et al. 2011). ...
This paper presents the facies and depositional environment of the early Miocene Dam Formation, Eastern Arabian platform, Saudi Arabia. Deposition of Dam Formation (Fm.) was considered as a restricted shallow marine deposition. Few studies suggest the role of sea-level change in its deposition but were without decisive substantiation. Here, we describe the facies and high-resolution model of Dam Fm. under varying depositional conditions. The depositional conditions were subjected to changing relative sea level and tectonics. High-resolution outcrop photographs, sedimentological logs, and thin sections present that the mixed carbonate–siliciclastic sequence was affected by a regional tectonics. The lower part of Dam Fm. presents the development of carbonate ramp conditions that are represented by limestones and marl. The depositional conditions fluctuated with the fall of sea level, and uplift in the region pushed the siliciclastic down-dip and covered the whole platform. The subsequent rise in sea level was not as pronounced and thus allowed the deposition of microbial laminites and stromatolitic facies. The southeast outcrops, down-dip, are more carbonate prone as compared to the northwest outcrop, which allowed the deposition of siliciclastic-prone sedimentation up-dip. All facies, architecture, heterogeneity, and deposition were controlled by tectonic events including uplift, subsidence, tilting, and syn-sedimentary faulting, consequently affecting relative sea level. The resulting conceptual outcrop model would help to improve our understanding of mixed carbonate–siliciclastic systems and serve as an analogue for other stratigraphic units in the Arabian plate and region. Our results show that Dam Fm. can be a good target for exploration in the Northern Arabian Gulf.
... Throughout this period, terrigenous deposits in a continental foreland basin replaced the primarily carbonate foredeep basins (Sharland et al. 2004;Boulton and Robertson 2007). The sediments were deposited in the foredeep and foreland of Zagros (Pirouz et al. 2011). ...
This paper presents the facies and depositional environment of the early Miocene Dam Formation, Eastern Arabian platform, Saudi Arabia. Deposition of Dam Formation (Fm.) was considered as a restricted shallow marine deposition. Few studies suggest the role of sea-level change in its deposition but were without decisive substantiation. Here, we describe the facies and high-resolution model of Dam Fm. under varying depositional conditions. The depositional conditions were subjected to changing relative sea level and tectonics. High-resolution outcrop photographs, sedimentological logs, and thin sections present that the mixed carbonate–siliciclastic sequence was affected by a regional tectonics. The lower part of Dam Fm. presents the development of carbonate ramp conditions that are represented by limestones and marl. The depositional conditions fluctuated with the fall of sea level, and uplift in the region pushed the siliciclastic down-dip and covered the whole platform. The subsequent rise in sea level was not as pronounced and thus allowed the deposition of microbial laminites and stromatolitic facies. The southeast outcrops, down-dip, are more carbonate prone as compared to the northwest outcrop, which allowed the deposition of siliciclastic-prone sedimentation up-dip. All facies, architecture, heterogeneity, and deposition were controlled by tectonic events including uplift, subsidence, tilting, and syn-sedimentary faulting, consequently affecting relative sea level. The resulting conceptual outcrop model would help to improve our understanding of mixed carbonate–siliciclastic systems and serve as an analogue for other stratigraphic units in the Arabian plate and region. Our results show that Dam Fm. can be a good target for exploration in the Northern Arabian Gulf.
... The obtained results from these different methods may provide us a comprehensive understanding of the accumulation processes of travertine, tectonic background, climatic effect and hydrothermal systems that are effective on travertine formation based on their sedimentological properties. Prior research has been limited to hydrogeochemical, volcanological and tectonic studies (Ten Dam, 1952;Günay et al., 1965;Türkmen et al., 1974;Doyuran, 1982;Boulton and Robertson, 2007;Alp et al., 2011;Brehme et al., 2011;Ö ver et al., 2011;Yüce, 2001;Yuce et al., 2017); however, no studies on the geochemical properties, formation mechanism, origin and characteristics of travertine formation in the Başlamış area have been carried out. ...
