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Limax maximus (A-E) and their habitat (F) in Hokkaido. (A) L. maximus at Shimamaki (#15 in Table S1 and Figure 1) provided by Ryusei Yamakami; (B) at Sapporo (#8) by Mariko Komori; (C) at Muroran (#11) by Tomoo Naka; (D) at Oomagari, Kitahiroshima (#6) by Toshiyuki Komatsu; (E) at Yakumo (#10) by Kunihiko Hanada; (F) L. maximus habitat in Yakumo (#10) by Kunihiko Hanada.
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The giant garden slug Limax maximus Linnæus, 1758 (Limacidae, Pulmonata) is considered one of the most widely spread terrestrial molluscs in the world and is a formidable pest of agricultural and horticultural crops. This slug was recently introduced to Japan, where its population is now rapidly increasing and spreading. A naturalised population of...
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Context 1
... a result of these reports, 16 naturalised popu- lations of L. maximus were detected in Hokkaido, 14 of which were previously unknown (Table S1; Figure 1; Figure 3). Twelve of the populations were located within a 30 km radius around Sapporo ( Figure 1C). However, four sites were quite far from Sapporo and were distant from each other (#2, 10, 11 and 15 in Table 1 and Figure 1). At the Takisato Dam, in Ashibetu (#2 in Table S1 and Figure 1), L. maximus was observed within the same year that it was first discovered in Hokkaido (Maruyama Forest Park; #1 in Table S1 and Figure 1). Notably, one of our collaborators reported that one alive L. maximus individual was preyed upon by a terrestrial macro- phagous leech, Orobdella kawakatsuorum Richardson, 1975 (Arhynchobdellida, Orobdellidae) (Figure ...
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... citizen science data for the L. maximus popu- lations in Hokkaido demonstrated that this invasive slug has become well established in and around Sapporo City over the last six years. The detection of this species in Sapporo City and adjacent areas over the last six years demonstrates that this invasive slug has become well established in this region. Moreover, recent occurrences at localities approxi- mately 100 km from Sapporo City (#10, 11, and 15 in Figure 1) highlight the continued expansion of the distribution of L. maximus on the island. L. maximus is capable of living in modified habitats such as parks, gardens and rubbish dumps (Barker 1999;Kozłowski 2012). In addition, this slug is a generalist and may be cannibalistic, and it is known to have damaged agricultural and horticultural products ( Barker and McGhie 1984;Barker 1999;Kozłowski 2012). Several observations obtained in this study also indicated that L. maximus fed on agricultural products, including cucumber, sweet potato, lettuce and Chinese cabbage (Table S1). Therefore, the populations of L. maximus in Hokkaido should be controlled and eradicated. The observation of the macrophagous leech O. kawakatsuorum preying on L. maximus indicates a potential prey control strategy for this species (Figure 4). Orobdella leeches are terrestrial species inhabiting Japan and adjacent regions and are known to feed on earthworms (Nakano 2017). In Hokkaido, the species O. kawakatsuorum exhibits a body length of up to approximately 10 cm, and O. koikei Nakano, 2012, exhibits a body length of less than 5 cm; only these two species inhabit the island, and they have been known to occur sympatrically (Nakano 2012). The body size of the invasive slug L. maximus have been recorded as up to 20 cm ( Kerney and Cameron 1979;Barker 1999); those of the introduced popu- lations in Japan were reported as ~15 cm (Figure 3; Hasegawa et al. 2009;Morii et al. 2016). Therefore, it is possible that O. kawakatsuorum could act as a more effective native predator of this invasive species than O. koikei. Several large Orobdella species are distributed across Honshu, including Ibaraki, Nagano and Fukushima prefectures (Nakano 2017). These species typically exhibit a body length of approxi- mately 10 cm, while one of these species can exceed 20 cm in length. Therefore, ex situ investigations should be conducted to determine whether not only O. kawakatsuorum but also other Orobdella species can act as novel predators of invasive L. ...
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... The first documented occurrence of L. maximus in Japan was reported in 2006 (Hasegawa et al., 2009). Since then, it has spread to Hokkaido and mainland Japan (Morii & Nakano, 2017). This implies that L. maximus could potentially thrive in all regions of Republic of Korea, given that Japan and Korea have similar latitude and environmental conditions. ...
