Fig 14 - uploaded by James Phipps
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Line drawing of Crataegus chrysocarpa var. piperi : ( a ) inflorescence; ( b ) flower section and detail of calyx; ( c ) mature leaf, underside; ( d ) fruiting branch; ( e ) fruit and nutlets. Flowering material from T.C. & M.E. Wells 1798 (UWO). Foliage and fruiting parts from R. Love 9039 (UWO). Scale bars = 1 cm. Susan Laurie-Bourque del.
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Howell's failure in 1898 to typify Crataegus columbiana Howell (the species is based on noncited discordant paratype elements) and the readiness of later authors to make new varieties in this species without resolving the type problem has been the cause of much confusion in the nomenclature of the western red-fruited hawthorns. This has been increa...
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Context 1
... 2–3.5 m tall, sometimes colonial; 1-year-old branches usually dull yellowish-greenish brown or greyish- brown to sometimes reddish-brown; thorns variable, 3–6 cm long, usually ± slender, straight to slightly recurved, glossy dark mahogany or blackish. Foliage deciduous; petioles 2– 4 cm long, usually glandular; blades 2–6 cm long, essen- tially rhombic, usually narrowly so, in others more broadly, appressed-pubescent above, variably glabrate later, below permanently pubescent, margins with 2–4 usually sharp lobes, also serrate, lateral veins 5–6 per side; autumn colour bright light yellow. Inflorescence 5–10 flowered, the branches ± villous. Flowers 15–20 mm in diameter; hypanthium villous; calyx lobes narrow-triangular, glandular- serrate, variably pubescent abaxially; stamens 10, anthers cream or ivory or very rarely pink; styles 3–4. Fruit ca. 10 mm in diameter, salmon-orange when young, bright red at full ripeness, spherical, ± pubescent, with 3–4 nutlets, their faces plane (Fig. 14). Between the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia and Montana and the Coastal Range of British Columbia and the Cascades of Washington, widespread in the valleys and locally common (Fig. 15). Forming colonies along streamsides and washes in sagebrush and pasture country; sometimes among pine. The status of the whole C. chrysocarpa complex from Alberta to Newfoundland needs re-examination to see how far eastwards var. piperi extends. Crataegus chrysocarpa var. piperi has been recognized by various writers of the region either as C. piperi (Abrams 1944), C. columbiana var. piperi (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973), C. columbiana (Peck 1961; Straley 1991; Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973; St. John 1963; Holmgren, in Cronquist et al. 1997), while Taylor (1973) noted it under synonymy of C. columbiana . It is evident, as I have shown elsewhere (Phipps 1995) that the widely recognized C. columbiana of floras is mostly the same as C. chrysocarpa var. piperi . The correct attribution for C. columbiana , however, after lectotypification, is C. douglasii (Phipps 1995) and the very few glabrous “ C. columbiana ” reported are in reality C. douglasii or extremely rare glabrate forms of either variety of C. chrysocarpa . An example is J. Hatter 15 (WS), N of Kamloops, B.C., May 30, 1949. Very recently Holmgren (in Cronquist et al. 1997) has challenged my lectotypification of C. columbiana . There are a couple of problems with Holm- gren’s analysis of my lectotypification of C. columbiana : ( i ) contrary to his assertion that my understanding of Howell’s protologue is merely that it is “vague” I show in detail that the type description of C. columbiana combines elements of C . piperi and C. douglasii ; ( ii ) subsequent usage, most of it, was erroneous, creating a C. columbiana var. columbiana that was glabrate, and which at the time could only have reasonably referred to C. douglasii in the context of then-known Crataegus of the region (also see Tokyo code 9A.5). This is why (Phipps 1995) I referred to C. columbiana as a “phantom taxon” and is also presumably why fairly numerous misidentifications of this species were made, as well as attributing pitted nutlets to this species, though this last point also reflects misidentifications with C. macracantha . Either of these reasons seems to me to be strong, and I therefore stand by my decision. Notably Holmgren does not discuss the second reason. One may further note here that relatively few collectors record fruit colour, a taxonomically useful feature and one that can be impossible to determine even approximately in dried herbarium materials. This has undoubtedly added to the confusion. The fruit of C. chrysocarpa var. piperi ripens