This study is the first investigation of the Başlamış (Hatay) travertines formed in the northern part of the left-lateral strike-slip Dead Sea Fault Zone. In this study, Başlamış travertines are examined in terms of structural, mineralogical and formation mechanism by conducting geochemical, hydrogeochemical and facies analysis. The Başlamış travertine occurrences are characterized by successions of terraces and pools developed in slope depositional system, mound depositional system and depression depositional system. The travertines have been classified into five lithotypes, namely: laminated, coated bubble, reed, intraclasts and micritic travertine. According to the thin section, XRD, SEM and EDX analysis, the Başlamış travertines are divided into two groups, the first group contains aragonite and secondary minerals such as silica and clay minerals, while the second group consists only of calcite minerals, therefore, the travertines are morphologically classified as aragonite-bearing travertines and massive calcite bearing travertines. The negative correlation between Ca and Sr abundances in travertine samples indicates that some Ca was replaced by Sr in the calcite lattice. Relatively rich trace element content in the Başlamış travertines is attributed to leaching of the underlying gabbro and limestone. Higher concentrations of some of the elements were probably the result of diagenetic processes and syngenetic mineralization. The Başlamış travertines are defined as meteogene travertine deposits and are fed with meteoric-origin waters along Dead Sea Fault Zone in terms of hydrogeochemical results. The conceptual model of the Başlamış travertine shows that the travertines are formed by precipitation of dissolving the limestone. The heat source of the geothermal fluid forming the travertines is of tectonic origin.
... ( Heller et al., 1988: Beaumont, 1981Jordan , 1981 Beaumont,1981:Jordan,1981:Royden&Karner,1984:Fleming&Jordan,1989: Watts,1992:Garfunke&Grelling,2002:Ettenshon&Brett,2002 فو ه ن أ مشترك هيم مف لا تن م ح الن ر لف : (Fink,2002: DeCelles&Giles,1996:Crampton&Allen,1995:Jacobi,1981 ( Critelli, 1999 ;De-Celles & Giles,1996 ;Beaumont, 1981;Jordan, 1981 ) إ Catuneanu et al., 2000;Ettensohn, 1994) ) . ( Jacobi, 1981;Karner & Watts, 1983 ;Cohen,1982;Robertson, 1987;Patton & O'Conner, 1988 (Garcia et al., 1997: Watts, 1992:Flemings & Jordan,1990: Stockmal et al.,1986a:Jordan,1981: Beaumont, 1981 (Jacobi, 1981: Stockmal et al., 1986a: Crampton & Allen, 1995: Sinclair, 1997a: Shing & ying, 2001: Boulton & Robertson, 2007,Otonicar,2007: Otonicar,2008 & Beaumont,1984) ) . (Flugel,1982 Bosellini,1989in Otonicar,2007Mial,1999 ..................................................... Jacobi,1981;Lash,1983;Lash,1988;Sinclair,1997a,b;Otonicar,2008 الير Beydoun,1998;Beydoun,1991;Numan,1997;Robertson,1987a ;Kazmin et al.,1986 ;Sepehr and Cosgrove,2004;Alavi,2007 ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ( Berberian King, 1980;Cohen, 198 2; Robertson,1987a ;Roberston,1987b ;Alavi,2007 ;Emami,2008 ;Homke et al., 2009 ;Fouad,2010 ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ -Shididiet al.,1995) ) . ...
The Early Cretaceous –Early Eocene tectonic evolution of a part of zagros foreland basin of high folded zone has been studied at northern Iraq. The stratigraphic sequence of studied area includes the Formations of Qamchuca, Bekhme, Shiranish, Aqra, Tanjero and Kolosh.
It has been shown from this study that, during the cretaceous (Albian –Cenomanian) there was a geodynamic shift from the passive margin phase to the foreland basin phase. The shift, however, took place on the north-northeastern margin of Arabian- Nubian Plate (ANP), the advance of continental margin of ANP toward subduction zone imposed a tectonic load leading to the formation of a flexural wave. The consequences of the last tectonic event were reflected by continuous deposition of carbonate Balambo formation in a foredeep depozone, concomitant with a flexural emergence of the continental shelf further to the west forming a forbulge depozone which was represented by deposition of reefal Qamchuqa formation. The configuration of wave can be traced through the formation of a back-bulge depozone leading to the deposition of Jawan and Sarmored formations according to their own tectonic setting ......
... Likewise, the stratigraphy and sedimentological features of Miocene sequences cropping out Kaş-Kasaba basin have been studied by Hayward (1982), İslamoğlu and Taner (2002) and Koşun et al. (2009). However, the geological features and setting within the regional tectonic structures of Cyprus and east Mediterranean basins have been focused on detail by Robertson (1998), Robertson et al. (1995Robertson et al. ( , 2004, Payne and Robertson (1995), Eaton and Robertson (2004), Boulton and Robertson (2007), Aksu et al. (2005Aksu et al. ( , 2009, , Hakyemez and Toker (2010). Some of the researchers have focused on the origin of occurrences of natural gas in Çıralı and it has been pointed out that this natural gas circumstantial evidence has abiotic origin and it could be depending on serpentinization (Hoşgörmez, 2006;Hoşgörmez et al. 2008;Etiope et al. 2011). ...