... L. maximus, which is of the same genus as the domestically recorded species L. flavus and L. marginata in Korea, stands out due to its size and coloration. The largest L. m-aximus specimen collected during this study measured 150 mm, showcasing no significant size deviation from specimens reported in Japan (Morii & Nakano, 2017). Unlike the domestic species, L. maximus exhibited a larger size, with a body color ranging from yellowish-white to grey and brown. ...
... In Japan, this species was initially documented in 2012 within a remote natural forest in the Maruyama Forest Park in Sapporo, Hokkaido. Remarkably, within just six years, L. maximus was recorded in an area approximately 100 km from Sapporo (Morii & Nakano, 2017). Since then, this species has spread further into neighboring regions, including the Honshu, Kanto, and Chugoku prefectures (GBIF Secretariat, 2023). ...
... The relative predation pressure among the tracked species is unknown, but there is a possibility that the non-native slugs (A. vulgaris and L. maximus), although potentially preyed upon to some extent (Morii & Nakano, 2017), benefit from predatory release (Zając et al., 2017). In the future, greater tracking efforts with larger sample sizes in a larger area, or the innovative use of long-range radio telemetry (Tomiyama & Nakane, 1993), may shed light on potential longdistance dispersers, as well as on predation. ...
Animal movement varies from undirected dispersal to directed migration. Movement rates may have implications for conservation and resource management, as well as pest control, and they play a key role in invasion success. In slugs, long-distance dispersal is typically passive, whereas active movement is critical for local dispersal and determines access to resources such as food and shelter. Telemetry has recently been used to study individual slug movements in the wild, whereas movement in arena tests has explored mechanisms of interspecific competition and invasiveness in slugs. Studies that relate the performance of individual slugs in arena tests to their post-release behavior in nature are lacking. We measured individual short-term movement speed of commonly occurring native and non-native slugs of the genera Arion and Limax in arena tests and tracked their post-release dispersal movements in a garden by PIT telemetry. We demonstrate clear differences in movement behavior among the species, but non-native slugs did not display higher movement rates than their native congeners. In the arena test, slugs of the genus Limax displayed a higher short-term speed than slugs of the genus Arion, whereas in the field, individuals of Limax maximus showed lower dispersal rates compared to the other slug species. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between short-term speed in the arena test and movement in the field among individuals of L. cinereoniger, indicating the possible existence of behavioral syndromes in slugs, which may link movement ecology, animal personality, and the invasion ecology of pest species.
... Amateur naturalists or citizen scientist actively collect and share data that can meet the purposes of professional researchers (Dickinson et al., 2010). For example, datasets constructed using citizen science inputs have revealed the distribution of bumblebees (Suzuki-Ohno et al., 2017), migration phenology of birds (Hurlbert & Liang, 2012), and the recent expansion of an invasive slug (Morii & Nakano, 2017). Moreover, biological records including images and videos, generated by nonprofessionals but shared independently of formal science projects, can be also used by researchers (Ghermandi & Sinclair, 2019;Jari c et al., 2020;Leighton et al., 2016;Nelson & Fijn, 2013). ...
Abstract An invasion of Roseau cane scale, Nipponaclerda biwakoensis, native to East Asia, is associated with recent widespread dieback of common reed stands in the Mississippi River Delta, Louisiana. A previous study suggested that, in its native range, the combined mortality from Common Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus and parasitoid wasps may control the abundance of Roseau cane scale. However, there is limited knowledge about which other bird species may prey on Roseau cane scale or the feeding patterns of these birds. Here we used web search and citizen science monitoring data to tabulate bird predation events on Roseau cane scales across sites in Japan and determine which bird species may be the most important predators and when the observed feeding typically occurs. We scanned web entries using both Google image searches and the social networking services including Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook. Additionally, we accessed long‐term field observation records obtained by volunteer monitoring conducted by the members of the Kanagawa Branch of the Wild Bird Society of Japan. By using these citizen science approaches, we detected 16 bird species, mainly Common Reed Bunting but also other migratory and resident species, preying on the Roseau cane scale in reed beds throughout central Japan and most detection occurred during the winter. This study demonstrates that biological information obtained from publicly available data from citizen observers can be useful for exploring ecological patterns of various species including potential predators against invasive species.