through salmon to orange (Fig. 20 c ) in the latter part of August and finally to a very bright scarlet (Fig. 20 d ) or sometimes crimson, no doubt partly accounting for Dorn’s view (1988) that the typical colour is orange. Taylor (1973), however, records that the fruit of C. columbiana (i.e., C. chry- socarpa var. piperi ) is reddish-purple, a highly unusual colour in this species and one also unknown in C. macracantha, which is the species he illustrated as C. columbiana . Perhaps Taylor had observed yet another species. SPECIMENS EXAMINED : CANADA: BRITISH COLUMBIA : Along road at the foot of a rocky hillside, Hope–Princeton Highway, near Princeton, 762 m; May 18, 1976; Beamish, K., Franko, G., & J.L. 24 (UBC). Egg Lake, near Soda Creek, edge of alkaline meadow by Cariboo Highway.; Aug. 5, 1969; Brayshaw, T.C. 5620 (V). Richter Pass on old highway, height 3 m, in ravine, alt. 640 m; June 5, 1977; Brayshaw, T.C., & Pavlick, L.E. 77-235 (V). Richter Pass, north of Osoyoos, Yale District; north-facing draw; May 30, 1931; Clements, H.F., Snow, A.G., & McKay, E.M. (WS). Osoyoos; dry roadside; Aug. 20, 1944; Hardy, G.A . (V). 3 mi N of Kamloops; edge of ravine in the grassland; May 30, 1949; Hatter, James 15 ; SW Wasa, banks of the Kootenay R.; May 19, 1944; Johnstone, W.B. (V 17208). West of Vaseax Lake, in forest; 1972; Long, R. (V). Okanagan Landing, on hillside high above the lake; May 23, 1922; McCalla, W.C. 2934 (ALTA 59102). Okanagan Valley, Kalamalka Lake Prov. Park about 10 km SSE of centre of Vernon, E side of car park after yellow gate, alt. ca. 1375 ft a.s.l.; bush 2 m tall, anthers 10 ivory, (= JBP & RO’K 6800 ); May 3, 1994; Phipps, J.B. 6886 (UWO). Okanagan Valley, rocky, scrubby slope above dirt road northwest bound into O’Keefe Ranch, opposite L. and A. crossroad off Hwy. 97A; alt. 1290 ft a.s.l.; stamens 10 anthers cream, bush, 1.75 m tall, locally common; May 3, 1994; Phipps, J.B. 6890 (UWO). Okanagan Valley, Kalamalka Lake look- out south of Vernon, above Kekuli Bay, alt. 2000 ft a.s.l.; roadside in grassland; clump of bushes 1.5 m tall, stamens 10, anthers ivory; May 5, 1994; Phipps, J.B. 6908 (UWO). Upper Okanagan Valley, Hwy. 97A about 2 mi S of Enderby, NE-tending dirt road lined with double hedge of this species for ...
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Citations
... It most commonly inhabits forest edge zones and grows in clearings, mid-field woodlots, or along roads. The hawthorn trees provide habitat for numerous animal species, and offer both nutrition and shelter [13][14][15][16][17]. By increasing the biodiversity of their occurrence sites, they increase the immunity of such habitats to the ongoing changes, and thus increase their quality and value [18]. ...
Although the hawthorn is not a forest-forming species, and it has no high economic significance, it is a very valuable component of forests, mid-field woodlots or roadside avenues. The literature, however, lacks information on the growth rate, growth phases, or growth–climate–habitat relationship for trees of this genus. This work aimed to establish the rate of growth of Craraegus monogyna and C. xmedia Bechst growing in various parts of Poland, in various habitats; analyze the growth–climate relationship; and distinguish dendrochronological regions for these species. Samples were taken using a Pressler borer from nine populations growing in different parts of Poland, from a total of 192 trees (359 samples). The tree-ring width was measured down to 0.01 mm. The average tree-ring width in the studied hawthorn populations ranged from 1.42 to 3.25 mm/year. Using well-established cross-dating methods, nine local chronologies were compiled with tree ages between 45 and 72 years. Dendroclimatic analyses (pointer year analysis, correlation and response function analysis) were performed for a 33-year period from 1988 to 2020, for which all local chronologies displayed EPS > 0.85. The tree-ring width in the hawthorn populations depended mostly on temperature and rainfall through the May–August period. High rainfall and the lack of heat waves through these months cause an increase in cambial activity and the formation of wide tree rings. Conversely, rainfall shortages through this period, in conjunction with high air temperatures, caused growth depressions. Cluster analysis enabled the identification of two dendrochronological regions among the hawthorn in Poland: a western and eastern region, and a single site (CI), whose separation was most likely caused by contrasting habitat and genetic conditions. The obtained results highlight the need for further study of these species in Poland and other countries.
... Large-thorn hawthorn, Crataegus macracantha Loddiges ex Loudon, is the most widespread North American hawthorn (Flora of North America 2022) and is native in Okanogan, Lincoln, Spokane, and Pend Oreille Counties east of the Cascade Mountain Range in northern Washington (Phipps 1998, Turner and Kuhlmann 2014, University of Washington 2021. Crataegus macracantha is a host of R. pomonella in New York (Simon 1969) and Colorado, USA (Hood et al. 2013), but it has not been previously reported to be a host in Washington. ...
The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), was introduced from eastern North America into western North America via infested apples (Malus domestica Borkhausen) about 44 yr ago, where it subsequently adapted to 2 hawthorn species, Crataegus douglasii Lindley and C. monogyna Jacquin. Here, we test whether R. pomonella has also adapted to large-thorn hawthorn, Crataegus macracantha Loddiges ex Loudon, in Okanogan County, Washington State, USA. In 2020, 2021, and 2022, fruit of C. macracantha were shown to ripen in late September and were infested at rates from 0.7% to 3.0%. In laboratory rearing studies, large-thorn hawthorn flies from C. macracantha eclosed on average 9-19 days later than apple flies from earlier ripening apple (August-early September), consistent with large-thorn hawthorn flies having adapted to the later fruiting phenology of its host. In a laboratory no-choice test, significantly fewer (64.8%) large-thorn hawthorn than apple flies visited apples. In choice tests, greater percentages of large-thorn hawthorn than apple flies resided on and oviposited into C. macracantha versus apple fruit. Large-thorn hawthorn flies were also smaller in size than apple flies. Our results provide further support for the recursive adaptation hypothesis that R. pomonella has rapidly and independently specialized phenologically and behaviorally to different novel hawthorn hosts since its introduction into the Pacific Northwest of the USA, potentially leading to host race formation.
... In Iran, forests cover about 12 million ha (Haidari et (Phipps 1998). This genus is very useful for different aims, including food, medicinal, ornamental, and as a shelter for wildlife, soil-water conservation applications and erosion control. ...
Characteristics of hawthorn wood concerning soil physicochemical properties were studied. Physical properties such as dry wood density and volumetric swelling and fiber dimension parameters like fiber length, fiber diameter, and cell wall thickness were investigated. Soil properties including clay, silt soil, sand soil, electrical conductivity, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter content were determined. Pearson correlation was applied to explore the relationship between soil and wood properties. The mean wood density and volumetric swelling obtained were 0.71 g.cm-3 and 18%, respectively. Moreover, the mean values of fiber length, fiber diameter, and cell wall thickness were 0.80 mm, 20.50 µm, and 5.78 µm, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant and positive correlation WOOD RESEARCH ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 384 between wood dry density, cell wall thickness and volumetric swelling with percentage of silt, while a negative relationship between fiber length and percentage of silt were found.
... The bushes or trees produce dense clusters of white flowers often with a characteristic trimethylamine scent (Zhao and Tian 1996;El-Sayed 2011;Bor et al. 2012). The hawthorn grows not only in forests, hedges, edge of railways, and roads but also in parks and gardens (Phipps, 1998). Hawthorns are used for very different purposes. ...