... Так, в Северной Европе существенно расширил свой ареал и стал более обычен в 1990-х годах [Andersen, 1996]. В ХХI веке проник в Японию, где существенно расширил свой ареал и численность [Morii & Nakano, 2017]. В Европейской части России по состоянию на 1980 год известен из ряда городов [Лихарев, Виктор, 1980], в то время как в сводке середины ХХ века указан только для западных республик СССР [Лихарев, Раммельмейер, 1952]. ...
The Black Book includes 24 alien animal species appeared in Kaluga region during XX-XXI centuries: molluscs, woodlice, insects, and mammals. Ten species have invaded to natural and seminatural ecosystems of Kaluga region or are invading to those now and can significantly influence to aborigine species or to any properties. They are included to the Black list. Fifteen alien species probably not influence to native species or habit only anthropogenic habitats. They are included to the Monitoring list. For each species we give a map with points of findings and description of range, abundance, dispersion dynamics, habitats, environmental impact, life cycle and other biological properties. Additionally we give the Alert list including alien species witch were found in adjacent regions and can go to Kaluga region. We discuss some aspects of monitoring invasive animal species.
... Two honey bee species consisted of Apis cerana Fabricius, and A. mellifera Linnaeus. 10 pseudobaicalensis because they can rarely be distinguished using only photographic images (see http:// hanam arupr oject. s1009. ...
Citizen science programs using organism photographs have become popular, but there are two problems related to photographs. One problem is the low quality of photographs. It is laborious to identify species in photographs taken outdoors because they are out of focus, partially invisible, or under different lighting conditions. The other is difficulty for non-experts to identify species. Organisms usually have interspecific similarity and intraspecific variation, which hinder species identification by non-experts. Deep learning solves these problems and increases the availability of organism photographs. We trained a deep convolutional neural network, Xception, to identify bee species using various quality of bee photographs that were taken by citizens. These bees belonged to two honey bee species and 10 bumble bee species with interspecific similarity and intraspecific variation. We investigated the accuracy of species identification by biologists and deep learning. The accuracy of species identification by Xception (83.4%) was much higher than that of biologists (53.7%). When we grouped bee photographs by different colors resulting from intraspecific variation in addition to species, the accuracy of species identification by Xception increased to 84.7%. The collaboration with deep learning and experts will increase the reliability of species identification and their use for scientific researches.
... In Japan predation was reported of Limax maximus L., by a terrestrial macrophage leech Orobdella kawakatsuorum Richardson, which is part of the soil microfauna [51]. In Egypt they analyzed the effects of other members of the microfauna, some rotifers affect the eggs and the adult stage of snails and land slugs. ...
Introduction: Mollusks are important pests of agricultural crops, for which chemical molluscicides are used in many cases that pollute the environment and crops. Objective: To assess updated information on alternatives for the management of species of mollusk pests in agricultural crops in Colombia and in the world. Methodology: A descriptive documentary research was carried out where the units of analysis were the articles collected in a bibliographic search on information related to the pest mollusk species and alternative control methods during the period 2010 to 2021 Results: From the last decade articles were obtained on alternatives for the control of mollusk pests in all continents. From Colombia only 7 articles, of which 3 correspond to the use of diatomaceous earth, 3 to vegetable extracts and 1 to agroecological management, while, at the international level of the 54 articles located, 21 were related to vegetable extracts, 17 biological control, 6 with essential oils, 5 with barriers, 3 with agroecological management and 2 with biopesticides. Conclusions: Alternatives with the use of plant extracts predominated, followed by biological means such as insects, nematodes, microorganisms and others, natural products such as lime and diatomaceous earth, as well as different materials such as repellents or barriers, depending the type of recommended alternative, on the mollusk species and its size, the phytogenetic resources present and the reported bioregulators, which should be taken into account in Colombia.