The Crataegus genus has many species growing as wild that have positive effects on human health. The information about the phenotypic diversity of this species is rather inadequate. Phenotypic diversity among forty-four genotypes belonging to four Crataegus species (C. monogyna, C. orientalis, C. astrosanguinea, and C. meyeri) was determined based on morphological and physicochemical characteristics. Significant differences were observed among the species in terms of studied characteristics. Fruit weight ranges from 1.60 to 2.50 g for C. orientalis, 1.53 to 2.33 g for C. meyeri, 1.26 to 2.41 g for C. astrosanguinea, and 0.38 to 1.98 g for C. monogyna. The highest fruit length (15.19 mm) and width (17.58 mm) were determined in C. orientalis. The heights color values, L*, a*, and hue o values were highest in C. meyeri, while b* value was highest in C. monogyna and Chroma* was in C. orientalis. The highest TSS and pH were found in C. monogyna as 3.99% and 4.33%, respectively. TA was highest in C. monogyna with 1.83 mg L-1. Seed size ranged from 1.36 (C. monogyna) to 4.33 (C. orientalis), while seed weight ranged from 0.23 g to 0.45 g in C. mongyna and C. astrosanguinea, respectively. The correlation analysis indicated significant correlations between morphological characters. The principal component and clustering analyses revealed high phenotypic variety among and within the species, showing that the studied characters were useful for describing Crataegus species. The results provided valuable insights for morphological and colorimetric characterization of hawthorn species and their utilization.
... Additional C. subg. Americanae records were also found in Phipps [51]. When coordinate data were missing, latitude and longitude were determined using locality descriptions obtained from the specimen labels or herbarium databases and Google Earth Pro (Map data: Google Data, Landsat/Copernicus, LDEO-Columbia, NSF, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, Landsat/Copernicus, U.S. Geological Survey). ...
... Sanguineae illuminate the variation observed within the Sanguineae taxa in a manner impossible to observe earlier when the role of the Americanae had not been documented [36]. Crataegus series Cerrones was described by Phipps [51] in order to accommodate C. erythropoda. Molecular data [103] enlarged the series so as to include C. rivularis and C. saligna [44]. ...
... The choice of morphometric descriptors used here is consistent with earlier work [31,36,[117][118][119], in that fewer, mostly ratio scale descriptors have been preferred than has been the case in the work of some others, e.g., [51]. The rationale for this is partly to simplify and speed up data collection, and partly to facilitate interpretation and the use of hypothesis-testing approaches [120] when these are needed. ...
We compare biogeographic and morphological parameters of two agamic complexes of western North American hawthorns so as to evaluate possible explanations of the differences in range between sexually reproducing taxa and their apomictic sister taxa. We have documented range, breeding system, morphology, leaf vascular architecture, and niche breadth in these hawthorns, for which phylogenetic relationships and ploidy levels are known. Species distribution data from herbarium specimens and online databases were analyzed in order to compare ranges and climate niches described by bioclimatic variables. Flow cytometry documented ploidy level and breeding system. Voucher specimens provided morphometric data that were analyzed using uni- and multivariate methods. Members of two black-fruited taxonomic sections of Crataegus subg. Sanguineae (sections Douglasianae, Salignae) have previously been identified as hybrids. They are presumptively self-fertile polyploids with pseudogamous gametophytic apomixis. Their morphologies, geographic ranges, and niche characteristics resemble those of their diploid, sexual parent or are intermediate between them and those of their other parent, one or both of two partially sympatric tetraploid apomicts in red-fruited C. subg. Americanae with much wider distributions. Comparing sections Douglasianae and Salignae suggests that geographic parthenogenesis (larger range sizes in apomicts, compared to sexually reproducing taxa) may have less to do with adaptation than it does with reproductive assurance in the pseudogamously apomictic and self-compatible hybrids. Greater climate niche breadth in allopolyploids compared to diploids similarly may be more due to parental traits than to effects of genome duplication per se.
... Therefore, according to Phipps (1998;pers. comm. ...
This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (Hawthorn) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation.
Crataegus monogyna is native to the British flora, occurring frequently in hedgerows, scrubs, thickets and woodland. It can be found throughout almost all of Europe, on all soils of medium conditions regarding pH value, nutrient and water supply.
Crataegus monogyna is a deciduous shrub or rarely a small tree of 2–8 m. Its twigs and branches bear sharp thorns about 1 cm long. Crataegus monogyna is of both ornamental and ecological value. During flowering in May and June, shrubs may appear white through a multitude of flowers, presenting pollen and nectar to a variety of different insects. Starting in August, almost the whole shrub can become dark red with the huge number of small red berries (pomes) produced during fruiting. The fruit are a preferred food for many birds.
Although hybridizing freely and frequently with the other native species, Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC., the two species are easily recognizable in natural stands in the British Isles. Elsewhere, and with the occurrence of horticultural naturalizations and many intermediate forms of hybrid origin with closely related Crataegus species (especially the similar looking one‐styled species Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand. s.l. and Crataegus × subsphaerica Gand. s.l.) expert knowledge is required to avoid misidentifications and thus inaccurate understanding of frequency and distribution–not only on continental Europe but also increasingly in the British Isles.
Identification in the field is further complicated by inbreeding of horticultural stock, which suffers from a myriad of descriptions and given names at different hierarchical levels. Cultivars are commonly planted in hedges and along roadsides or for ornamental purposes. The origin of this stock is not always known, so genetic exchange with the natural populations may lead to introgression and thus genotypes that are more adapted than the local genotypes in a changed environment.
... North American Crataegus species were introduced into Europe at an early date (Emerson, 1875) and C. laevigata was taken to North America by early European colonists primarily as a hedging plant, where it has rarely become naturalised (Hobbs & Foster, 1990). A naturalised record exists from the Gulf Islands of Washington in North America (Lo et al., 2007;Phipps, 1998) as well as in Canada and eastern United States (Dirr, 1982). Crataegus laevigata was introduced into Tasmania and other parts of Australia in the 1800s where it was used for hedging and it now grows naturalised in Victoria, Tasmania, the Adelaide Hills and the tablelands of New South Wales (Lasseigne & Blazich, 2019) and has been declared an injurious weed in a number of Australian states. ...
This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC (Midland hawthorn) (C. oxyacanthoides Thuill.) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation.
Crataegus laevigata is primarily a shade‐tolerant shrub or small tree up to 12‐m tall of ancient woodlands (of which it is an indicator plant) and occasionally old hedges, usually on heavy clay soils and avoiding limestone and chalk. It is native to central and northern Europe and in the British Isles is native to southeast England, occurring naturally up to the Midlands, hence the common name. It is largely absent naturally from Scotland, Wales and Ireland.
Flowers usually have two styles, varying from (rarely) 1 to 5 with an equal number of pyrenes in the fruit, differentiating it from C. monogyna with usually one style and pyrene. Pollination is by insects and fruit are dispersed primarily by birds. Fruit has traditionally been used for food, and with the leaves and flowers have a long tradition in herbal medicine.
Disturbance and fragmentation have allowed C. monogyna to permeate into old woodlands and hybridise with C. laevigata. These two species are inter‐fertile and barriers to hybridisation are primarily spatial separation thus allowing extensive introgression such that in many parts of Europe, pure C. laevigata is becoming scarce.
... At the same time, however, C. erythropoda was the sole and type species of ser. Cerrones (Phipps, 1998(Phipps, : 1872 when first published. Subsequently, however, Phipps et al. (2003) included C. rivularis in ser. ...
... In México, there have been reported 13 species in the center and north of the country, and two more in the south as well [18,23], being the most utilized for consumption and industrialization the varieties of Crataegus mexicana and Crataegus gracilior. Species of this type have been reported found in 20 of the 32 states of the Mexican Republic, in altitudes that go from 400 to 3,000 meters above sea level, in damp weathers, semi-dry and dry. ...
... In México, there have been reported 13 species in the center and north of the country, and two more in the south as well [18,23], being the most utilized for consumption and industrialization the varieties of Crataegus mexicana and Crataegus gracilior. Species of this type have been reported found in 20 of the 32 states of the Mexican Republic, in altitudes that go from 400 to 3,000 meters above sea level, in damp weathers, semi-dry and dry. ...
The traditional fruit in Mexico represent a great variety of species with nutritious properties and with a wide field of usage in traditional medicine. “Tejocote” (hawthorn) is a fruit with medicinal properties since pre-hispanic times due to its high content of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, minerals, oligomeric procianidines, triterpenes, carotenes, flavonoids, polysaccharides and catecholamines. Some of these compounds are used to treat cardiovascular diseases, as well as immune diseases and respiratory problems such as colds and cough, neurological problems, eye disease, reproductive organs disease, and in the liver and kidneys, since “tejocote” has citotoxic activity, gastro protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-microbian. The current review is focused on the botanical features, ethnobotanical and phytochemical of the “tejocote” from the gender Crataegus mexicana, which is the variety grown and most consumed in our country. There are very few studies concerning its contents of metabolites, its potential use as anti-oxidant and its applications in order to treat some diseases.