... Citizen science offers the potential to supplement existing pest/ pathogen monitoring efforts by encouraging a culture of sharing observations of pests and beneficial organisms to improve plant health and crop management (Ryan et al., 2018). In a Japanese study, Morii and Nakano (2017) investigate observations of L. maximus, -a formidable pest of agricultural and horticultural crops -reported by lay citizens to assess its expansion. The researchers posted an announcement in the local newspaper requesting the public to submit reports of the occurrence of the invasive slug via e-mail. ...
Farmers as volunteers in research could potentially provide a rich resource for exploring sustainable agricultural research questions. To discern emerging patterns in citizen science-based studies on topics with relevance for sustainable agriculture and reveal salient challenges and opportunities for conducting such studies, we conducted a literature review of 27 articles from the period 2004-2019 of 250 publications screened from Google Scholar. These articles were thematically grouped under the topics: Soil health, climate adaptation, pest/path-ogen monitoring, invasive species, inputs and outputs and pollination. Participants' characteristics, motivations, study design and project outcomes in the reviewed articles were summarized and discussed. Both observational and experimental studies were represented in the articles, while emerging trends point towards field experimentation and 'Large-N ′ trials by lay farmers. Crowdsourcing lends itself to projects where the main role of the public is local visual observations and reporting, such as in pest/pathogen monitoring. Challenges included methodological issues such as validation procedures, but above all motivation, recruitment, and retention of volunteers. Despite the importance of participatory approaches for deeper citizen involvement for sustainability transitions and for the quality of knowledge outcomes, the role of citizens was overall restricted to data collection. Several of the methodologies proposed would be difficult to implement in low-income countries, and relatively few studies pertained to agricultural concerns of the global South. To lend value to farmers' time, we recommend projects relevant to livelihoods, health issues or local farming problems, accompanied by well-structured data feedback protocols, routing study results back to farmers.
... The ease of access to information, through social media platforms, websites, and e-mail, opened new forms of communication between citizen scientists and scientists, as observed in our bibliographic survey. Outreach campaigns, supported by easy-access communication channels, resulted in several opportunities for citizen science projects to obtain new and relevant data, resulting in the detection of invasive species for the first time in several cases-fish species in the Mediterranean Sea (Azzurro et al., 2013;Zenetos et al., 2013;Bariche et al., 2018;Giovos et al., 2018) and in the NE-Atlantic coast and estuarine ecosystems (Morais et al., 2017), crustaceans in the NE-Atlantic (Morais et al., 2019;Encarnação, unpublished data), an invasive mosquito species in Spain (Eritja et al., 2019), or an invasive garden slug in several new locations in Japan (Morii and Nakano, 2017). ...
... Although many citizens may be motivated to participate and contribute to a citizen science project, the willingness to spend time making such contributions change from person to person and according to what is expected from citizens. In many contributory projects, participants are not required to attend meetings or training sessions, which simplifies their participation and may increase the amount of data collected (Zenetos et al., 2013;Jordt et al., 2016;Morii and Nakano 2017;Tiralongo et al., 2019). In participative methodologies, as collaborative or co-created projects, citizens receive a higher number of tasks and have more responsibility, which requires that substantial information must be transmitted to participants to keep their motivation high and demonstrate how their actions can impact science and conservation (Jordan et al., 2011). ...
Biological invasions are among the most challenging ecological and conservation riddles of our times. Fortunately, citizen science projects became a valuable tool to detect non-indigenous species (NIS), document their spread, prevent dispersion, and eradicate localized populations. We evaluated the most undisputed definitions of citizen science and proposed that a combination of two of them is a better reflection of what citizen science has become. Thus, citizen science is any environmental and/or biological data collection and analysis, including data quality control, undertaken by members of the general public, as individuals or as organized groups of citizens, with the guidance and/or assistance of scientists toward solving environmental and/or community questions. With this review, we also assessed how citizen science has been advancing biological invasions research and its focus, by analyzing 126 peer-reviewed articles that used citizen science methods or data concerning NIS. Most of the articles studied terrestrial species (68%) and terrestrial plants were the most studied group (22.7%). Surprisingly, most first detection reports were of non-indigenous marine fish probably due to the constraints in accessing aquatic ecosystems which delays the detection of new NIS. Citizen science projects running over broad geographical areas are very cost-effective for the early detection of NIS, regardless of the studied environment. We also discuss the applicability and need to adapt the methods and approaches toward the studied ecosystem and species, but also the profile of the participating citizens, their motivations, level of engagement, or social status. We recommend authors to better acknowledge the work done by contributing citizens, and the putative limitations of data generated by citizen science projects. The outreach planning of citizen science projects is also evaluated, including the use of dedicated web platforms vs. pre-existent and disseminated web platforms, while discussing how such outreach actions can be maximized. Lastly, we present a framework that contextualizes the contributions of citizen science, scientific research, and regional and national stakeholders toward the integrated management of biological invasions.
... In the field of ecology, citizen science is beginning to be recognized as a useful tool, as ecological studies often require the acquisition of a wide range of data or time series data 18 . Previous studies using citizen science have strongly focused on ecological information for conservation, such as the distribution of invasive species or the distribution of endangered species [19][20][21][22][23] . Some studies have also aimed to solve traditional problems in ecology by obtaining ecological data with the help of citizen science 16,24 . ...
Environmental factors promote symbiosis, but its mechanism is not yet well understood. The alga Pseudocladophora conchopheria grows only on the shell of an intertidal gastropod Lunella correensis , and these species have a close symbiotic relationship which the alga reduces heat stress of the gastropod. In collaboration with general public, we investigated how environmental conditions alter the symbiotic interaction between the alga and the gastropod. Information about the habitats of each gastropod and images of shells was obtained from the Japanese and Korean coasts via social media. We constructed the hierarchical Bayesian model using the data. The results indicated that the proportion of shell area covered by P. conchopheria increased as the substrate size utilized by the gastropod increased. Meanwhile, temperature did not affect the proportion of P. conchopheria on the shell. These suggested that the alga provides no benefits for the gastropod on small substrates because gastropod can reduce the heat stress by diving into the small sediment. Further, the gastropod’s cost incurred by growing the alga on the shell seems to be low as the algae can grow even in cooler places where no benefits of heat resistance for gastropods. Different environments can yield variable conditions in symbiosis.
... Delaney et al., 2008;Kadoya et al., 2009;Walther & Kampen, 2017;Morii & Nakano, 2017Silvertown, 2009Dickinson et al., 2010Penrose & Call, 1995Darwall & Dulvy, 1996;Newman et al., 2003Osawa, 2015 2018 Black-frame grids (conform to third-order unit grid de ned by Statistics Bureau of Japan, latitude length: 30 sec. and longitude length: 45 sec., ca. ...
Citizen science is a powerful way to survey the distribution of alien species in a broader area and is effective in promoting public awareness. I conducted a citizen science project to survey the distribution of the alien Decollate Snail Rumina decollata in Osaka, central Honshu, Japan. This species has spread over the Prefecture in recent years. As a first step I set up ‘train station survey' in which each volunteer selects a train station in Osaka and looks for the snail on foot for 1 hour within a 1-km radius from the station. This survey revealed that the snail inhabits mainly the Senboku area (the northern part of southern Osaka). The next step aimed to investigate in greater detail the snail's distribution in the Senboku area using the following methods: 1) Grid survey: each volunteer selects a focal grid (conforming to the third-order-unit grid defined by the Statistics Bureau of Japan, ca. 1 km square) and looks for the snail within the grid for 1 hour. 2) Gathering observations from residents: fliers are handed out to municipal elementary school children and library visitors in the Senboku area, or a social networking service is used to gather snail observations from the residents. Integration of the results of these surveys revealed that the Decollate Snail occurred in fifty-one third-order-unit grids in Osaka Prefecture at the end of November 2019. Information from residents indicated that the snail had been introduced between 2000 and 2010 in Osaka and that one probable dispersal route was via gardening or agricultural materials such as soil or seedlings. The train station survey is an effective way to screen a high-density area. Observations were provided continuously for four months by residents who had found out about this project from the fliers distributed to the elementary school children. This suggests that fliers in schools may be effective in collecting observations of alien species.
